《英语国家概况》PPT课件

Lecture3England,Learningfocus,AbriefintroductiontoEnglandTheBeginningofBritainTheearlysettlersRomanConquestAnglo-SaxonConquestVikingRaidsNormanConquestEnglishRevolutionCivilWarTheRepublicanexperimentofCromwellRestorationGloriousRevolution,England,CharacteristicsofEnglandHighlyurbanizedPhysicallylargestwithlargestpopulationDominancein:size/culture/economy-takeEnglandforUKMountainsandRiversinEnglandPennines(奔宁山脉）:thebackbone（背脊骨）ofEnglandLakedistrict（湖区）,LakeDistrict,ascenicspotinNorthWestEnglandApopularholidaydestinationbeingfamousforitslakes(the15lakesradiatelikethespokesofawheelfromacentralhub)LakePoets:WilliamWordsworth,SamuelColeridge,etc.,TheBeginningofEngland,TheEarlySettlers(55BC)RomanConquest(55BC410AD)Anglo-SaxonConquest(410-871)VikingRaids(871-1042)NormanConquest(1066),TheEarlysettlers(-55BC),8,000yearsagoBritainbecameanislandNativesofBritain:Celts/BritonsCelts/Britons:apeopledominatedmuchofwesternEuropeandcentralEuropeSettledinBritishIslesabout700BC,Celticcivilization,Stonehenge(巨石柱）About5,000yearsagoThemostfamouspre-historicmonumentandtouristattraction,RomanConquest(55BC410AD),Romancivilization,Themonth“July”wasinventedbyJuliusCaesarhimselfTheDiaryJuliusCaesarwroteinEnglandmarkedthebeginningofthewrittenhistoryofEnglandAchievementinarchitecture:“AllroadsleadtoRome”-builttemples,towns,theatres,findbuildingandroads.Achievementinagriculture-drainedthemarshes,clearawaytheforests,andtaughtCeltstocultivatetheirlandAchievementinpolitics-introducedasystemoforganizedgovernmentHadriansWall(哈德良长城）,Anglo-SaxonConquest(410-871),Angles,SaxonsandJutes(Germanicpeoples)invadedWarringperiodAngles:EastAnglia,Mecia,andNorthumbiaSaxons:Essex,SussexandWessexJutes:KentThename“England”wasgivenbyAngles.(Anglesland).Anglo-Saxons:theforefatheroftheEnglishAnglo-SaxonConquestmarkedthebeginningoftheOldEnglish,KingArthur,HeunitedtheBritishHisfamous“roundtable”knightsamoredemocraticsystemHedrovetheSaxonsbackwithhismagicalswordAherooftheBritishAgainstforefatheroftheEnglish,VikingRaids/DanishInvasion(871-1042),FromScandinavia/DanmarkFrom1017-1041-EnglandwasruledbyDanishkings.AculturaldivisionbetweennorthandsouthEngland:“Saxons”VS“Danes”,AlfredtheGreat(871-899),KingofWessexInwar:“fatherofBritishnavy”Inpeace:PromotingtheteachingofChristianityHistranslationswereregardedas“thebeginningoftheproseliteratureinEngland,NormanConquest(1066),WhoDukeofNormandy:WilliamtheConqueror(fromnorthernFrance)TimeOctober14,1066Cause:thedisputeoverthethroneWilliam(DukeofNormandy,KingEdwardscousin)Harold(BrotherofKingEdwardswifeandhereditaryrulerofWessex)EventWilliamdefeatedtheEnglishkingHarold.(turningpoint:thebattleofHasting)SignificanceLastinvasionfromoutsidemarkstheformalestablishmentoffeudalisminEnglandmarksthebeginningofthemiddleEnglishbilingualism,Williamtheconqueror,Politics:consolidationofthemonarchyReligion:makehimselfheadofbishopsMilitary:buildthetowerofLondonEconomy:makeageneralsurveyaboutthewealthofEnglandDomesdayBook(1086),RobinHood,HeroicSaxonnoblemanoppressedbytheNormans“Merrymen”:robbedfromtherichtogivetothepoor,Britishinvasionhistory,EnglishRevolution(1640-1688)-transferofthepowerfromthemonarchytotheparliament,CivilWar(1642-1649)RepublicanexperimentofCromwell(1649-1658)TheRestorationofCharlesII(1660)GloriousRevolution(1688),CivilWar(1642-1649),Background:CharlesIbelievedin“divinerightsofking”(君权神授）anddismissedtheparliamentfor11years(1629-1640).ItwasonlywhenheneededanarmytofightagainstScotlandthatherecalledtheparliamentbutwasrefusedbytheparliamentBetweenTheRoundheads(supportersoftheparliament,ledbyCromwell)Thecavaliers(supportersoftheking)ResultTheexecutionofCharlesIandhissonwasdrivenoutofEnglandCromwellestablishedtheRepublicanEngland,thecommonwealthofEngland,GloriousRevolution(1688),BackgroundJamesIIwasacatholic,theparliamentinvitedhisdaughterandson-in-lawfromHollandtotakethethrone.Effectsmarkedtherealbeginningoftheconstitutionalmonarchy,a