民事诉讼论文：试述我国民事调解制度及改革.doc

民事诉讼论文：试述我国民事调解制度及改革【中文摘要】调解制度是我国民事诉讼中最具中国特色的一项制度,被赞誉为“东方经验”而被西方国家加以学习借鉴。它能够及时、彻底地解决民事权益争议,提高办案效率,减少诉讼成本。调解也是目前我国法院运用的最多的一种处理民事诉讼的结案方式,调解在我国基层法院中占据着主流地位。诉讼调解纠纷解决机制正契合了和谐社会的价值追求,同时彰显了司法的实用与灵活性。但是随着审判方式改革的进行和现代司法环境的变化,在目前的司法实践中,现行调解制度日益暴露出它的局限性和诸多弊端。为此,我们正视诉讼调解制度的性质、法律地位及其在化解消弭社会矛盾中的巨大功能作用,分析其制度本身存在的缺陷、实践中所显露的弊端及其在民主法治建设中的不适应性,对其进行改革和完善,是建设有中国特色司法制度的必然。在民事诉讼制度的改革过程中,针对调解制度中存在的问题,我国诉讼法学界学者对我国调解制度提出几种改革的学说观点,有的学者甚至提出取消法院调解制度。但是,纵观国外的民事司法改革的情况看,当今世界各国纷纷加强调解机制,谋求纠纷解决的多元化,提倡诉讼外的纠纷解决机制,积极促进和解,这已成为不少国家进行司法体制改革的重要目标。苏力先生指出“中国的法治之路必须注重利用中国的本土资源,注重中国法律文化的传统和实际”。因此,我国在改革和完善现代法律制度时不应放弃自己的遗产,而应当对传统调解制度进行创造性的改革,充分发挥调解制度在我国化解纠纷中优越性。而在重构调解制度的同时,研究调解制度形成的文化背景和经济基础,并分析现行调解制度的弊端,借鉴国外的相关制度,剔除制度之糟粕,吸收西方现代法律文明之精华,不断完善这国民事诉讼的调解制度。笔者认为,目前我国调审结合、交互运行的调解模式常造成调解、审判的混同,不利于我国民事诉讼的实现。我国民事诉讼法规定的自愿合法原则体现了法院调解的本质,而在实际运作中,特别在法治现代化的今天,人们会发现法院调解往往会偏离这一原则。而且在调解过程中法官具有强烈的职权主义等问题很有必要对其加以改革。那么如何才能更好的改革和完善我国民事中的调解制度,对此笔者首先深入分析我国民事调解制度的现状,发展历程,指出目前我国调解制度存在的问题。在本文当中着重提出在我国建立司法ADR体系(Alternative Dispute Risdsolution,中文可译非诉纠纷解决方式)设想,对我国现有调解制度进行改革、建立多元化纠纷解决体系和规范调解程序与相关的配套措施等改革方式,从而构建我国新的民事调解制度,笔者相信只有不断改革和完善我国的调解制度才能焕发出新的生命力。【英文摘要】Mediation system is one of the most Chinese characteristics in our civil litigation, which is praised as “Oriental Experience” and learned by western countries. Mediation system can rapidly and completely resolve civil disputes, then improving the efficiency of dealing with cases and reducing the cost of litigation. Mediation is also the most used way of rendering the civil judgment in our peoples court and this way has occupied the main position in the court at the grassroots level. The system of court mediation is absolutely consistent with the value of our harmonious society and demonstrates the judicial utility and flexibility as well. However, with the reform of trial way and the change of modern judicial environment, the existing mediation system is increasingly exposing its limitations and shortcomings in current judicial practice. For this reason, our country should pay great attention to the court mediation, including its nature, its legal status and its enormous function of eliminating social contradictions, analyzing its inherent defects, the shortcomings revealed in the practice, the unfitness emerged during the process of constructing democracy and the rule of law, then reforming and improving this system, which is the necessity of constructing the judicial system with Chinese characteristics. From the situation of foreign civil judicial reform, countries around the world are expanding mediation mechanisms, pursuing the diversification of settling disputes and actively promoting reconciliation, which have become the important goals of judicial reform in many countries.It is necessary for our country to reform the problems of official system in the process of civil mediation. How can we better reform and improve the system civil mediation? The author first analyzes the existed civil mediation and development of its history, points out the problems of this system and then learns foreign related systems to continuously improve the system of court mediation. This article suggests our country to establish the system of ADA (Alternative Dispute Resolution), Chinese meaning is the mechanism of non-litigation dispute settlement or dispute resolution out of the court. Our country should establish the mode of mediation separating from the trial, establish the system of mediation before the trial and regulate the relation between mediation reform and related systems. Finally, we should establish the dispute settlement mechanism of adversary system, assistant with the system of ADR.【关键词】民事诉讼 调解制度 弊端 改革【英文关键词】civil procedure civil mediation shortcoming reformation【目录】试述我国民事调解制度及改革摘要3-5ABSTRACT5引言8-9一、我国诉讼调解制度的沿革及现状9-14(一) 我国诉讼调解制度的产生和发展9-121. 中国古代传统调解制度9-102. 中国古代诉讼调解的主要特点和长期存续的社会基础10-113. 清末至新中国成立前的诉讼调解11-124. 革命根据地时期的诉讼调解12(二) 我国古代调解制度存在的合理性和必要性12-14二、关于我国现行调解制度的反思与探索14-23(一) 新中国成立后的诉讼调解制度的变化14-161. “调解为主”成为民事审判工作的主旋律142. “着重调解”与民事诉讼法的修改14-153. 确立了调解十六字原则154. “调解优先、调判结合”确立为人民法院的工作原则155. 建立健全诉讼与非诉讼相街接的矛盾纠纷解决机制15-16(二) 现行调解制度的基本内容16-181. 法院调解的概念162. 法院调解制度的特征16-173. 我国法院调解制度的新发展17-18(三) 现行诉讼调解制度暴露出的问题18-211. 立法制度设计上的缺陷18-192. 司法调解制度审判实践中的弊端19-21(四) 学界关于诉讼调解制度存废之争21-23三、域外调解及和解制度对我国调解制度改革的启示23-27(一) 代表性国家和地区的法院调解(和解)制度23-251. 日本的民事调停232. 美国的附设在法院的调解23-243. 德国