201009名词、数词、冠词

,名词(Nouns),名词的分类,1、专有名词(ProperNouns)：指具体的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。例如：Africa,Tom，theEmpireStateBuilding2、普通名词(CommonNouns)：表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如：universe，computer，danger,普通名词(CommonNouns),个体名词(IndividualNouns)：表示某类人或东西的个体，如lawyer,gun,country集体名词(CollectiveNouns)：表示若干个体组成的集合体，如family物质名词(MaterialNouns):表示无法分为个体的实物，如cotton,tea,air抽象名词(AbstractNouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如happiness,work(工作),information,CollectiveNouns,Acollectivenounreferstoagroupofpeople,animalsorobjectsasagroup;Eg.family,class,team,crew,police,etc.Whenacollectivenounisusedinthesingular,theverbcanbeeitherSingularorPlural.Thecompanyhasdecidedtoopentennewoutlets.Thecompanyhavedecidedtoopentennewoutlets.NBThepolicearehere.(policehasnosingularform)Ifasingularverbisusedthenthenounisseenasasingleentity.Ifapluralverbisused,thenthenounisseenasconsistingofagroupofindividuals.,名词的分类,1.可数名词(CountableNouns)：指可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：box,child,pear2.不可数名词(UncountableNouns)：指不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water,news,oil,information.,可数名词的复数构成（规则变化）,(1)在单数名词词尾加s。eg.map,boy,horse,table.(2)s,o,x,sh,ch结尾的词加es.eg.class,box,dish,bench.hero,tomato,potato注：以o结尾的词,变复数时只加seg.photo,piano,kilo,tobacco,bamboo,radio,zoo,video,studio,kangaroo注：以o结尾的词,变复数时可加s或是eseg.volcano,buffalo(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es,例外keyseg.family,city,country(4)以“f”,“fe”结尾的词，变f或者fe为-ves。eg.half,knife,leaf,shelf,thief,wife,wolf,life注：有些以“f”结尾的词，直接加-s.如：belief,chef,roof注：个别两种都可以，如scarf,handkerchief,(1)特殊变化的名词：footfeet,toothteeth,womanwomen,manmenchildchildren,mousemice(2).合成名词构成复数时将包含的主体名词变为复数eg.son(s)-in-law,grand-child(ren)注：由man和woman构成的合成名词，里面的所有成分都要变为复数eg.womandoctor-?manteacher-?manservant-?(3)有些词单复数同形eg.sheep,deer,fish(鱼),aircraft,Chinese,Japanese,(4).有些词只有复数形式：eg.slacks,clothes,shorts,glasses,pants，scissors。这些词要表示数量，则加pair等。注下面这些不可数名词(经常被同学们认为是可数名词而变复数)的：weather,progress,advice,information,furniture,jewelry,fun,knowledge,news,homework,paper(纸),work,trouble.,可数名词的复数构成（不规则变化）,不可数名词(UncountableNouns),1.不可数名词没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。akiloofricetwokilosofrice,asheetofpaperthreesheetsofpaper,abottleofmilkfivebottlesofmilk.a_ofnews/advice/information/paper/furniturea_ofbreada_oftoothpastea_ofchocolate/golda_ofmeat/cake2.有的以s结尾的名词是不可数名词，如news,plastics,politics,physics,maths等。,名词所有格(ThePossessiveCase),1.一般情况在单数名词词尾加s(apostrophes)如：astudentsbook2.不已s结尾的复数名词加s如：mensclothes3.以s结尾的单数名词或者专有名词，加或者s如：Thomas(s)books,Charles(s)knife,thehostess(s)photo4.以-s或-es结尾的复数名词只加如：theworkerssuggestion,atwohourswalk,5.复合名词的所有格一般在最后一个名词后加s:如：hisson-in-lawscar,用于表示“某人的家”或“某店铺”等的名词，所有格后面的名词常常省略。toToms=toTomshouseatthetailors=atthetailorsshopatthebarbers,thedoctors,heruncles用于表示两个或者两个以上的人共有一样东西，只需要后面的名词用所有格；如果各自拥有某件东西时，则都用所有格形式。TomandHenrysroomfacesnorth.(两人共用一个房间）TomandHenrysroomsfacenorth.(两人共用多个房间）TomsandHenrysroomsfacenorth.(两人各自拥有一个房间）表示“多少时间的、多长（宽、高）的”概念时，有两种表达方法：数词+s所有格+名词=数词-单数名词+名词两个月的假期：twomonthsholiday=atwo-monthholiday五分钟的谈话：fiveminutestalk=afive-minutetalk十小时的休息：tenhoursrest=aten-hourrest,名词所有格的用法提示,“of+名词”构成的所有格表示无生命的名词thewindowoftheroom,thetitleofthesong,theadvantageofreading有生命的名词在名词本身较长或者定语较长时也可以用oftheworksofMarx,EngelsandMaoTse-tongthebarkingofthedogskeptmeawakeallnight.Doyouknowthenameofthegirlstandingatthegate?双重所有格afriendofmyfathers,apictureofmysisters(比较：apictureofmysister）aclassmateofmine,threebooksofhers,冠词,不定冠词：,a用在首字母发音为辅音的单词前面。如：ahand,ahouse;auniversity,aEuropeancountry,auselesstool,ausefultool,aunit，auniform,aU.S.writer;an用在首字母发音为元音的单词前面。anuglyman,anumbrellaanhour,anhonor,anhonestboyanm,anr,anl,ana,不定冠词的用法,泛指类人或物。如.Thisisasilkworm.指不具体的某个人或物。如.Imetanoldmanonmywayhome.用在序数词前，相当于another。如:Ihavethreebooks.Iwanttobuyafourthone.Canyougivemeasecondchance,please?Thereisathirdboyoverthere.(说明这里有两个男孩，那边还有一个，但是这三个男孩和顺序排列无关。)表示“每（个）”，相当于every。如.Theyhavemusiclessonstwiceaweek.固定搭配。如：afterawhile,haveawordwith，allofasudden.,定冠词的用法,1.指世界上独一无二的事物：thesun,themoon,theearth,theworld,thesky,theuniverse；2.用在序数词，形容词最高级或表示方位的名词前面。thesecondroom,intheeast3.表示某一类人或事物除了用定冠词/不定冠词+名词单数，名词的复数形式外，还可以用定冠词+某些形容词来表示。thesick/wounded/rich/poor/blind/deaf/old/young/dead4.弹奏西洋乐器前要用定冠词。playthepiano/thetrumpet/theviolin5.形容词最高级和序数词前面Marchisthethirdmonthoftheyear.6.用在表示方位的名词前。Thevillageliestotheeastofthetown.,定冠词的用法,7.第二次提到：Iboughtadictionaryyesterday.Thedictionaryhasbeensenttomybrother.8.心照不宣；表示说话人和听话人都知道的人或物Pleasewatertheflowerseverymorning.9.区别他类：表示某一人或事物，以区别于其他类Thecowisausefulanimal.=Acowisausefulanimal.=Allcowsareusefulanimals.Thetraingoesfasterthanthebus.10.the+形容词比较级，the+形容词比较级，表示“越越”11.在很多习惯用法中，如：inthemorning(afternoon,evening,night),ontheright(left),gotothecinema(theater,opera,concert),inthe1960s,inthedaytime,intheend,1.表示地名的thePacificOcean,theMississippitheGreatWall,theUnitedNationsthePeoplesRepublicofChina,theUnitedStatesofAmerica2.表示组织、朝代、战争theYouthLeague,theParty,thePeoplesDailytheSecondWorldWar/theSongDynasty3.表示一家人theBrowns,theTurners,专有名词前定冠词的用法,零冠词的用法,1在节日，星期，月份，季节,假日等名词前。如：onMonday,inNovember,inspring，Christmas2玩球类运动，棋类游戏以及吃一日三餐的名词前。如：playfootball,playchess,playcards，havebreakfast3词前已有this,that,our,your,some,any,no,every等代词作定语时。4by连用的交通工具名词前不用冠词。如：bybus5在街道，公园，城市前。如：WallStreet,HydePark,Paris6.在学科前。如：Ilikechemistry.7.在表示身份、职称的名词前。如：Dr.Smith,PresidentLincoln8.复数可数名词表示一类人或物时。Cowsareusefulanimals.,注意：,1.以festival构成的节日要用the:theMid-AutumnFestival2.表示某一年的四季时要用the：thespringoflastyear,inthewinterof19803.表示四季与during连用时要用the;duringthewinter,不用冠词的一些短语：,atnoon/dawn/night/midnightatschool,atwork,at/gohomegotouniversity,gotocollege,onwatch,onduty,inplaceof,attable,inchargeof,intownhandinhand,daybyday,soonerorlater,dayandnight,frommorningtillnight,fromeasttowestthegirlinred/theladyinwhite,数词,基数词。,表示数目的词是基数词。如：one,twothousand,million,billion,序数词,序数词一般由基数词加-th构成，序数词前加定冠词the。如:7th-theseventh第四十thefortieth不规则:thefirst,thesecond,thethird,thefifth,theeighth,theninth,thetwelfth,分数,分数的表达法；1/3a(one)third,2/3twothirds6/100