英语国家概况-谢福之-Chapter-6-literatureppt课件

AGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries,英语国家概况,英语国家概况,TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,Chapter6Literature,TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,英语国家概况,CONTENT,I,ThePostmodernPeriod(1945-),VII,TheOldEnglishPeriodandMiddleEnglishPeriod(450-1500),I,1.1GeneralKnowledge,Inpractice,worksofliteraturefallintofourcategoriesorgenres:narrativefiction叙事小说dramapoetrynon-fictionprose散文,1.1GeneralKnowledge,Thetwokindsofnarrativefictionyouwillreadmostoftenareshortstoriesandnovels.Myths(神话),parables(寓言),romances(传奇),andepics(史诗)arealsopartofthegenre.,1.2TheOldEnglishPeriod,OldEnglish:theepicBeowulf贝奥武夫AfolklegendbroughttoEnglandbytheAnglo-Saxonsfromtheircontinentalhomes.,1.3TheMiddleEnglishPeriod,WiththeNormanConquestin1066,BritainenteredtheMiddleAges(1066-1485).MiddleEnglish:TheCanterburyTales坎特伯雷的故事集(1387-1400)GeoffreyChaucer(1340?-1400),TheRenaissance(1500-1660),RenaissanceischaracterizedbyadmirationoftheGreekandLatinclassicworks.sonnet(十四行诗)dramaThedramatypesaretragedy,comedyandfarce(滑稽剧).,2.1GeneralKnowledge,Blankverseisatypeofpoetry,distinguishedbyhavingaregularmeter,butnorhyme.InEnglish,themetermostcommonlyusedwithblankversehasbeeniambicpentameter。无韵诗是诗歌的一种，特点是有整齐的格律，却没有韵脚（即句尾不押韵）。英语中，无韵诗最常用的格律是抑扬格五音步（因此无韵诗又被称为无韵五节拍诗）。每行用五个长短格音步十个音节组成，每首行数不拘，不压韵。不押韵的诗称无韵诗或白体诗。应用多用在戏剧和叙事诗中。莎士比亚的戏剧和弥尔顿的ParadiseLost都是用无韵诗写成的。押韵的诗叫rhymedverse。无韵诗不同于自由诗。无韵诗虽不押韵，但是有固定节奏，以扬抑格五音步最常见。自由诗节奏不固定，如同白话。Freeverseisaformofpoetrywhichrefrainsfrommeterpatterns,rhyme,oranyothermusicalpattern.自由诗是一种不受格律、韵脚或其他音乐节拍约束的诗歌形式。,2.2WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616),2.2WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616),ShakespearesBirthplace,2.2WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616),EnglishplaywrightWilliamShakespearewasborninthathouseonHenleyStreetinStratford-upon-AvoninApril1564.Shakespearesfather,John,purchasedthebuildingintwostages,in1556and1572.Today,Shakespearesbirthplaceisamuseum,furnishedasitmighthavebeeninShakespearestime.ItalsohousesanexhibitonShakespeareslife.,TheGlobeTheatre,wheredramatistWilliamShakespearesawhisplaysperformed400yearsago,hasbeenrebuiltnearitsoriginallocationonthesouthbankoftheThamesRiverinLondon,England.,2.2WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616),ComedyAMidsummerNightsDream(1595)TheMerchantofVenice(1598)AsYouLikeIt(1599)皆大欢喜TwelfthNight(1601),2.2WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616),2.2WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616),HistoricalplaysRichardIII(1591)HenryIV(1597)AntonyandCleopatra(1606)安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉,2.2WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616),TragediesHamlet(1601)Othello(1604)奥赛罗KingLear(1605)李尔王Macbeth(1606)麦克白RomeoandJuliet(1595),2.2WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616),Jaques:Alltheworldsastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers;全世界是一个大舞台,所有的男男女女都只是一些演员!Theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances,Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,Hisactsbeingsevenages.AsYouLikeIt(Act2,scene7,139143),2.2WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616),Tobe,ornottobe(fromHamlet3/1)Tobe,ornottobe:thatisthequestion:WhethertisnoblerinthemindtosufferTheslingsandarrowsofoutrageousfortune,Ortotakearmsagainstaseaoftroubles,Andbyopposingendthem?,2.2WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616),Q.WhichplayisregardedasamilestoneinShakespearesdramaticdevelopment?,A:Hamlet.,2.2WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616),Q.WhatmakesShakespearesofamous?,A:Hisgreatunderstandingofhumannatureandhisabilitytofinduniversalhumanqualitiesandtoputthemindramaticsituations.,Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,MERCHANTVENICE,TheNeo-classicalPeriod(1660-1785),III,The17thcenturywitnessedtheBourgeoisRevolutionandtheRestoration.The18thcenturyisacomparativelypeacefuldevelopmentperiod.(TheIndustrialRevolution),3.1HistoricalBackground,3.1HistoricalBackground,ClassicismprevailedforthemostpartofthecenturywithAlexanderPopeasitsrepresentative.Satire(讽刺文学),makingfunofpeople,cametofullgrowthinthiscentury.AlexanderPope亚历山大蒲柏JonathanSwift乔纳森斯威夫特DanielDefoe丹尼尔笛福,3.2Representatives,JohnMilton(1608-1674)ParadiseLost(1667)失乐园ParadiseRegained(1671)复乐园SamsonAgonistes(1671)诗剧力士参孙,3.2.1JohnMilton,3.1HistoricalBackground,AlexanderPope亚历山大蒲柏（AlexanderPope，1688年5月22日-1744年5月30日）是18世纪英国最伟大的诗人；杰出的启蒙主义者。,3.2.2AlexanderPope,AlexanderPope(1688-1744)亚历山大蒲柏（1688年5月22日-1744年5月30日）是18世纪英国最伟大的诗人；杰出的启蒙主义。AnEssayonCriticism(1711)批评论TheRapeoftheLock(1712-1714)劫发记translatedHomersIliad伊利亚特andpartofOdyssey奥德赛thefirstEnglishpoetwhocouldlivedoffthesalesofhisworks,3.1HistoricalBackground,JonathanSwift乔纳森斯威夫特（英语：JonathanSwift，1667年11月30日1745年10月19日）英国-爱尔兰作家。讽刺文学大师，以格理弗游记和一只桶的故事等作品闻名于世。,3.2.3JonathanSwift,JonathanSwift(1667-1745)GulliversTravels(1726)格列佛游记anunparalleledsatiricaldepictionofvice,follyandmereweaknessofmankind.Yahooacreaturerepresentingthehumanrace,isinferiortoandgovernedbyanoblebreedofreasoningandhigh-mindedhorses.Yahoo一词发明于格列佛游记的作者JonathanSwift。在小说里，它代表一个在外表和行为举止上都非常讨厌的家伙。Yahoo！的创始人杨致远和DavidFilo选择这个名字的原因就是他们觉得自己就是Yahoo。还有一种说法，DavidFilo和杨致远坚持他们选择这个名称的原因是他们喜欢字典里对Yahoo的定义“粗鲁，不通世故，粗俗”。,3.2.4DanielDefoe,DanielDefoe(1660?-1731)RobinsonCrusoe(1719)鲁滨逊漂流记,3.1HistoricalBackground,DanielDefoe丹尼尔笛福（DanielDefoe16601731），英国作家，英国启蒙时期现实主义小说的奠基人，被誉为“小说之父”。其代表作鲁滨逊漂流记闻名于世，鲁滨逊也成为与困难抗争的典型模范，因此他被视作英国小说的开创者之一。,TheRomanticPeriod(1785-1830),4.1PioneersofRomanticPoets,名词解释：浪漫主义，“湖畔派诗人”Romanticism:Attheturnofthe18thand19thcenturies,itappearedinEnglandasanewtrendinliterature.ItsarevoltagainsttheprescribedrulesofClassicism.Itswritersaremoreconcernedwithimaginationandfeelingthanwithreasonandintellect.Lakepoets:,4.1PioneersofRomanticPoets,Pioneers:WilliamWordsworth(1770-1850):ThePrelude序曲“IWanderedLonelyasaCloud”我好似一朵孤独的流云“MyHeartLeapsUpWhenIBehold我的心跳跃起来当我看到彩虹时SamuelTaylorColeridge(1772-1834)“TheRimeoftheAncientMariner”古舟子咏“DeclarationofIndependence”ofromanticpoetryLyricalBallads(1798)抒情歌谣集avolumeofpoemswrittenbyWordsworthandColeridge抒情歌谣集是英国诗人华兹华斯和柯尔律治于1798年共同发表的诗集。它宣告了西方文学的浪漫主义运动的开始。,4.2TheMajor“SecondGeneration”ofRomanticPoets,A:Themajor“secondgeneration”ofRomanticpoetsincludedLordByron,PercyByssheShelley,JohnKeats.,Q.Whoarethemajor“secondgeneration”ofRomanticpoets?,4.2TheMajor“SecondGeneration”ofRomanticPoets,GeorgeGordonByron(1788-1824),knownasLordByronChildHaroldsPilgrimage(1812,1816,1818)恰尔德哈罗德DonJuan(1818-1823)唐璜,4.2TheMajor“SecondGeneration”ofRomanticPoets,PercyByssheShelley(1792-1822)longpoem“TheRevoltofIslam”(1818)伊斯兰的反叛politicallyric“TheMasqueofAnarchy”(1819)专制者的假面游行essay“ADefenseofPoetry”(1821)诗辩lyricaldramaPrometheusUnbound(1819)解放了的普罗米修斯shortpoems“OdetotheWestWind”西风颂(1819)and“OdetoaSkylark”(1820)致云雀,TheVictorianPeriod(1832-1901),V,5.1CriticalRealism,A:Thecriticalrealistsdescribedthechieftraitsofthesocietyandcriticizedthecapitalistsystemfromademocraticviewpoint.,Q.WhatsthecharacteristicoftheCriticalRealismnovels?,5.2Representatives,5.2.1CharlesDickens,CharlesDickens(1812-1870)查尔斯狄更斯afiercecriticofthepovertyandsocialstratificationofVictorianEngland,5.2.1CharlesDickens,ThePickwickPapers(1836-1837)匹克威克外传broughthimimmediatefameGreatExpectations(1860-1861)远大前程OliverTwist(1837)奥利弗特维斯特（雾都孤儿）ATaleofTwoCities(1859)双城记DavidCopperfield(1849-1850)大卫科波菲尔,5.2.1CharlesDickens,A:Inhisenormousbodyofworks,Dickenscombinedmasterlystorytelling,humor,pathos(伤感),andironywithsharpsocialcriticismandacuteobservationofpeopleandplaces,bothrealandimagined.Hisworkshadgreatsocialrelevance,psychologicalinsight,andnarrativeandsymboliccomplexity.,Q.WhatsthewritingstyleofCharlesDickens?,5.2.1CharlesDickens,5.2.2JaneAusten,JaneAusten(17751817)简奥斯丁SenseandSensibility(1811)理智与情感PrideandPrejudice(1813)傲慢与偏见MansfieldPark(1814)曼斯菲尔德庄园Emma(1816)爱玛NorthangerAbbey诺桑觉寺Persuasion劝导,5.2.3Bronte勃朗特Sisters,Brontesisters:Charlotte(1816-1855)夏洛蒂勃朗特JaneEyre(1847)简爱Emily(1818-1848)艾米莉勃朗特WutheringHeights(1847)呼啸山庄Anne(1820-1849)AgnesGrey艾格尼丝格雷,5.2.4GeorgeEliot乔治艾略特,GeorgeEliot(1819-1880)“philosophicalwriter”AdamBede(1859)亚当比德TheMillontheFloss(1860)弗洛斯河上的磨坊SilasMarner(1861)织工马南Middlemarch(1871-1872)米德尔马契Romola罗慕拉FelixHolt菲利克斯霍尔特DanielDeronda丹尼尔德龙拉,5.2.4GeorgeEliot乔治艾略特,动物是挺棒的朋友，它们既不发问，也不批评。一位自高自大的人，就像是一只公鸡，它以为太阳上升，是为了聆听它的啼声。原文:Asconceitedmanislikethecockwhothoughtthesunhadrisentohearhimcrow.我不但喜欢被人爱，还喜欢有人告诉爱上了我；沉默的领域，大得足以超出了坟墓。原文:Ilikenotonlytobeloved,buttobetoldIamloved.Therealmofsilenceislargeenoughbeyondthegrave.,5.2.5ThomasHardy托马斯哈代,ThomasHardy(1840-1928)TheReturnoftheNative(1878)还乡TheMayorofCasterbridge(1886)卡斯特桥市长TessoftheDUrbervilles(1891)德伯家的苔丝JudetheObscure(1895)无名的裘德APairofBlueEyes一双蓝眼睛TheTrumpetMajor号兵长DesperateRemedies非常手段TheHandofEthelberta艾塞尔伯塔的婚姻UndertheGreenwoodTree绿荫下FarfromtheMaddingCrowd远离尘嚣,Neo-RomanticismandAestheticism,Theessentialdifferencebetweenneo-RomanticismandclassicRomanticismliesintimechange,incultivatingtheabilitytobeusedtotheclassicexpressionsuchasdescription,emotionandmeditationetc,notinemphasisonempathyofhumanbeingswithnature.新浪漫精神和古典浪漫精神的最大区别在于：美学生态人的新浪漫精神不是一味地强调人对自然的感情的移入，而是要立足于时代风貌，让人更多地习惯于对自然的更为古老的表达方式，比如描写、抒情与沉思等。,RobertLouisStevenson罗伯特路易斯史蒂文森,TreasureIsland金银岛Kidnapped诱拐TheStrangeCaseofDoctorJekyllandMr.Hyde化身博士,Aestheticism唯美主义,Representative:OscarWilde奥斯卡王尔德“artforartssake”“为艺术而艺术”的唯美主义主张ThePictureofDorianGray道林格雷的画像Salome莎乐美前两种主义(特别是现实主义和浪漫主义)基本上还是把语言文字做为表达的主要手段.后现代主义则充分利用语言之外的符号,包括图画、摄影、行为艺术等等.乱七八糟,无所不做,一堆大便,一包垃圾,都是所谓艺术,可以这样说如果说文学是要改变人改造人的灵魂思想的话那么现代主义比现实主义的效果更好后现代主义比现代主义又更进步！它们与生活紧密相连,7.1Fiction,GeorgeOrwell(1903-1950)乔治奥威尔NineteenEightyFour(1948)AnimalFarm动物农场,WilliamGolding威廉戈尔丁,是一位英国小说家，诗人，1983年诺贝尔文学奖得主。戈尔丁是20世纪现实主义文学的代表人物,他的小说富含寓意，广泛地融入了古典文学，神话，基督教文化以及象征主义。其作品的主题一般是与黑暗邪恶有关，但他的小说中也表达一种昏暗的乐观主义。他的第一本小说LordoftheFlies蝇王（1954年）突出了他一直不停探讨的主题：人类天生的野蛮与文明的理性的斗争。这部小说也奠定了他的世界声誉。,V.SNaipaul奈保尔,印度裔，但出生在美洲的特立尼达和多巴哥。1950年18岁留学英国牛津大学。获文学学士学位。从此定居英国。身为文学、史学、宗教学大师，1990年58岁荣获英国皇家封爵。1993年61岁荣获柯恩文学奖（英国健在的文学大师终生成就奖）。2001年69岁荣获诺贝尔文学奖。,Internationalanalysis:TheMiddlePassage中途航道AnIndiatrilogy:An