国际贸易-Ch.9-Regional-Economic-Integration

,CHAPTER9REGIONALECONOMICINTEGRATIONTypesofRegionalEconomicIntegrationStaticandDynamicEffectsofRegionalEconomicIntegrationRegionalEconomicIntegrationinEurope,NorthAmericaandAsia,Regionaleconomicintegration:Aprocessinwhichstatesenterintoaregionalagreementinordertoenhanceregionaleconomiccooperationthroughregionalinstitutionsandrules.,1TypesofRegionalEconomicIntegration,Preferentialtariffarrangement优惠关税政策Thecountriesinvolvedreducebutdonotundertaketoeliminatetotallytheirimporttariffs(customsduties)onthetradeingoodsflowingbetweenthem;meanwhile,theyretaintariffprotectionongoodsenteringtheireconomiesfromoutside.Theleastrestrictiveandloosestformofeconomicintegrationamongcountries.,2.Freetradearea自由贸易区Agroupofcountriesthateliminatealltariffsontradewitheachotherbutretainautonomyindeterminingtheirtariffswithnonmembers.Eachcountrycontinuestosetitsownpoliciesinrelationtononmembers.Forallgoodsoronlyforcertainclassesofgoodsandservices.ThemostnotablearetheEuropeanFreeTradeArea(EFTA)andtheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA).,3.Customsunion关税联盟Membersofacustomsuniondismantlebarrierstotradeingoodsandservicesamongthemselves.Inaddition,acommontradepolicywithrespecttononmembers,typically,thistakestheformofacommonexternaltariff.Arrangementsofthiskindareclearlydiscriminatory,sincetheyrepresentfreetradewithintheblocbutdiscriminationagainsttherestoftheworld.,4.Commonmarket共同市场Acommonmarkethasnobarrierstotradeamongmembersandhasacommonexternaltradepolicy.Inaddition,however,factorsofproductionarealsomobileamongmembers.Whenfactorsofproductionarefreelymobile,thencapital,labor,andtechnologymaybeemployedintheirmostproductiveuses.TheTreatiesofRomein1957establishedacommonmarketwithintheEuropeanCommunity(EC).,5.Economicunion经济联盟Aneconomicunionisnowfrequentlydescribedaseconomicandmonetaryunion.The“economic”aspectofeconomicunionreferstotheexistenceofacommonmarket.The“monetary”aspectrelatestotheassociatedmonetaryandfiscalarrangements,andmayinvolvetheintroductionofacommoncurrencytogetherwithhighlyunifiedfiscalarrangements.Requiresnationstosurrenderalargemeasureoftheirnationalsovereignty.,ThreeShallowTwoDeepIntegrationStagesIntegrationStages,PreferentialTariffArrangementPartialpreferentialtotradingpartners,FreeTradeAreaEliminationofalltariffs,QRsandNTBs,CustomsUnionCommonleveloftradebarriersVis-visnon-members,CommonMarketFreemovementoffactorsofproduction,EconomicUnionIntegratingnationaleconomicpoliciesPromoteconditionsoffaircompetitioninthefreetradearea;Increasesubstantiallyinvestmentopportunities;Provideprotectionandenforcementofintellectualpropertyrights;CreateeffectiveproceduresfortheimplementationandapplicationofthisAgreement,foritsjointadministrationandfortheresolutionofdisputes;Establishaframeworkforfurthertrilateral,regionalandmultilateralcooperationtoexpandandenhancethebenefitsofthisAgreement.,(3)ThemaincontentsofNAFTANAFTAisacomplexandlengthydocumentthatincludes2,000pages.MarketaccessforgoodswithinNorthAmerica.Protectionforforeigninvestment.Protectionforintellectualproperty.Easieraccessforbusinesstravelers.Accesstogovernmentprocurement.RulesofOrigin.,(4)TheimpactofNAFTAMerchandisetradeamongtheNAFTApartnershasmorethantripled,reachingUS$946.1billionin2008.Canada-U.S.tradehasnearlytripled,whiletradebetweenMexicoandtheU.S.hasmorethanquadrupled.TheNorthAmericaneconomyhasmorethandoubledinsize.ThecombinedGDPforCanada,theUnitedStates,andMexicosurpassedUS$17trillionin2008,upfromUS$7.6trillionin1993.In2008,CanadaandtheUnitedStatesinwardforeigndirectinvestmentstocksfromNAFTApartnercountriesreachedUS$469.8billion.Meanwhile,Mexicohasbecomeoneofthelargestrecipientsofforeigndirectinvestmentamongemergingmarkets.,3.EconomicIntegrationinAsiaAPECAsia-PacificEconomicCooperationThepremierforumforfacilitatingeconomicgrowth,cooperation,tradeandinvestmentintheAsia-Pacificregion.21members(MemberEconomies)accountingforapproximately40.5%oftheworldspopulation,approximately54.2%ofworldGDPandabout43.7%ofworldtrade.,（文莱）,（巴布亚新几内亚）,2、亚太经合组织的宗旨,相互依存，共同利益，坚持开放的多边贸易体制和减少区域贸易壁垒。,3、APEC的作用贸易和投资自由化：便利化：经济技术合作：,TheideaofAPECwasfirstlypubliclybroachedbyformerPrimeMinisterofAustralia,Mr.BobHawkeinJanuary1989.Between1989and1992,APECmetasaninformalseniorofficialandMinisterialleveldialogue.In1993,formerUnitedStatesPresident,Mr.BillClinton,establishedthepracticeofanannualAPECEconomicLeadersMeeting.,TheoperationofAPECTheonlyintergovernmentalgroupingintheworldoperatingonthebasisofnon-bindingcommitments.APEChasnotreatyobligationsrequiredofitsparticipants.DecisionsmadewithinAPECarereachedbyconsensusandcommitmentsareundertakenonavoluntarybasis.Everyyearoneofthe21APECMemberEconomiesplayshosttoAPECmeetingsandservesastheAPECChair.,ThemajorachievementsandbenefitsofAPECItfocusesonopeningmarketstoincreasetradeandinvestmentamongeconomies.Asaconsequence,intra-APECmerchandisetrade(exportsandimports)hasgrownfromUS$1.7trillionin1989toUS$8.44trillionin2007anaverageincreaseof8.5%peryear.Over30bilateralfreetradeagreements(FTAs)havebeenconcludedbetweenAPECMemberEconomies.,(ii)BusinessfacilitationFocusesonreducingthecostsofbusinesstransactions,improvingaccesstotradeinformation.Theintroductionofelectronic/paperlesssystemsbyallmembereconomies,coveringthepaymentofduties,andcustomsandtrade-relateddocumentprocessing.TheAPECBusinessTravelCard(ABTC)allowsvisafreetravelandexpresslanetransitatairports.Thecostofbusinesstransactionsacrosstheregionwasreducedby5%between2002and2006.,(iii)EconomicandtechnicalcooperationTobuildcapacityandskillsinAPECMemberEconomiesatboththeindividualandinstitutionallevel.ToprovidetrainingandcooperationtobuildcapacitiesinallAPECMemberEconomies.Morethan1200projectshavebeeninitiatedsince1993.,(2)ASEAN东南亚国家联盟TheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)1967:EstablishedinBangkokIndonesia,Malaysia,Philippi