高中英语冲刺班9ppt课件

.,非谓语动词及独立主格结构【考点内容解读及突破方法】主要考查的知识点：v-ing、不定式作宾语的区别。非谓语动词作宾补的区别。非谓语动词作状语的区别。非谓语动词作定语时的区别。非谓语动词的时态、语态、否定式和复合结构。,.,重点复习：识别非谓语动词在句中的成分，不定式、v-ing形式、过去分词各自所作的成分是不同的。识记哪些动词只能接不定式作宾语，哪些动词只能接动名词作宾语，哪些动词接不定式或动名词作宾语没有太大区别，哪些动词接不定式和动名词作宾语区别很大，哪些动词接带to的不定式作宾语补足语，哪些动词接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。havegetmake等动词所接的宾语补语的选用。非谓语动词作状语和状语从句的联系和区别。,.,突破方法：解此类题时，可用“三步曲”：第一步要根据语法知识弄清句子结构，看选项作何成分，结合搭配和句式习惯确定是何种非谓语动词形式；第二步，根据非谓语动词所表示的动作与句子谓语的动作发生的先后确定用何种非谓语动词的时态；第三步，按照非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系确定语态，如果逻辑主语不是句子的主语，那就可判断要么是状语从句，要么是独立主格结构。,.,【知识归纳拓展】在feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make等词后的补足语中(主动语态中),不定式不带to。但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带to。例如：Ioftenhearhimsingthesong.Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.,.,2.不定式动词在介词but,except,besides后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to。如：Shecoulddonothingbutcry.Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?Ihavenochoicebuttogo.,.,3.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如：Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith.,.,4.常用不定式作宾语的动词：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。,.,下列动词后可接疑问词+不定式：teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find、out、advise、discuss等。动词+sb.+不定式：allow,advise,forbid,permit.Wedontallowsmokinghere.Wedontallowstudentstosmoke.,.,5.不定式的替代。多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的实义常承前省略(只保留to即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：Susanisnotwhatsheusedtobe.-Youcamelatelastnight.Yououghttohavefinishedyourhomework.-IknowIoughttohave.常见的有：Idlike/love/behappyto.,.,6.用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式作宾语的动词：mind,escape,imagine,miss,enjoy,insist,practice,keep,excuse,consider,admit,appreciate,avoid,finish,forgive,delay,suggest,resist,risk等。(谐音记忆法),.,7.接动名词和不定式做宾语,但意义有区别的动词：remembertodo(记住要干),rememberdoing(记住做过);forgettodo(忘记要做),forgetdoing(忘记做过了);regrettotell/say/reform,regretdoing(后悔做过);,.,goontodo(继续做另一件事),goondoing(继续做同一件事);stoptodo(停止去做不同的事),stopdoing(停止做同一件事);trytodo(尽最大努力干),trydoing(试着又干);meantodo(有意干),meandoing(意味着).,.,8.动词need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,若表示的含义是被动的,必须用动名词,或不定式的被动式。例如：Thewindowneeds(requires,wants)cleaning(tobecleaned).9.在短语devoteto,lookforwardto,payattentionto,stickto,beusedto,objectto,等后的to是介词,其后必须用动名词形式。,.,10.过去分词作状语时，通常可相当于时间、原因、条件等状语从句。(1)转换问题：过去分词作状语表示原因、时间、条件、让步、方式等时，可以分别转换成相应的状语从句。例如：(Ashewas)Helpedbyhisteacherandclassmates,hemaderapidprogress.(原因)Thebuilding,shakenbytheearthquake,felldowninthenight.=Thebuildingfelldowninthenightafter/becauseitwasshakenbytheearthquake.(时间或原因),.,(Ifweare)United,westand:(ifweare)divided,wefall.(条件)(Eventhoughwewere)Defeated,wewerestillinhighspirits.(让步)Hesattherereadingforthewholemorningasif(hewas)tiedtothechair.(方式)表示伴随状况时，多可转换为并列结构或并列句。例如：Hesatthereunderthetree,lostindeepthought.=Hesatthereunderthetreeandwaslostindeepthought.,.,(2)与现在分词的比较：过去分词作状语时，与现在分词的区别：主、被动意义不同。及物动词的过去分词含有被动意义，而其现在分词则含有主动意义。试比较如下：Followedbythestudents，theteachercameintotheroom.Followingthestudents，theteachercameintotheroom.Disappointedbyhisdisappointingson，helookedverysad.,.,(3)过去分词作状语需特别注意的两个问题。有时可使用“连词+过去分词”的结构作状语，这实质上就是状语从句的省略。如：If(Iam)givenanyEnglishbooks,Iwillsendonetoyou.Once(itis)seen,itwillneverbeforgotten.After(hewas)shotintheleg,hecouldntrunanymore.,.,(4)用分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语是一致的，否则，就应使用状语从句、独立主格结构、with的复合结构或调整句子的主语。例如：例1【误】Givenmorehelp,theprojectwillbecompletedearlier.【正】Ifwearegivenmorehelp,theprojectwillbecompletedearlier.(状语从句)【正】Givenmorehelp,wewillcompletetheprojectearlier.(调整主语),.,例2【误】Brokenhisleg,hecouldntgotoschool.【正】Hislegbroken,hecouldntgotoschool.(独立主格结构)【正】Havingbrokenhisleg,hecouldntgotoschool.(现在分词)【正】Hecouldntgotoschoolwithhislegbroken.(with的复合结构),.,(5)分词作状语常见错误例析。从山顶望去，公园显得非常美丽。【误】Seeingfromthetopofthehill,theparklooksverybeautiful.【正】Seenfromthetopofthehill,theparklooksverybeautiful.【析】使用分词作状语时有一条原则必须遵循：分词的逻辑主语应当与句子的主语保持一致。park显然不能作Seeing的逻辑主语，故需改成过去分词Seen。,.,我由于不知道她的地址，没法和她联系。【误】Notknowingheraddress,soIcantgetintouchwithher.【正】Notknowingheraddress,Icantgetintouchwithher.【析】这是一个含有分词短语作原因状语的简单句，因此在句中不可再加并列连词so。,.,由于天黑，她不敢单独外出。【误】Beingdark,shedidntdaretogooutalone.【正】Itbeingdark,shedidntdaretogooutalone.【析】分词作状语，应与句子主语有主动或被动的关系。若无联系，就需在分词前另加一逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。再如：Therainhavingstopped,theydecidedtosetoffatonce.雨停了，他们决定马上动身。Letsgoskatingtonight,weatherpermitting.如果天气允许，咱们今天晚上去滑冰。,.,11.表示人的心理感受的动词的现在分词与过去分词。(1)表示人的心理感受的动词，如：please,delight,satisfy,inspire,encourage,excite,interest,move,frighten,surprise,astonish,puzzle,disappoint,discourage,tire等词，其动词含义为“让人”,.,(2)这些词的-ing和-ed均可视为形容词。-ing“让人的”一般修饰物；-ed“的”一般说明人。例：Weareinterestedintheseinterestingbooks.当修饰人的表情、眼神、眼泪、声音时要用-ed形式。例：Herfrightenedfaceshoweduswhathadhappenedtoherfamily.,.,12.独立主格结构：独立结构中doing(done)的逻辑主语是它前面的名词或代词。(1)独立主格结构的构成名词或代词分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语构成。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，所以在语法上不是句子。独立主格结构在句中起方式、时间、条件等状语或状语从句的作用。独立主格结构前可用with变成with名词/代词分词/形容词/副词/介词短语的复合结构，在句中也可作定语。,.,(2)(with)名词/代词分词(doing或done)结构这种结构的功能相似于分词或分词短语作状语，分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，而独立结构中doing(done)的逻辑主语是它前面的名词或代词。若名词/代词是动作的发出者，则用doing；若为动作承受者，则用done。如：MissGaofallingill,Mr.Wangtookherclassinstead.=BecauseMissGaofellill,Mr.Wangtookherclassinstead.,.,Allthingsconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.=Ifallthingsareconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.Helayinbedwithhisheadcovered.(方式状语)他躺在床上，盖着头。Helayonhisback,histeethset,hisrighthandclenchedonhisbreastandhisglaringeyeslookingstraightupward.他仰卧着，他的牙齿紧咬，他的右手紧握在胸前，他的眼睛直盯着上面。,.,【体验高考】1.(06全国卷I32)_andhappy,Tonystoodupandacceptedtheprize.A.SurprisingB.SurprisedC.BeingsurprisedD.Tobesurprising答案与简析选B过去分词做状语。2.(06全国卷II17)Weoftenprovideourchildrenwithtoys,footballsorbasketballs,_thatallchildrenlikethesethings.A.thinkingB.thinkC.tothinkD.thought答案与简析选A现在分词短语做伴随状语。,.,3.(06北京卷28)Therehavebeenseveralnewevents_totheprogramforthe2008BeijingOlympicGames.A.addB.toaddC.addingD.added答案与简析选D过去分词短语做定语,表被动。,.,4.(06北京卷35)Icantstand_withJaneinthesameoffice.Shejustrefuses_talkingwhilesheworks.A.working;stoppingB.towork;stoppingC.working;tostopD.towork;tostop答案与简析选Ccantstand“不能忍受”后接动名词做宾语,refuse后只接不定式做宾语。,.,5.(06上海春29)Theparentssuggested_inthehotelroombuttheirkidswereanxioustocampoutduringthetrip.A.sleepB.tosleepC.sleepingD.havingslept答案与简析选Csuggest“建议”后接doing或that+S+(should)do.,.,6.(05江苏卷)_inthemountainsforaweek,thetwostudentswerefinallysavedbythelocalpolice.A.HavinglostB.LostC.BeinglostD.Losing答案与简析选B取过去分词作状语表示被动和完成。,.,7.(05天津)Youshouldunderstandthetrafficrulebynow.Youvehadit_oftenenough.A.explainingB.toexplainC.explainD.explained答案与简析选Dhadsth.done让某事被做/让(别人)做。,.,8.(05北京)Theprizeofthegameshowis$30,000andanallexpenses_vacationtoChina.A.payingB.paidC.tobepaidD.beingpaid答案与简析选B过去分词作定语。,.,9.(05天津)Icouldntdomyhomeworkwithallthatnoise_.A.goingonB.goesonC.wentonD.togoon答案与简析选Awith的复合结构withnoise现在分词，由于noise是动作发出者。,.,10.(上海春季卷)Suddenly,atallmandrivingagoldencarriage_thegirlandtookheraway,_intothewoods.A.seizing;disappearedB.seized;disappearedC.seizing;disappearingD.seized;disappearing答案与简析选Dseized是动词过去式与took作并列的谓语；disappear的逻辑主语是atallman故用现在分词disappearing作伴随状语。,.,【能力锤炼】1.-Goodmorning.CanIhelpyou?-Idliketohavethispackage_,madam.A.beweighedB.tobeweighedC.toweighD.weighed答案与简析Dhavesth.done表示被动。2.Mostoftheartists_tothepartywerefromsouthAfrica.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited答案与简析A过去分词短语作后置定语。,.,3._withthesizeofthewholeearth,thebiggestoceandoesntseembigatall.(04湖北)A.CompareB.WhencomparingC.ComparingD.Whencompared答案与简析D状语从句的省略When(thebiggestoceanis)comparedwiththesizeofthewholeearth,.,4.LindaworkedfortheMinnesotaManufacturingandMiningCompany，_as3M.(04浙江高考)A.knowingB.knownC.beingknownD.tobeknown答案与简析Bknown的逻辑主语是Company，过去分词短语作定语，修饰company。,.,5.Whenfirst_tothemarket,theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess.(04四川高考)A.introducingB.introducedC.introduceD.beingintroduced答案与简析B这足一个省略结构，productsintroduce之问是动宾关系，所以用过去分词，相当于Whentheseproductswereintroducedtothemarket,.,6.“wecantgooutinthisweather,”saidBob,_outofthewindow.(04四川高考)A.lookingB.tolookC.lookedD.havinglooked答案与简析ABob与look之间是主谓关系，所以用现在分词作伴随状语。,.,7.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce_nothingcanbedonetochangeit.(02NMET)A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begun答案与简析D本题考查的是过去分词作条件状语时的用法。在这儿oncebegun可换成onceitisbegun，故最佳答案是D项。,.,8.When_,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.(02上海春)A.completedB.completingC.beingcompletedD.tobecompleted答案与简析Acomplete与museum是动宾关系，要用过去分同completed作状语，表示被动。意思是“当这座博物馆建成以后，将在明年向公众正式开放”。,.,9._time,hellmakeafirst-classtennisplayer.(03北京)A.HavinggivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Given答案与简析D句中主语he与give之间存在着被动关系，故需用过去分词短语作状语。,.,10._inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.(96年NMET)A.LosingB.HavinglostC.LostD.Tolose答案与简析C此题是对过去分词作伴随状语的考查，也可理解为原因状语。“陷入沉思”为belostinthought。A、B、D三项与主语是主动关系，故排作。,.,11._in1936,HarvardisoneofthemostfamousuniversitiesintheUnitedStates.(00上海)A.BeingfoundedB.ItwasfoundedC.FoundedD.Founding答案与简析C由句中Harvard前的逗号及句中没有并列连词可知，逗号前不是一个完整句子，排除B，句子主语Harvard应该是“被建”，再由过去时间状语in1936可知本题选C。,.,12._thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.(00北京春)A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven答案与简析A此处的Given作介词，表“考虑到；鉴于；假如”，可接名词或that从句。本句意为“鉴于他的健康状况，手术后康复还需要一段时间。”又如：Givenherinterestinchildren(=Giventhatsheisinterestedinchilden),Imsureteachingistherightworkforher.考虑到她喜欢孩子，我可以肯定，教书是适合她的工作。,.,【真题演练】1.(2003上海35)Friendshipislikemoney:easiermadethan_.A.keptB.tobekeptC.keepingD.beingkept2.(2004全国卷一28)Sarah,hurryup.Imafraidyouwonthavetimeto_beforetheparty.A.getchangedB.getchangeC.getchangingD.gettochange,A,A,.,3.(2004全国卷三22)Helenhadtoshout_abovethesoundofthemusic.A.makingherselfhearB.tomakeherselfhearC.makingherselfheardD.tomakeherselfheard4.(2004全国卷三31)Readingisanexperiencequitedifferentfromw