英语高频同义词汇替换归纳ppt课件

.,【原创文档】英语高频词汇替换总结高频形容词：1.贫穷的：poor=needy=impoverished=poverty-stricken2.富裕的：rich=wealthy=affluent=well-to-do=well-off3.优秀的：excellent=eminent=top=outstanding4.积极的，好的：good=conducive=beneficial=advantageous5.消极的，不良的：bad=detrimental=baneful=undesirable6.明显的：obvious=apparent=evident=manifest7.健康的:healthy=robust=sound=wholesome8.惊人的：surprising=amazing=extraordinary=miraculous9.美丽的：beautiful=attractive=gorgeous=eye-catching10.有活力的：energetic=dynamic=vigourous=animated11.流行的：popular=prevailing=prevalent=pervasive高频动词：1.提高，加强：improve=enhance=promote=strengthen=optimize2.引起：cause=trigger=endanger3.解决：solve=resolve=address=tackle=copewith=dealwith4.拆除：destroy=teardown=knockdown=eradicate5.培养:develop=cultivate=foster=nurture6.激发，鼓励：encourage=motivate=stimulate=spur,.,7.认为：think=assert=hold=claim=argue8.完成：complete=fulfill=accomplish=achieve9.保留：keep=preserve=retain=hold10.有害于：destroy=impair=undermine=jeopardize11.减轻:ease=alleviate=relieve=lighten高频名词：1.影响：influence=impact2.危险：danger=perils=hazards3.污染：pollution=contamination4.人类：humanbeings=mankind=humanerace5.老人：oldpeople=theold=theelderly=theaged=seniorcitizens6.幸福：happiness=cheerfulness=well-being7.老师：teachers=instructors=educators=lecturers8.教育：education=schooling=familyparenting=upbringing9.青少年：youngpeople=youngsters=youths=adolescents10.优点：advantage=merits=superiority=virtue11.责任：responsibility=obligation=duty=liability12.能力：ability=capacity=power=skill13.职业：job=career=employment=profession14.娱乐：enjoyment=pastimes=recreation=entertainment15.孩子：children=offspring=descendant=kid,.,高频短语：1.充满了：befilledwith=beawashwith=beinundatewith=besaturatedwith2.努力：strugglefor=aspireafter=strivefor=sparenoeffortsfor3.从事：embarkon=takeup=setabout=goinfor4.在当代:incontemporarysociety=inpresent-daysociety=inthisdayandage5.大量的:ahostof=amultitudeof=avastnumberof=avastamountof雅思写作中常用英文连接单词的替换词一、And并列关系(and)inaddition/and/similarly/likewise/aswellas/besides/furthermore/also/moreover/too/notonly.but/even/besidesthisthat二、Sequence顺序(then)出现的时候表示列举first/initially/secondetc./tobeginwith/then/next/earlierlater/followingthisthat/afterwards三、Consequence结果（so）前面是后面的结果/也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了asaresult/thus/so/therefore/consequently/itfollowsthat/thereby/eventually/inthatcase/admittedly,.,四、Contrast转折(but)表对前面论述的转折/一般后面才是作者观点however/ontheotherhand/despite/inspiteof/though/although/but/onthecontrary/otherwise/yet/insteadof/rather/whereas/nonetheless/incontrast五、Certainty确定(ofcourse)强烈的确定/后面是作者的坚定论点obviously/certainly/plainly/ofcourse/undoubtedly六、Condition条件/因为(if)后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件。if/unless/whether/providedthat/Giventhat/for/sothat/whether/dependingon七、Time时间(when)before/since/as/until/meanwhile/atthemoment/when/whenever/assoonas/justas八、Summary总结(inaword)作者的最后总结inconclusion/insummary/lastly/finally/tosumup/toconclude/torecapitulate重述/inshort/inaword九、Example举例(forexample)forexample/forinstance/justas/inparticular/suchas/namely也就是,.,十、Reason原因(because)since/as/so/because(of)/dueto/owingto/thereasonwhy/inotherwords/leadsto/cause剑桥阅读替换同义词大搜查1.rigid/stiff/unchanged/littlechange僵硬的，一成不变的2.significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/appreciably/remarkable/crucial/巨大的,明显的，程度大的/substantial3.approximately将近-nearly,portion/percentage比例5.beinvolved(in)/involvein/involvementn.涉及，卷入，参与6.given/considering,inregardto/despite/although有鉴于、考虑到，尽管6.inducev引入，引导，引诱/inductiven归纳generate生产，制造/degrade-grade等级/deteriorate恶化，每况愈下41.分类：category-categorize/class-classify42.consequence后果-影响/subsequence紧跟其后/sequence=order秩序/frequency频率43.clash冲突（民族，种族）/crash飞机坠毁44.substitution=substitutesthforsb/replace45.alternative=选择性，代替性，辅助性46.孤立：isolate/alienate/insulate隔绝，排外，孤立-bealiento/insulate(-ior)绝缘，隔（体）47缺点，不足之处：defect/flaw/failing/disadvantage/drawback48.创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive(-tion)/innovative(-tion)/creative(-tion)/ingenious(ity)/novel(-ty)=n/creative/revolutionary(易错拼写：environment/convenient)49neutral中立的，中性的/negative否定，消极，阴性的/positive肯定，积极，阳性的50ambiguous-ambiguity模棱两可的，暧昧的/municate沟通，传达，通报,.,52.accommodate1供.食宿，2=adaptto适应，调整，3=hold容纳，4使停靠mitment1tosth.奉献2责任,义务54contributeto导致resultin/accountfor(占据)导致54.缺乏的，不足的：inadequate/insufficient/deficient/lack(of)/short(of)55.强调：emphasize/stress/highlight/focuson/concentrateon明显的：apparently显而易见的/patently道貌岸然的/obviously=evidently56.对怀疑：(be)/skeptical/skeptical/dubious/suspicious(about/of)57.缺点，缺陷：drawback/fault/defect/imperfection/failing/weakness/shortcoming/flaw58.臭命昭著的：notorious-notoriety/flagrant/smelly/odorous59.机构，组织：association/structure/organization60.超过：exceed/surpass61.岩浆：moltenrock/lava/magma62.语言：linguist学家/lingual和有关的/bilingual/双语63.多种多样的：diversity/variety/breed/speciesbreed：n品种，v繁殖，培养，引起，造成64.dialect方言accent腔调65.开始的，初步的：begin/launch/initial(-ly)v首字母，开始的/initiate开始，发动initiative原创性=origin66.贫穷：poor/inpoverty/impoverished（被剥夺财产的）67.杰出：eminence(-t)/prominence(-t)/unusual,.,68.gene/geneticdefect缺陷/anatomy解剖/conceive构思，怀孕/deliver分娩69.辅助性：alternative补充性/therapist70.演绎，推理：deduce-deductive/inferentialinduction归纳71.令人困惑的：bewildering/puzzling/perplexing72.apply：紧靠，涂，将应用于，适用，专心致力于，献身于73.subsidize辅助/subsidy补助，补贴/subsidiary74.afactorinsth/dependonsth75.bepreferredby/choice76.attitudeto/how77.thepresentcentury/ermof按照，在方面，关于/withregardto,inspiteof不顾，尽管80.small-scale小范围/marginal边缘处的81.physical/medical82.negotiation/agreement谈判，洽谈/商定，协议83.evolve/develop84.apartment/accommodation公寓/住房85.virtual(love)/simulate模拟的（网恋）/模拟86.catastrophe/disaster大灾难/灾难，不幸87.innovate/invent革新，创新/发明，创造sculpture/craft雕刻，雕塑/工艺,.,88.exorbitant/expensive过度的，极高的/费用大的，昂贵的89.beparticipantin/takepartin/participatein90.labour美，澳/work91.attendto/takecareof92.dualemployment/dual-worker双职工（家庭）93.indicate/predict指示，表明，象征/预料，预言Amajorcontributorto/becentralto来源，起点/是的主要，中心原因94.expert/therapist专家，能手；知识丰富的/某个专科的专家95.leadto/beassociatedwith相联系（带来的好处）96.balanced/equitable平等的97.handicap/disabled/primitive残疾的，落后的98.couldnot-andcannot/hasalwaysbeenunabletoby/from99.benefit/advantage100.substantialinfluence/greaterlikelihood101.agreeon/define102.considereddesirable/effectiveness103.masquerade/(in)disguise伪装104.insignificant/didntseriously不重要/不严重的105.inspect/examine审核,检查106caliber/criterion标准107no-oneknowgenerate生产，制造/degrade-grade等级/deteriorate恶化，每况愈下41.分类：category-categorize/class-classify42.consequence后果-影响/subsequence紧跟其后/sequence=order秩序/frequency频率43.clash冲突（民族，种族）/crash飞机坠毁44.substitution=substitutesthforsb/replace45.alternative=选择性，代替性，辅助性46.孤立：isolate/alienate/insulate隔绝，排外，孤立-bealiento/insulate(-ior)绝缘，隔（体）47缺点，不足之处：defect/flaw/failing/disadvantage/drawback48.创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive(-tion)/innovative(-tion)/creative(-tion)/ingenious(ity)/novel(-ty)=n/creative/revolutionary(易错拼写：environment/convenient)49neutral中立的，中性的/negative否定，消极，阴性的/positive肯定，积极，阳性的50ambiguous-ambiguity模棱两可的，暧昧的/municate沟通，传达，通报,.,52.accommodate1供.食宿，2=adaptto适应，调整，3=hold容纳，4使停靠mitment1tosth.奉献2责任,义务54contributeto导致resultin/accountfor(占据)导致54.缺乏的，不足的：inadequate/insufficient/deficient/lack(of)/short(of)55.强调：emphasize/stress/highlight/focuson/concentrateon明显的：apparently显而易见的/patently道貌岸然的/obviously=evidently56.对怀疑：(be)/skeptical/skeptical/dubious/suspicious(about/of)57.缺点，缺陷：drawback/fault/defect/imperfection/failing/weakness/shortcoming/flaw58.臭命昭著的：notorious-notoriety/flagrant/smelly/odorous59.机构，组织：association/structure/organization60.超过：exceed/surpass61.岩浆：moltenrock/lava/magma62.语言：linguist学家/lingual和有关的/bilingual/双语63.多种多样的：diversity/variety/breed/speciesbreed：n品种，v繁殖，培养，引起，造成64.dialect方言accent腔调65.开始的，初步的：begin/launch/initial(-ly)v首字母，开始的/initiate开始，发动initiative原创性=origin66.贫穷：poor/inpoverty/impoverished（被剥夺财产的）67.杰出：eminence(-t)/prominence(-t)/unusual,.,68.gene/geneticdefect缺陷/anatomy解剖/conceive构思，怀孕/deliver分娩69.辅助性：alternative补充性/therapist70.演绎，推理：deduce-deductive/inferentialinduction归纳71.令人困惑的：bewildering/puzzling/perplexing72.apply：紧靠，涂，将应用于，适用，专心致力于，献身于73.subsidize辅助/subsidy补助，补贴/subsidiary74.afactorinsth/dependonsth75.bepreferredby/choice76.attitudeto/how77.thepresentcentury/ermof按照，在方面，关于/withregardto,inspiteof不顾，尽管80.small-scale小范围/marginal边缘处的81.physical/medical82.negotiation/agreement谈判，洽谈/商定，协议83.evolve/develop84.apartment/accommodation公寓/住房85.virtual(love)/simulate模拟的（网恋）/模拟86.catastrophe/disaster大灾难/灾难，不幸87.innovate/invent革新，创新/发明，创造sculpture/craft雕刻，雕塑/工艺,.,88.exorbitant/expensive过度的，极高的/费用大的，昂贵的89.beparticipantin/takepartin/participatein90.labour美，澳/work91.attendto/takecareof92.dualemployment/dual-worker双职工（家庭）93.indicate/predict指示，表明，象征/预料，预言Amajorcontributorto/becentralto来源，起点/是的主要，中心原因94.expert/therapist专家，能手；知识丰富的/某个专科的专家95.leadto/beassociatedwith相联系（带来的好处）96.balanced/equitable平等的97.handicap/disabled/primitive残疾的，落后的98.couldnot-andcannot/hasalwaysbeenunabletoby/from99.benefit/advantage100.substantialinfluence/greaterlikelihood101.agreeon/define102.considereddesirable/effectiveness103.masquerade/(in)disguise伪装104.insignificant/didntseriously不重要/不严重的105.inspect/examine审核,检查106caliber/criterion标准107no-oneknowgenerate生产，制造/degrade-grade等级/deteriorate恶化，每况愈下41.分类：category-categorize/class-classify42.consequence后果-影响/subsequence紧跟其后/sequence=order秩序/frequency频率43.clash冲突（民族，种族）/crash飞机坠毁44.substitution=substitutesthforsb/replace45.alternative=选择性，代替性，辅助性46.孤立：isolate/alienate/insulate隔绝，排外，孤立-bealiento/insulate(-ior)绝缘，隔（体）47缺点，不足之处：defect/flaw/failing/disadvantage/drawback48.创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive(-tion)/innovative(-tion)/creative(-tion)/ingenious(ity)/novel(-ty)=n/creative/revolutionary(易错拼写：environment/convenient)49neutral中立的，中性的/negative否定，消极，阴性的/positive肯定，积极，阳性的50ambiguous-ambiguity模棱两可的，暧昧的/municate沟通，传达，通报,.,52.accommodate1供.食宿，2=adaptto适应，调整，3=hold容纳，4使停靠mitment1tosth.奉献2责任,义务54contributeto导致resultin/accountfor(占据)导致54.缺乏的，不足的：inadequate/insufficient/deficient/lack(of)/short(of)55.强调：emphasize/stress/highlight/focuson/concentrateon明显的：apparently显而易见的/patently道貌岸然的/obviously=evidently56.对怀疑：(be)/skeptical/skeptical/dubious/suspicious(about/of)57.缺点，缺陷：drawback/fault/defect/imperfection/failing/weakness/shortcoming/flaw58.臭命昭著的：notorious-notoriety/flagrant/smelly/odorous59.机构，组织：association/structure/organization60.超过：exceed/surpass61.岩浆：moltenrock/lava/magma62.语言：linguist学家/lingual和有关的/bilingual/双语63.多种多样的：diversity/variety/breed/speciesbreed：n品种，v繁殖，培养，引起，造成64.dialect方言accent腔调65.开始的，初步的：begin/launch/initial(-ly)v首字母，开始的/initiate开始，发动initiative原创性=origin66.贫穷：poor/inpoverty/impoverished（被剥夺财产的）67.杰出：eminence(-t)/prominence(-t)/unusual,.,68.gene/geneticdefect缺陷/anatomy解剖/conceive构思，怀孕/deliver分娩69.辅助性：alternative补充性/therapist70.演绎，推理：deduce-deductive/inferentialinduction归纳71.令人困惑的：bewildering/puzzling/perplexing72.apply：紧靠，涂，将应用于，适用，专心致力于，献身于73.subsidize辅助/subsidy补助，补贴/subsidiary74.afactorinsth/dependonsth75.bepreferredby/choice76.attitudeto/how77.thepresentcentury/ermof按照，在方面，关于/withregardto,inspiteof不顾，尽管80.small-scale小范围/marginal边缘处的81.physical/medical82.negotiation/agreement谈判，洽谈/商定，协议83.evolve/develop84.apartment/accommodation公寓/住房85.virtual(love)/simulate模拟的（网恋）/模拟86.catastrophe/disaster大灾难/灾难，不幸87.innovate/invent革新，创新/发明，创造sculpture/craft雕刻，雕塑/工艺,.,88.exorbitant/expensive过度的，极高的/费用大的，昂贵的89.beparticipantin/takepartin/participatein90.labour美，澳/work91.attendto/takecareof92.dualemployment/dual-worker双职工（家庭）93.indicate/predict指示，表明，象征/预料，预言Amajorcontributorto/becentralto来源，起点/是的主要，中心原因94.expert/therapist专家，能手；知识丰富的/某个专科的专家95.leadto/beassociatedwith相联系（带来的好处）96.balanced/equitable平等的97.handicap/disabled/primitive残疾的，落后的98.couldnot-andcannot/hasalwaysbeenunabletoby/from99.benefit/advantage100.substantialinfluence/greaterlikelihood101.agreeon/define102.considereddesirable/effectiveness103.masquerade/(in)disguise伪装104.insignificant/didntseriously不重要/不严重的105.inspect/examine审核,检查106caliber/criterion标准107no-oneknowgenerate生产，制造/degrade-grade等级/deteriorate恶化，每况愈下41.分类：category-categorize/class-classify42.consequence后果-影响/subsequence紧跟其后/sequence=order秩序/frequency频率43.clash冲突（民族，种族）/crash飞机坠毁44.substitution=substitutesthforsb/replace45.alternative=选择性，代替性，辅助性46.孤立：isolate/alienate/insulate隔绝，排外，孤立-bealiento/insulate(-ior)绝缘，隔（体）47缺点，不足之处：defect/flaw/failing/disadvantage/drawback48.创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive(-tion)/innovative(-tion)/creative(-tion)/ingenious(ity)/novel(-ty)=n/creative/revolutionary(易错拼写：environment/convenient)49neutral中立的，中性的/negative否定，消极，阴性的/positive肯定，积极，阳性的50ambiguous-ambiguity模棱两可的，暧昧的/municate沟通，传达，通报,.,52.accommodate1供.食宿，2=adaptto适应，调整，3=hold容纳，4使停靠mitment1tosth.奉献2责任,义务54contributeto导致resultin/accountfor(占据)导致54.缺乏的，不足的：inadequate/insufficient/deficient/lack(of)/short(of)55.强调：emphasize/stress/highlight/focuson/concentrateon明显的：apparently显而易见的/patently道貌岸然的/obviously=evidently56.对怀疑：(be)/skeptical/skeptical/dubious/suspicious(about/of)57.缺点，缺陷：drawback/fault/defect/imperfection/failing/weakness/shortcoming/flaw58.臭命昭著的：notorious-notoriety/flagrant/smelly/odorous59.机构，组织：association/structure/organization60.超过：exceed/surpass61.岩浆：moltenrock/lava/magma62.语言：linguist学家/lingual和有关的/bilingual/双语63.多种多样的：diversity/variety/breed/speciesbreed：n品种，v繁殖，培养，引起，造成64.dialect方言accent腔调65.开始的，初步的：begin/launch/initial(-ly)v首字母，开始的/initiate开始，发动initiative原创性=origin66.贫穷：poor/inpoverty/impoverished（被剥夺财产的）67.杰出：eminence(-t)/prominence(-t)/unusual,.,68.gene/geneticdefect缺陷/anatomy解剖/conceive构思，怀孕/deliver分娩69.辅助性：alternative补充性/therapist70.演绎，推理：deduce-deductive/inferentialinduction归纳71.令人困惑的：bewildering/puzzling/perplexing72.apply：紧靠，涂，将应用于，适用，专心致力于，献身于73.subsidize辅助/subsidy补助，补贴/subsidiary74.afactorinsth/dependonsth75.bepreferredby/choice76.attitudeto/how77.thepresentcentury/ermof按照，在方面，关于/withregardto,inspiteof不顾，尽管80.small-scale小范围/marginal边缘处的81.physical/medical82.negotiation/agreement谈判，洽谈/商定，协议83.evolve/develop84.apartment/accommodation公寓/住房85.virtual(love)/simulate模拟的（网恋）/模拟86.catastrophe/disaster大灾难/灾难，不幸87.innovate/invent革新，创新/发明，创造sculpture/craft雕刻，雕塑/工艺,.,88.exorbitant/expensive过度的，极高的/费用大的，昂贵的89.beparticipantin/takepartin/participatein90.labour美，澳/work91.attendto/takecareof92.dualemployment/dual-worker双职工（家庭）93.indicate/predict指示，表明，象征/预料，预言Amajorcontributorto/becentralto来源，起点/是的主要，中心原因94.expert/therapist专家，能手；知识丰富的/某个专科的专家95.leadto/beassociatedwith相联系（带来的好处）96.balanced/equitable平等的97.handicap/disabled/primitive残疾的，落后的98.couldnot-andcannot/hasalwaysbeenunabletoby/from99.benefit/advantage100.substantialinfluence/greaterlikelihood101.agreeon/define102.considereddesirable/effectiveness103.masquerade/(in)disguise伪装104.insignificant/didntseriously不重要/不严重的105.inspect/examine审核,检查106caliber/criterion标准107no-oneknowgenerate生产，制造/degrade-grade等级/deteriorate恶化，每况愈下41.分类：category-categorize/class-classify42.consequence后果-影响/subsequence紧跟其后/sequence=order秩序/frequency频率43.clash冲突（民族，种族）/crash飞机坠毁44.substitution=substitutesthforsb/replace45.alternative=选择性，代替性，辅助性46.孤立：isolate/alienate/insulate隔绝，排外，孤立-bealiento/insulate(-ior)绝缘，隔（体）47缺点，不足之处：defect/flaw/failing/disadvantage/drawback48.创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive(-tion)/innovative(-tion)/creative(-tion)/ingenious(ity)/novel(-ty)=n/creative/revolutionary(易错拼写：environment/convenient)49neutral中立的，中性的/negative否定，消极，阴性的/positive肯定，积极，阳性的50ambiguous-ambiguity模棱两可的，暧昧的/municate沟通，传达，通报,.,52.accommodate1供.食宿，2=adaptto适应，调整，3=hold容纳，4使停靠mitment1tosth.奉献2责任,义务54contributeto导致resultin/accountfor(占据)导致54.缺乏的，不足的：inadequate/insufficient/deficient/lack(of)/short(of)55.强调：emphasize/stress/highlight/focuson/concentrateon明显的：apparently显而易见的/patently道貌岸然的/obviously=evidently56.对怀疑：(be)/skeptical/skeptical/dubious/suspicious(about/of)57.缺点，缺陷：drawback/fault/defect/imperfection/failing/weakness/shortcoming/flaw58.臭命昭著的：notorious-notoriety/flagrant/smelly/odorous59.机构，组织：association/structure/organization60.超过：exceed/surpass61.岩浆：moltenrock/lava/magma62.语言：linguist学家/lingual和有关的/bilingual/双语63.多种多样的：diversity/variety/breed/speciesbreed：n品种，v繁殖，培养，引起，造成64.dialect方言accent腔调65.开始的，初步的：begin/launch/initial(-ly)v首字母，开始的/initiate开始，发动initiative原创性=origin66.贫穷：poor/inpoverty/impoverished（被剥夺财产的）67.杰出：eminence(-t)/prominence(-t)/unusual,.,68.gene/geneticdefect缺陷/anatomy解剖/conceive构思，怀孕/deliver分娩69.辅助性：alternative补充性/therapist70.演绎，推理：deduce-deductive/inferentialinduction归纳71.令人困惑的：bewildering/puzzling/perplexing72.apply：紧靠，涂，将应用于，适用，专心致力于，献身于73.subsidize辅助/subsidy补助，补贴/subsidiary74.afactorinsth/dependonsth75.bepreferredby/choice76.attitudeto/how77.thepresentcentury/ermof按照，在方面，关于/withregardto,inspiteof不顾，尽管80.small-scale小范围/marginal边缘处的81.physical/medical82.negotiation/agreement谈判，洽谈/商定，协议83.evolve/develop84.apartment/accommodation公寓/住房85.virtual(love)/simulate模拟的（网恋）/模拟86.catastrophe/disaster大灾难/灾难，不幸87.innovate/invent革新，创新/发明，创造sculpture/craft雕刻，雕塑/工艺,.,88.exorbitant/expensive过度的，极高的/费用大的，昂贵的89.beparticipantin/takepartin/participatein90.labour美，澳/work91.attendto/takecareof92.dualemployment/dual-worker双职工（家庭）93.indicate/predict指示，表明，象征/预料，预言Amajorcontributorto/becentralto来源，起点/是的主要，中心原因94.expert/therapist专家，能手；知识丰富的/某个专科的专家95.leadto/beassociatedwith相联系（带来的好处）96.balanced/equitable平等的97.handicap/disabled/primitive残疾的，落后的98.couldnot-andcannot/hasalwaysbeenunabletoby/from99.benefit/advantage100.substantialinfluence/greaterlikelihood101.agreeon/define102.considereddesirable/effectiveness103.masquerade/(in)disguise伪装104.insignificant/didntseriously不重要/不严重的105.inspect/examine审核,检查106caliber/criterion标准107no-oneknowgenerate生产，制造/degrade-grade等级/deteriorate恶化，每况愈下41.分类：category-categorize/class-classify42.consequence后果-影响/subsequence紧跟其后/sequence=order秩序/frequency频率43.clash冲突（民族，种族）/crash飞机坠毁44.substitution=substitutesthforsb/replace45.alternative=选择性，代替性，辅助性46.孤立：isolate/alienate/insulate隔绝，排外，孤立-bealiento/insulate(-ior)绝缘，隔（体）47缺点，不足之处：defect/flaw/failing/disadvantage/drawback48.创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive(-tion)/innovative(-tion)/creative(-t