《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版·上)PPT课件

.,1,研究生英语精读教程(第三版上),.,2,UnitOne,YouAreWhatYouThink,1.Text,2.Exercises,3.SupplementaryReading,.,3,YouAreWhatYouThink,AndifyouchangeyourmindfrompessimismtooptimismyoucanchangeyourlifeClaipeSafran,.,4,doughnutn.炸面圈clichn.ideaorexpressionthathasbeentoomuchusedandisnowoutdated;stereotypedphrase;triteexpression陈腔滥调scrutinizev.makeadetailedexaminationof细查，详审；审视,1Doyouseetheglassashalffullratherthanhalfempty?Doyoukeepyoureyeuponthedoughnut,notuponthehole?Suddenlytheseclichsarescientificquestions,asresearchersscrutinizethepowerofpositivethinking.,.,5,2Afast-growingbodyofresearch104studiessofar,involvingsome15000peopleisprovingthatoptimismcanhelpyoutobehappier,healthierandmoresuccessful.Pessimismleads,bycontrast,tohopelessness,sicknessandfailure,andislinkedtodepression,lonelinessandpainfulshyness.,optimismn.beliefthatintheendgoodwilltriumphoverevil;tendencytolookuponthebrightsideofthings;confidenceinsuccess乐观；乐观主义pessimismn.tendencytobelievethattheworstthingismostlikelytohappen,thateverythingisessentiallyevil悲观；悲观主义depressionn.beingsad;lowspirit沮丧，抑郁,.,6,Ifwecouldteachpeopletothinkmorepositively,sayspsychologistCraigA.AndersonofRiceUniversityinHouston，itwouldbelikeinoculatingthemagainstthesementalills.,psychologistn.心理学家，研究心理学者,.,7,3Yourabilitiescount,explainspsychologistMichaelF.ScheierofCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh,butthebeliefthatyoucansucceedaffectswhetherornotyouwill.Inpart,thatsbecauseoptimistsandpessimistsdealwiththesamechallengesanddisappointmentsinverydifferentways.,inpart:tosomeextent在某种程度上,.,8,4Take,forexample,yourjob.Inamajorstudy,psychologistMartinE.P.SeligmanoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandcolleaguePeterSchulmansurveyedsalesrepresentativesattheMetropolitanLifeInsuranceCo.Theyfoundthatthepositive-thinkersamonglongtimerepresentativessold37-percentmoreinsurancethandidthenegative-thinkers.Ofnewlyhiredrepresentatives,optimistssold20-percentmore.,metropolitanadj.oforinacapitalcity大城市的，大都会的，首府的,.,9,5Impressed,thecompanyhired100peoplewhohadfailedthestandardindustrytestbuthadscoredhighonoptimism.Thesepeople,whomightneverhavebeenhired,sold10percentmoreinsurancethandidtheaveragerepresentative.,.,10,6Howdidtheydoit?Thesecrettoanoptimistssuccess,accordingtoSeligman,isinhisexplanatorystyle.Whenthingsgowrongthepessimisttendstoblamehimself.Imnogoodatthis,hesays,Ialwaysfail.Theoptimistlooksforloopholes.Heblamestheweather,thephoneconnection,eventheotherperson.,loopholen.wayofescapefromcontrol,esp.oneprovidedbycarelessandinexactwordingofarule（因措词欠妥而造成的法规上的）漏洞connectionn.joiningorbeingjoined;pointwheretwothings连接；连接点；连接物,.,11,Thatcustomerwasinabadmood,hethinks.Whenthingsgoright,theoptimisttakescreditwhilethepessimistseessuccessasafluke.,creditn.honour,approval,goodnameorreputation荣誉；赞许；好名声fluken.somethingresultingfromafortunateaccident;luckystroke侥幸的结果；侥幸,.,12,7CraigAndersonhadagroupofstudentsphonestrangersandaskthemtodonatebloodtotheRedCross.Whentheyfailedonthefirstcallortwo,pessimistssaid,Icantdothis.Optimiststoldthemselves,Ineedtotryadifferentapproach.8Negativeorpositive,itwasaself-fulfillingprophecy.Ifpeoplefeelhopeless,saysAnderson,theydontbothertoacquiretheskillstheyneedtosucceed.,donatev.give(egmoney)toacharity,etc.;contribute捐赠；赠送prophecyn.poweroftellingwhatwillhappeninthefuture;statementthattellswhatwillhappen预言能力；预言,.,13,9Asenseofcontrol,accordingtoAnderson,isthelitmustestforsuccess.Theoptimistfeelsincontrolofhisownlife.Ifthingsaregoingbadly,heactsquickly,lookingforsolutions,forminganewplanofaction,andreachingoutforadvice.Thepessimistfeelslikefatesplaythingandmovesslowly.Hedoesntseekadvice,sinceheassumesnothingcanbedone.,litmusn.bluecolouring-matterthatisturnedredbyacidandthenrestoredbyalkali;materialstainedwithlitmususedasatestforacidsandalkalis石蕊；试验酸和碱用的石蕊试纸playthingn.toy;(fig.)somebodytreatedasameretoy玩具；（喻）被玩弄取乐的人；玩物,.,14,10Optimistsmaythinktheyarebetterthanthefactswouldjustifyandsometimesthatswhatkeepsthemalive.Dr.SandraLevyofthePittsburghCancerInstitutestudiedwomenwithadvancedbreastcancer.Forthewomenwhoweregenerallyoptimistic,therewasalongerdisease-freeinterval,thebestpredictorofsurvival.Inapilotstudyofwomenintheearlystagesofbreastcancer,Dr.Levyfoundthediseaserecurredsooneramongthepessimists.,breastn.eitherofthemilk-producingpartsofawoman;chest;upperfrontpartofthehumanbody乳房；胸膛；胸部eorhappenagain;berepeated再来；再发生；重复,.,15,11Optimismwontcuretheincurable,butitmaypreventillness.Inalongtermstudy,researchersexaminedthehealthhistoriesofagroupofHarvardgraduates,allofwhomwereinthetophalfoftheirclassandinfinephysicalcondition.Yetsomewerepositivethinkers,andsomenegative.Twentyyearslater,thereweremoremiddle-agediseaseshypertension,diabetes,heartailmentsamongthepessimiststhantheoptimists.,hypertensionn.highbloodpressure高血压diabetesn.diseaseofthepancreasinwhichsugarandstarchyfoodscannotbeproperlyabsorbed糖尿病ailmentn.illness疾病,.,16,12Manystudiessuggestthatthepessimistsfeelingofhelplessnessunderminesthebodysnaturaldefenses,theimmunesystem.Dr.ChristopherPetersonoftheUniversityofMichiganhasfoundthatthepessimistdoesnttakegoodcareofhimself.,underminev.weakenatthebase;weakengradually使从基础损坏；逐渐削弱或损坏immuneadj.exemptfromorprotectedagainstsomethingdisagreeableorharmful;notsusceptibletosomespecifieddiseasebecauseofthepresenceofthespecificantibodies免除的；安全的；免疫的,.,17,Feelingpassiveandunabletododgelifesblows,heexpectsillhealthandothermisfortunes,nomatterwhathedoes.Hemunchesonjunkfood，avoidsexercise,ignoresthedoctor,hasanotherdrink.,dodgev.movequicklytooneside,changepositionordirection,inordertoescapeoravoidsomething;avoid(duties,etc.)bycunningortrickery躲闪，躲避，逃避misfortunen.badluck;unfortunateaccidentorhappening不幸；灾祸；不幸事故munchv.chewwithmuchmovementofthejaw用力咀嚼；大声咀嚼junkn.old,discardedthingsoflittleornovalue破烂物,.,18,13Mostpeopleareamixofoptimismandpessimism,butareinclinedinonedirectionortheother.Itisapatternofthinkinglearned“atyourmothersknee”，saysSeligman.Itgrowsoutofthousandsofcautionsorencouragements,negativestatementsorpositiveones.Toomany“donts”andwarningsofdangercanmakeachildfeelincompetent,fearfulandpessimistic.,cautionn.warningwords;takingcare;payingattention(toavoiddangerormakingmistakes)警告；小心；谨慎,.,19,14Astheygrow,childrenexperiencesmalltriumphs,suchaslearningtotieshoelaces.Parentscanhelpturnthesesuccessesintoasenseofcontrol,andthatbreedsoptimism.,triumphn.(joyorsatisfactionata)successorvictory成功；胜利；成功或胜利的喜悦shoelacen.cordforfasteningtheedgesofashoesuppers鞋带,.,20,15Pessimismisahardhabittobreakbutitcanbedone.Inaseriesoflandmarkstudies,Dr.CarolDweckoftheUniversityofIllinoishasbeenworkingwithchildrenintheearlygradesofschool.,landmarkn.objectthatmarkstheboundaryofapieceofland;(fig.)event,discovery,change,etc.thatmarksastageorturning-point界标；(喻)划时代的大事、发现等；里程碑workwith(someone):spendtimeandefforttryingtohelp(someone)insomeway对(某人)做工作以帮助,.,21,AsshehelpsflounderingstudentstochangetheexplanationsfortheirfailuresfromImustbedumbtoIdidntstudyhardenough“theiracademicperformanceimproves.,flounderv.makeviolentandusuallyvainefforts(aswhenoneisindeepwaterandunabletoswim);(fig.)hesitate,makemistakes,whentryingtodosomething挣扎；(喻)踌躇或胡乱地做事dumbadj.unabletospeak;(UScolloquial)stupid;dull哑的；(美口)笨的；愚蠢的,.,22,16PittsburghsDr.Levywonderedifturningpatientsintooptimistswouldlengthentheirlives.Inapilotstudy,twogroupsofcolon-cancerpatientsweregiventhesamemedicaltreatment,butsomewerealsogivenpsychologicalhelptoencourageoptimism.Resultsshowedthatthisworked.Nowamajorstudyisplannedtodeterminewhetherthispsychologicalchangecanalterthecourseofthedisease.,colonn.lowerandgreaterpartofthelargeintestine结肠psychologicaladj.ofthemind;mental心理的,.,23,17So,ifyoureapessimist,theresreasonforoptimism.Youcanchange.Hereshow,saysSteveHollon,apsychologistatVanderbiltUniversity:181.Paycarefulattentiontoyourthoughtswhenbadthingshappen.Writedownthefirstthingthatcomestomind,uneditedanduncensored.,censorv.examinebooks,periodicals,films,etc.tocutoutanythingregardedasimmoralorinotherwaysundesirable检查并删剪(书刊、电影等)被认为不当的部分,.,24,192.Nowtryanexperiment.Dosomethingthatscontrarytoanynegativereactions.Letssaysomethinghasgonewrongatwork.Doyouthink,Ihatemyjob,butIcouldnevergetabetterone?Actasifthatwerentso.Sendoutresums.Gotointerviews.Lookintotrainingandcheckjobleads.,.,25,203.Keeptrackofwhathappens.Wereyourfirstthoughtsrightorwrong?Ifyourthoughtsareholdingyouback,changethem,saysHollon.Itstrialanderror,noguarantees,butgiveyourselfachance.,.,26,21Positivethinkingleadstopositiveaction,andreaction.Whatyouexpectfromtheworld,theevidencesuggests,iswhatyourelikelytoget.,.,27,Exercises,.Comprehension,.Vocabulary,.Cloze,.Translation(EnglishtoChinese),.Translation(ChinesetoEnglish),.Writing,.,28,.Comprehension,AnswerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethefollowingstatementsbychoosingthebestalternativeA,B,CorDundereach.Youareallowed2minutes30secondsforthispart.,1.Thosepeoplewhokeeptheireyeuponthedoughnutratherthanonthehole_.areconsideredpositive-thinkersbytheauthorarelikelytoseetheirglassashalfemptyviewtheirsuccessesandfailuresmoreobjectivelyhavesuddenlybecometheobjectofscientificresearchonclichs,.,29,.Comprehension,2.Anoptimist_.isalwaysincontrolofhisownlifeoftenoverestimateshisabilitiesmightlivelongerthanapessimistwhensufferingfromcertainillnesssuchascancerencountersdifferentchallengesanddisappointmentsfromapessimist3.Thepessimist_.A.seldomsucceedsinwhathedoesB.attributeshissuccesstoluckC.triesdifferentapproacheswhenhisfirstattemptfailsD.knowshowtotakegoodcareofhimself,.,30,4.TheMetropolitanLifeInsuranceCompanyhired100newemployeesbecause_.theyfailedthestandardindustrytesttheirhighscoresonoptimismimpressedthecompanytheywerenotlikelytobehiredbyothercompaniesthecompanywasimpressedbytheresultofastudydonebysomepsychologists,.Comprehension,.,31,5.The100newemployees_.sold37%moreinsurancethantheaveragerepresentativessold20%moreinsurancethanthenegativethinkerssold10%moreinsurancethanlongtimerepresentativesprovedthattheycoulddobetteratsellinginsurancethanthecompanysaveragesalesrepresentative,.Comprehension,.,32,6.AccordingtoSeligman,thesecrettoanoptimistssuccesscanbefoundin“hisexplanatorystyle”,bywhichhemeansthattheoptimist_.isabletoexplainmoreclearlytothecustomerssoundsmorepleasantinhisexplanationtriestofindfaultswithotherfactorsotherthaninhimselfforhisfailurehasmoreconfidenceinhimselfthaninothers,.Comprehension,.,33,7.Itcanbeinferredfromthearticlethattheauthorthinksthat_.peoplewillbeabletopreventdepressionandpainfulshynessiftheylearntothinkmorepositivelybusinesscompaniesmightmakebetterjudgmentiftheytesttheattitudesoftheapplicantsinsteadofgivingthemthestandardindustrytestbeforehiringthemoneismorelikelytosucceedthenexttimeifoneisabletolayblamesonotherswhenonehasfailedonesbeliefthatonecansucceedwillguaranteehissuccess,.Comprehension,.,34,8.Whetherpositiveornegative,apersonsattitudetowardslifeisathinkinghabit_.inheritedfromeitherofhisparentsformedwhenheisveryyoungacquiredafterhehasgainedconsiderableexperiencenevertobegotridof,.Comprehension,.,35,9.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?Mostpeoplecannotbeconvenientlyputunderthecategoryofoptimistorpessimist.Therearemorepositivethinkersamongoptimiststhanamongpessimists.Itisnotsureyetwhetherpsychologicaltreatmentwillhelpcancerpatients.Bylookingintotrainingopportunitiesandcheckingjobleads,apessimistwillbecomeanoptimist.,.Comprehension,.,36,10.Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthestepsmentionedbytheauthorinformingamorepositiveattitudetowardslife?A.Documentyourgloomythoughts.B.Dosomethingagainstyournegativeinclination.C.Recordwhathappens.D.Findthecausesforyourfailuremoreobjectively.,.Comprehension,.,37,.Vocabulary,A.IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA,B,C,orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase.,1.Thosewhobelievedtheirreligiousleadersprophecythattheendoftheworldwouldcomesoonwentintoapanic.announcementB.forecastC.predictionD.declaration2.Itbecameobviouswhentheboyflounderedthroughtherecitationinclasstodaythathehadnottakenthetroubletodohishomework.meditatedB.falteredC.contemplatedD.staggered,.,38,.Vocabulary,A.IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA,B,C,orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase.,3.Theteachertoldthestudentsthattheyshouldavoidusingclichsintheircomposition.A.popularproverbsB.well-knownstoriesC.famousquotationsD.triteexpressions4.Afterlisteningtothesameoldmorallessonalltheseyears,thevillagersbecamealmostimmunetoit.A.insensitivetoB.fedupwithC.familiarwithD.accustomedto,.,39,.Vocabulary,A.IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA,B,C,orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase.,5.IcantclaimcreditforherEnglishproficiency;afterall,sheonlycametomyclassthissemester.askformoneyB.expectpaymentC.saythatIdeservepraiseD.declarethatIamgrateful,.,40,.Vocabulary,A.IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA,B,C,orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase.,6.Believeitornot,thispopularnovelnowyouseeoneveryshelfwascensoredonlyafewyearsago.officiallyexaminedandbannedB.despisedbythegeneralpublicC.soldoutsoonafteritspublicationD.condemnedbythecritics,.,41,.Vocabulary,A.IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA,B,C,orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase.,7.Thepartyleaderregardstheresultoftheelectionasapersonaltriumph.victoryB.celebrationC.satisfactionD.propaganda8.Theimmigrationofficerscrutinizedhispassportbeforehewasallowedtoleave.StampedB.examinedC.returnedD.issued,.,42,.Vocabulary,A.IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA,B,C,orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase.,9.Hesufferedalongperiodofdepressionbeforehisfirstsuicideattempt.InoculationB.hypertensionC.ailmentsD.dejection10.Hewasneverabletoenjoythemetropolitandelightsofcinemasandtheatres.artisticB.modernC.urbanD.various,.,43,.Vocabulary,B.Choosethecorrectanswer.Onlyoneansweriscorrect.,11.Hequickly_behindthebuildingtoavoidbeinghurtbythestonesthrowninhisdirection.eludedB.evadedC.escapedD.dodged12.Hisdislikeofthecoursemayprovetobea_barrierhecannotovercome.BiologicalB.ideologicalC.spiritualD.psychological,.,44,.Vocabulary,B.Choosethecorrectanswer.Onlyoneansweriscorrect.,13.AstheCupFinalwasdrawingcloser,theinjuryofthebestplayerwasa_forthewholeteam.misdemeanourB.mistrustC.misfortuneD.mischief14.Thebestsolutiontotheproblemcanonlybefoundbyaprocessoftrialand_.errorB.mistakeC.successD.experiment,.,45,.Vocabulary,B.Choosethecorrectanswer.Onlyoneansweriscorrect.,15.Hethoughtthathemightbeabletoavoidpayingsomeofhistaxesbytakingadvantageofthe_inthelaw.A.circlesB.loopholesC.exceptionsD.misunderstanding16.Whenhelivedinthatremoteplace,radiowastheonlymeanshehadtokeep_ofcurrenteventsinthecountry.accountB.traceC.recordD.track,.,46,.Vocabulary,B.Choosethecorrectanswer.Onlyoneansweriscorrect.,17._whatisgenerallybelieved,theadjustmenttothiskindofworkisquiteeasy.ContrarytoB.ContrastwithC.ControversialofD.Contradictoryto18.Theflashingredlightservedasa_ofdangerahead.predictorB.cautionC.precautionD.prevention,.,47,.Vocabulary,B.Choosethecorrectanswer.Onlyoneansweriscorrect.,19.Theirconfidenceinhimwasgreatly_byhisprolongedhesitationbeforetakinganyaction.appreciatedB.confirmedC.underminedD.cherished20.Yourheadacheislikelyto_ifitsrealcauseisnotidentifiedandpropertreatmentadministeredaccordingly.cureB.recoverC.recurD.release,.,48,.Cloze,ReadthepassagethroughandchooseonesuitablewordorphrasemarkedA,B,CorDforeachblankinthepassage.,Nooneisfreewhoisaslavetothebody,wroteSemecasome1,900yearsago.1fromtheadvertisements,products,andbestsellersthatdelugeusdaily,weareanationofslaves.Weare2withbeingthin,beautiful,young,andsexy,andwewillgotoextraordinary3toapproachthoseideals.,A.judgeB.JudgingC.JudgedD.beingjudgedA.obsessedB.possessedC.absorbedD.occupiedA.troublesB.effortsC.lengthsD.extremes,.,49,.Close,InarecentissueofPsychologyToday,weofferedreaderstheopportunitytoexpresstheirthoughtsandfeelingsaboutthe4.Thetopicwastimelyandtheresponse5:morethan62,000readersreturnedthe109-itemBody-Imagequestionnaire.Buttheyweredividedand6onthematterof7importantattractivenessandphysicallooksare-orshouldbe.,4.A.idealB.mindC.bodyD.opinionA.overwhelmingB.enthusiasticC.controversialD.contradictoryA.ambientB.AmbitiousC.AmbiguousD.AmbivalentA.whatB.whyC.howD.which,.,50,A8numberofpeoplewroteletterstoprotestawholesurveyonthebody.Somesaidthatappearanceisasuperficialmatter,not9unduediscussion.Bycontrast,otherrespondents10,somereluctantly,theimportanceofonesappearance.Inourstudies,wefoundthatbodyimageisstrongly11self-esteem,thegeneralfeeling12oneiscompetentandconfident.,A.goodB.manyC.lotD.tremendousA.worthyB.unworthyC.worthwhileD.worthyofA.testifiedB.verifiedC.confessedD.acknowledgedA.linkedbyB.associatedwithC.concernedaboutD.relatedto12.A.thatB.whichC.ofD.since,.,51,Peoplewhoarehappywiththeirbodiesmayactuallybemoreassertiveandlikeablethanthosewhohave13bodyimages.Ortheythinktheyare.Oneyoungmanexplainedthatinthelastyearhisbodyimagehaschangedverymuch14thebetter,asaresultofhispersonaldevelopment:Ivegonefromconsideringmyselfsomesortofdumb-headto15thatImafascinatingindividualnearlyimpossibletodislikeIhavemorefriendsthanIknowwhattodowith.,13.A.positiveB.negativeC.superficialD.satisfactory14.A.toB.forC.tobeD.into15.A.understandingB.believingC.regardingD.remembering,.,52,.Translation(EnglishtoChinese),Istherea“successpersonality”somewinningcombinationoftraitsthatleadsalmostinevitablytoachievement?Ifso,exactlywhatisthatsecretsuccessformula,andcananyonecultivateit?AttheGallupOrganizationwerecentlyfocusedindepthonsuccess,probingtheattitudesandtraitsof1500prominentpeopleselectedatrandomfromWhosWhoinAmerica.,.,53,.Translation(EnglishtoChinese),ThemaincriterionforinclusioninWhosWhoisnotwealthorsocialposition,butcurrentachievementinagivenfield.Ourresearchpinpointsanumberoftraitsthatrecurregularlyamongtopachievers,amongwhichfiveofthemostimportantare:commonsense,knowingonesfield,self-reliance,generalintelligence,andabilitytogetthingsdone.Ifyoucultivatethesetraits,chancesareyoullsucceed.AndyoumightevenfindyourselflistedinWhos