专门用途英语简介

PartI.OrientationofESP,1.WhatisESP,ESPisavariationofEnglishthatislearnd/taughtgenerallyforaclearlyutilitarianpurpose.,ItisunfairforEnglishlearnersmajoringinsciencestoacquireEnglishthroughclassicliteratureworkswhichisthetraditionalwayoflearninglanguage.ESP,aspartofLSP,ismoresuitablefortheminthatitoffersthemopportunitiestolearnwhattheyneedandsparewhattheyneednot.Steven.P,ESPshouldbeproperlybeseennotasanyparticularlanguageproductbutasanapproachtolanguageteachingwhichisdirectedbyspecificandapparentreasonsforlearning.Hutchison2.havesomeideaofhowthistopicwillbedeveloped.,1.TheTopicSentence,Asawriter,youshould,1.allowreaderstoguesswhatscomingandthusunderstanditmoreeasily;2.allowthemtoavoidreadingtheparagraphaltogetherifthesubjectmatterholdsnointerestforthem.,1.TheTopicSentence,e.g.,Thehumanbodyismadeupofmillionsandbillionsofcells,eachofwhichcontains,amongothersubstances,millionsandbillionsofproteinmolecules.,1.TheTopicSentence,e.g.,.Anaveragecellcontainshundredofdifferentkindsofprotein,andallofthecellsofthehumanbodycontain,amongthem,asmanyas100,000differentkindsofproteins.Theseproteinscanperformmillionsofdifferentfunctions,aversalitywhichislargelyresponsibleforthephenomenoncalled“llife”.,2.PatternsofOrganization,someofthemostcommonlyusedpatternsinEST,1.choronologicaldescription;2.cause-and-effectanalysis;parisonandcontrast;4.listing;5.general-to-particularorderingofdetails.,2.PatternsofOrganization,thechoronologicaldescription;,feature1:timeadverbsandphrases;,in1995,lastweek,at10:15,first,second,soonaftertheprojectbegan,.,2.PatternsofOrganization,thechoronologicaldescription;,feature2:verbtensesequencing;,Originallywewantedto.;Morerecentlywehaveattemptedto.;Nowwearetryingto.andinthefutureweshalltryto.,2.PatternsofOrganization,thechoronologicaldescription;,feature3:grammaticalparallelism;,Mountthegratingneartheend.;Locatearideronthescale.;Adjustthegrating.;Readthedistanceonthescale.,2.PatternsofOrganization,thechoronologicaldescription;,e.g.TotalU.S.R,whenRparisonandcontrast;3.listing;4.general-to-particularorderingofdetails.,2.PatternsofOrganization,thecause-and-effectanalysis;,Thispatternisusedwhenyou,1.makealogicalargument;2.describeaprocess;3.explainwhysomethinghappenedthewayitdid;4.predictsomefuturesequenceofevents.,2.PatternsofOrganization,thecause-and-effectanalysis;,connectivewordsandphrasessubordinateclausescausativeverbs,therefore,thus,consequently,accordingly,asaresult,so,.since,because,dueto,.cause,giveriseto,affects,require,produce,.,2.PatternsofOrganization,thecause-and-effectanalysis;,e.g.Whenozonereactswithnitricoxide,theozoneisdestroyedandNO2isformed.,2.PatternsofOrganization,thecomparisonandcontrast;,connectivewordsandphrasescomparativeconstructionssubordinateclauses,however,ontheotherhand,conversely,similarly,likewise,in/bycontrastto/with,.more/less/ratherthan,as.as,while,but,whereas,2.PatternsofOrganization,thecomparisonandcontrast;,e.g.1.ProgramXwillbeeasytoimplement,whereasprogramYwouldentailanumberofcomplications.2.ModelXisreliableandefficient,whereasmodelYisunreliableandrelativelyinefficient.,2.PatternsofOrganization,listing;,Principlesoflisting,1.Allitemsinalistshouldbecastinparallelgrammaticalform;2.Iftheitemsinalistarenotequallyimportant,theyshouldbearrangedindescendingorderofimportance.,2.PatternsofOrganization,listing;,Inadditiontogoalandnuclearenergy,awidevarietyofotherpowersourcesarealsofrequentlydiscussedinthenewsandinscientificliterature;unfortunately,mostarenotyetforpracticaluse.Geothermalenergyisoneofthemostpracticalofproposednewsources.ItisalreadyinuseinItaly,Iceland,andNorthernCaliforniabutisnotyetmeetingallexpectationsforit.,2.PatternsofOrganization,listing;,Solarenergyseemsanelegantideabecauseitisinexhaustibleandaddsnonetheatorcarbondioxidetotheglobalenvironment.Yetpresentmethodsofexploitingitmakesolarenergyhopelesslyinadequateasamajorpowersourceinthenextfewdecades.Sophisticatedwindmillstogenerateelectricityareunderstudybysome.Biomassconversionisalsogettingunderway.,2.PatternsofOrganization,listing;,Someofthesesourcesofenergy,whichwenowgenerallyregardasesoteric,maywellprovethemselvesandmakeasubstantialcontributionoverthelongruniftheircostscanbebroughtwithinreason.,2.PatternsofOrganization,listing;,Inadditiontogoalandnuclearenergy,awidevarietyofotherpowersourcesarealsofrequentlydiscussedinthenewsandinscientificliterature;unfortunately,mostarenotyetforpracticaluse.Geothermalenergyisoneofthemostpracticalofproposednewsources.ItisalreadyinuseinItaly,Iceland,andNorthernCaliforniabutisnotyetmeetingallexpectationsforit.,2.PatternsofOrganization,listing;,Solarenergyseemsanelegantideabecauseitisinexhaustibleandaddsnonetheatorcarbondioxidetotheglobalenvironment.Yetpresentmethodsofexploitingitmakesolarenergyhopelesslyinadequateasamajorpowersourceinthenextfewdecades.Sophisticatedwindmillstogenerateelectricityareunderstudybysome.Biomassconversionisalsogettingunderway.,2.PatternsofOrganization,listing;,Someofthesesourcesofenergy,whichwenowgenerallyregardasesoteric,maywellprovethemselvesandmakeasubstantialcontributionoverthelongruniftheircostscanbebrought