《新编简明英语语言学教程》1-6章复习题集

浙江外国语学院英文学院 英语语言学概论复习题集英语语言学概论课程复习题集 (1-6章)2012-5-16更新Chapter I Introduction2012II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d_escriptive_.(prescriptive /lay down rules)2. Chomsky defines “ competence”(语言能力) as the ideal users knowledge_ of the rules of his language. 3. Langue(语言) refers to the a_bstract_ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions（惯例） and application of the rules. 43. D_uality_ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 5. Language is a system of a_rbitrary_ vocal symbols used for human communication. 6. S ocialinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.7. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s_yntax_. 8. Human capacity for language has a g enetic_ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned. 9. Performance _(语言能力)_ refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 10. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a_pplied_ linguistics.11. Language is p_ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard be12. Linguistics is generally defined as the s cientific_ study of language.13. To help define and maintain interpersonal relations is the s ocial function of language. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 1. The description of a language in a fixed instant (时刻)is a _ study.A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. systematic2. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called _. A. sociolinguistics B. Psycholinguistics C. computational linguistics D. Applied Linguistics3. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _. A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic 4. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness 5. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable 6. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue D. All of the above 7. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a _ approach to language study.A. synchronic B. diachronicC. prescriptive D. descriptive 8. A historical study of language is a _ study of language. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative 9. According to F. de Saussure, _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Language 10. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _ and meanings. A. sense B. sounds C. objects D. ideas 11. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate （当前）situations of the speaker. This feature is called_, A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission12. The distinction between langue and parole was made by _ early last century. A. American linguist N. Chomsky B. Swiss linguist F. de Saussure C. American linguist Edward Sapir D. British linguist J. R. Firth 13. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is .A. arbitrary B. rational C. logical D. cultural2. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?Chapter 2：PhonologyII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 27 Affricate_(破差音)_ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. 28A_rticulatory_（发音）_ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. 29 The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_ilabial_ sounds. 30Of all the speech organs, the t _ongue_ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. 31English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_lace_ of articulation(发音部位). 32 When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly （可听见的）released and the air passing out again is called a s_top_. 33 S_uprasegmental_(超音段)_ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone（音调）, intonation（语调）, etc. 34 The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential (序列) _ rules. 35 The transcription （标音）of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription （宽式）while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics (变音符)is called narrow_ transcription. （严式）36 When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation_(语调)_. 37 P_honology_ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication. 38. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a_lveolar(齿龈音)_ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal. 39 The articulatory apparatus（器官） of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal （咽腔）cavity, the oral(口腔)_ cavity and the nasal cavity. 40 T_one（音调）_ are pitch （音调）variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration（震动） of the vocal cords （声带）and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes（音位）. 41 Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_entence_ stress. III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is called _ phonetics.A. acoustic (声学)B. articulatory C. Auditory（听觉） D. allomorphic 2. The sound /f/ is _. A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative（齿音，摩茶）3 Of all the speech organs, the _ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords 4The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds. A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal 5_ is a voiced alveolar（齿龈） stop. A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/ 6The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar 7. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _. A. in phonemic contrast （音位对立） B. in complementary distribution （同一音位的不同变体）C. the allophones（音位变体）D. minimal pair （对小对立体） 9. A _ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle 10. Palatal （鄂音）semi-vowel refers to the sound .A. n B. h C. w D. j11. A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called .A. minimal pairs B. allomorphsC. phones D. allophones12. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _. A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D. semantic features 13. A(n) _ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme 14The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _ of that phoneme. A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones 15. A _ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle16. The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _, respectively.( C ) A. stops B. fricatives C. affricates D. plosives IV. Answer the following question:1. How are the English consonants classified?2. Explain with examples the sequential rule, and the assimilation rule in phonology.Chapter 3：MorphologyII. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given: 1. Root is the part of the word left when all the affixes(词缀) are removed. 2. Morpheme (词素)_ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. 3. Bound_ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.4. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d_erivational_ affixes.5. A s_ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.6. C_ompound_ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.7. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” and “fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a compound_.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 1. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) _. A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme 2. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound _.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.3. “-s” in the word “books” is _. A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root4. Which of the following is NOT a compound word? A. Rainbow B. Milkshake C. Icy-cold D. Unpleasant5. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of _.A. the first element B. the second elementC. either the first or the second elem D. both the first and the second elements.6. _ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemes C. Bound words D. Words7. _ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. A. Syntax B. Grammar C. Morphology D. Morpheme8. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _. A. lexical B. morphemic C. grammatical D. semantic 9. Bound morphemes are those that _. A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemes C. can either be free or bound D. have to be combined with other morphemes. 10. _ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. A. Prefixes B. Suffixes(后缀) C. Roots D. Affixes 11. _ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. A. Words B. Morphemes C. Phonemes D. Sentences 12. “-s” in the word “books” is _. A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root 13. Which of the following does NOT belong to “open class words”? A. Nouns B. Adjectives C. Conjunctions D. Adverbs14. In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _ morpheme. A. free B. bound C. root D. inflectional 15. Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case”, “aspect”, “degree” and so forth are called morphemes. A. inflectional B. boundC. free D. derivational16. The English word “modernizers” is composed of morphemes.A. four B. three C. two D. five17. Which of the following affix differs from others? A. ly B. ness C. ing D. fulV. Think of a morpheme suffix and a morpheme prefix, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Suffix: Meaning:Stem type: Examples: Prefix: Meaning:Stem type: Examples: Chapter 4：SyntaxII. Diagram the constituent structure of the following sentence and name the different constituents. ( IC analysis)The passenger train from Chicago will arrive in Atlanta after midnight.Chapter 5 SemanticsII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 1. Semantics_ can be defined as the study of meaning. 2. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct_ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. 3. R_eference_ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 4. Words that are close in meaning are called s_ynonyms_. 5. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h_omophones_(同音异型异义)_. 6. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship （关系）between the two items are called relational_ opposites.(关系反义) 7. What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to is the r_ meaning of a word. 8. Relational_ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. 9. C omponential(成分分析)_ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components. 10. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s_ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 11. According to the n _ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 1. The naming theory is advanced by _. A. Plato B. Bloomfield C. Geoffrey Leech D. Firth 2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _. A. the conceptualist view B. contexutalism C. the naming theory D. behaviourism 4. “Can I borrow your bike?” _ “ You have a bike.” A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 5. _ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis C.