英语语言学function of languageppt课件

,Functionsoflanguage,Teammember:皮锦筠李玮李思垚李秀秀裴治东,Jakobson,ourgroup,Halliday,differentviewsonfunctionoflanguage,Jakobsonsview,anguageisaboveall,asanysemioticsystem,forcommunication.Westudylanguageasasciencesowementionitsfunctionaccordingtoaprinciple.Herethefunctionisnotthesocialfunctiononly.Sixprimaryfactorsofanyspeechevent:speaker,addressee,context,message,code,contact.Jakobsonswell-knownframeworkoflanguagefunctionsbasedonthesixkeyelementsofcommunication:,Referential:toconveymessageandinformationPoetic:toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsakeEmotive:toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotionsConative:topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandentreaties)Phatic:toestablishcommunionwithothersMetalingualfunction:toclearupintentions,wordsandmeanings.eg.Wesaymakeisaverbandheisapronoun.,.,Functionsoflanguage,Contextreferential,AddresserEonationshowinganger,MessagePoetice.g.poetry,AddresseeConativee.g.Imperativesandvocatives,ContactPhaticHello,didyouhearme?,CodeMetalinguale.g.Letmemakeitbrief.,指示功能（传达信息）诗学功能（完全就语言而语言)，感情功能（表达态度、感觉和感情），意动功能（通过命令和请求去说服和影响他人），交感功能（与他人建立交流）元语言功能（弄清意图、词语和意义）。,Hallidaysview,Fromearlyoninhisaccountoflanguage,Hallidayhasarguedthatitisinherentlyfunctional.HisearlypapersonthegrammarofEnglishmakereferencetothefunctionalcomponentsoflanguage,asgeneralizedusesoflanguage,which,sincetheyseemtodeterminethenatureofthelanguagesystem,requiretobeincorporatedintoouraccountofthatsystem.Hallidayarguesthatthisfunctionalorganizationoflanguagedeterminestheformtakenbygrammaticalstructure.,IdeationalmetafunctionTheideationalfunctionislanguageconcernedwithbuildingandmaintainingatheoryofexperience.Itincludestheexperientialfunctionandthelogicalfunction.1.语言是对存在于主客观世界的过程和事物的反映，这是“经验”（experiential）功能，或者说关于所说的“内容”的功能。在语言中还有“逻辑（logical）功能，即以表现为并列关系和从属关系的线性的循环结构的形式出现，由于两者都是建立于说话人对外部世界和内心世界的经验，与其功能相比较是中性的，因而可统称为“概念”（ideational）功能。,Hallidaysview,InterpersonalmetafunctionTheinterpersonalfunctionreferstothegrammaticalchoicesthatenablespeakerstoenacttheircomplexanddiverseinterpersonalrelations.2.语言是社会人的有意义的活动，是做事的手段，是动作，因此它的功能之一必须是反映人与人间的关系。这个纯理功能称为“人际”（interpersonal）功能。,Hallidaysview,TextualmetafunctionHallidayarguesthatbothexperientialandinterpersonalfunctionsareintricatelyorganized,butthatbetweenthetwo“thereiscomparativelyverylittleconstraint”.Thismeansthat“byandlarge,youcanputanyinteractionalspinonanyrepresentationalcontent”.Whatallowsmeaningsfromthesetwomodestofreelycombineistheintercessionofathird,distinctmodeofmeaningthatHallidayreferstoasthetextualfunction.,.,TextualmetafunctionHallidayarguesthatbothexperientialandinterpersonalfunctionsareintricatelyorganized,butthatbetweenthetwo“thereiscomparativelyverylittleconstraint”.Thismeansthat“byandlarge,youcanputanyinteractionalspinonanyrepresentationalcontent”.Whatallowsmeaningsfromthesetwomodestofreelycombineistheintercessionofathird,distinctmodeofmeaningthatHallidayreferstoasthetextualfunction.3.实际使用中的语言基本单位不是词或句，而是表达相对的来说是完整思想的“语篇”（text），上述两种功能部分最后要由说话人把它们组织成语篇才能实现。这就是语篇（textual）功能。语篇功能使语言和语境发生联系，是说话人只产生与语境相一致的语篇。,mygroupmembersview,phaticfunctiondirectivefunctioninformativefunctioninterrogativefunctionexpressivefunctionevocativefunctionperformativefunction,Phatic:establishinganatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontact.Directive:getthehearertodosomething.Informative:giveinformationaboutfacts.Interrogative:getinformationfromothers.Expressive:expressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.Evocative:createcertainfeelingsinthehearer(amuse,startle,soothe,worryorplease)Performative:languageisusedtodothings,toperformactions.,.,亲，这种背景的图片是备注The“phaticfunction”referstolanguagebeingusedforsettingupacertainatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontacts(ratherthanforexchanginginformationorideas).Greetings,farewells,andcommentsontheweatherinEnglishandonclothinginChineseallservethisfunction.Muchofthephaticlanguage(e.g.“Howareyou?”“Fine,thanks.”)isinsincereiftakenliterally,butitisimportant.Ifyoudontsay“Hello”toafriendyoumeet,orifyoudontanswerhis“Hi”,youruinyourfriendship.,.,好The“directivefunction”meansthatlanguagemaybeusedtogetthehearertodosomething.Mostimperativesentencesperformthisfunction,e.g.,“Tellmetheresultwhenyoufinish.”Othersyntacticstructuresorsentencesofothersortscan,accordingtoJ.AustinandJ.Searles“indrectspeechacttheory”(seeHuZhuanglinetal.,pp271-278)atleast,servethepurposeofdirectiontoo,e.g.,“IfIwereyou,Iwouldhaveblushedtothebottomofmyears!”,.,Languageservesan“informationalfunction”whenusedtotellsomething,characterizedbytheuseofdeclarativesentences.Informativestatementsareoftenlabelledastrue(truth)orfalse(falsehood).AccordingtoP.Grices“CooperativePrinciple”(seeHuZhuanglinetal.,pp282-283),oneoughtnottoviolatethe“MaximofQuality”,whenheisinformingatall.,.,Whenlanguageisusedtoobtaininformation,itservesan“interrogativefunction”.Thisincludesallquestionsthatexpectreplies,statements,imperativesetc.,accordingtothe“indirectspeechacttheory”,mayhavethisfunctionaswell,e.g.,“Idliketoknowyoubetter.”Thismaybringforthalotofpersonalinformation.Notethatrhetoricalquestionsmakeanexception,sincetheydemandnoanswer,atleastnotthereaders/listenersanswer.,.,The“expressivefunction”istheuseoflanguagetorevealsomethingaboutthefeelingsorattitudesofthespeaker.Subconsciousemotionalejaculationsaregoodexamples,like“Goodheavens!”“MyGod!”Sentenceslike“Imsorryaboutthedelay”canserveasgoodexamplestoo,thoughinasubtleway.Whilelanguageisusedfortheinformativefunctiontopassjudgementonthetruthorfalsehoodofstatements,languageusedfortheexpressivefunctionevaluates,appraisesorassertsthespeakersownattitudes.,.,The“evocativefunction”istheuseoflanguagetocreatecertainfeelingsinthehearer.Itsaimis,forexample,toamuse,startle,antagonize,soothe,worryorplease.Jokes(notpracticaljokes,though)aresupposedtoamuseorentertainthelistener;advertisingtourgecustomerstopurchasecertaincommodities;propagandatoinfluencepublicopinion.Obviously,theexpressiveandtheevocativefunctionsoftengotogeth