跨文化交际中的认知差异ppt课件

.,1,PerceptionDifferencesinInterculturalCommunication,.,2,Leading-in,Gudykunst,Samovar,WilliamBetc.havealldiscussedperceptionintheirworksorpapers,givingdefinitionsofperception,describingtheperceptionprocess,aswellasanalyzingtheculturalinfluenceonperceptionandsoon.Withdetailedillustration,theyhaveprovedthatperceptionisofgreatsignificanceintheinterculturalcommunicationstudy.,.,3,1.Definition,Ininterculturalcommunicationstudies,alotofresearchersandscholarshavegivendefinitionsordescriptionofperception.accordingtoGambleandGambledefinition,“Perceptionistheprocessofselecting,organizing,andinterpretingsensorydatainawaythatenablespeopletomakesenseofourworld.”感知是应用感觉器官把外部刺激转变为有意义的经验知识的过程。这一过程包括选择、组织和阐释三个阶段。,.,4,2PerceptionProcess,Theperceptionprocessconsistsofthreestages:selection,organization/categorization,andinterpretation.1)SelectionSelectionisthefirststageintheperceptionprocess.,.,5,Indailylifewearefloodedconstantlybysuchalargevarietyofinformationhowever,wecannotperceivealltheinformation.Weperceiveonlypartoftheinformation.welimitourattentiontothoseaspectsofstrangersorthesituationsthatareessentialtowhatwearedoing.,.,6,2)Organization/CategorizationThesecondstageintheperceptionprocessisorganization/categorization.,.,7,Afterselectinginformationfromtheoutsideworld,weneedtoorganizeitinsomewaybyfindingcertainmeaningfulpatterns.ThisorganizationstageisaccomplishedbyputtingthingsorpeopleintoCategories.Inthisstageofperception,thesocialandphysicaleventsorobjectsweencounterwillimmediatelyhaveshape,color,texture,sizeetc.,.,8,Forinstance,whenaskedwhatahumanbeingis,somepeoplemaydescribeitfromtheperspectiveofskincolor,othersfromthatofraceornationality.,.,9,3)InterpretationThethirdstageinperceptionisinterpretation,whichreferstotheprocessofattachingmeaningtotheselectedstimuli.Butdifferentpeoplemaygivedifferentinterpretationsofthesamestimulus.Forinstance,akissorabighuginpublicisacommonwayofgreetingeachotherinwesterncountries,functioningassaying“Hello,”whereasinmanyothercountriestheyarealwaysconsideredtobe“lovemaking”behaviors.,.,10,3CulturalInfluenceonPerception,Itisnotdifficulttonoticethatourresponsesandinterpretationsaredifferentinourcontactwiththeoutside.Thisisduetothefactthatperceptionisculturallydetermined.Thatistosay,cultureinfluencesthewaypeopleperceivetheworld.culturalinfluenceonthethreestagesofperceptionselection,organizationandinterpretation,.,11,1)CulturalInfluenceonSelection,Peopleareexposedtolargequantitiesofoutsidestimuli,buttheyareabletoperceiveonlypartofthesestimuli.Theypayspecialattentiontosomestimuli,andinthemeantimeneglectsomeotherstimuli.ThisselectiveprocessofperceptionisdeterminedbyonesCulturalbackground.Forexample:Sheisaprofessional.,.,12,2)CulturalInfluenceonOrganization/Categorization,Culturalfactorssuchasonespastcategories,languages,values,prejudicesdirectlyinfluencetheorganization/categorizationstageofperception.Peopleputselectedstimuliintocategoriesandthesecategoriesareformeddependingontheirpastexperiences,languages,orvaluesetc.,.,13,Forinstance,”dog”-狗腿子”，“丧家之犬”，“狗仗人势.”-“Loveme，lovemydog.”“Everydoghasitsday.”,.,14,3)CulturalInfluenceonInterpretation,Peoplefromdifferentcultureswillperceiveandinterpretothersbehaviorsindifferentways.Wecantakepeoplesdifferentinterpretationsofsmileasanexample,.,15,aJapaneseathlete,afterbeingterriblydefeated,willforceasmileonhisface,becausethesmileisinterpretedbyhimasapainfulexpressiontocoverhisembarrassmentofbeingdefeated.ButmostAmericanaudiencemayinterpretitasanexpressionindicatingthattheJapaneseathletedoesntcareaboutlosingthegame.,.,16,4PerceptionDifferences,Fromaboveon,Cultureinfluencestheselection,organization/categorizationandinterpretationofperceptionprocess,sopeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundstendtohavedifferentperceptionsthatwillresultinmisunderstandingsininterculturalcommunication.Howcanwereducemisunderstandingscausedbyperceptiondifferences?,.,17,5asolutiontoavoidmisunderstandingscausedbyperceptiondifferences-empathy,Wecantakeempathyasasolutiontoavoidmisunderstandingscausedbyperceptiondifferencessoastoachievedesirablecommunicationresults.,.