1、英语重结构,汉语重语义2

1.我唱歌就跑调。,WhenIsingasong,Ialwayssingoff-key.,ChapterTwoMainLanguageDifferencesBetweenEnglishandChinese,2.再跑，就毙了你！,Ifyouescape(or:runaway)again,Illshootyou.,一、EnglishEmphasizesStructure;ChineseonMeaning,一）隐性(implicit)与显性(explicit),Chinesetakesitselfimplicit,whileEnglishtakesitselfexplicit.implicitChineseandexplicitEnglisharereflectedonthefollowingaspects.,1TherearenotanysignsofwordclassesinChineseexceptforseveralaffixessuchas“子”、“儿”andsoon,andsomeauxiliarywordssuchas“的”、“地”、“得”）.Forexample,“打”inthesentence“钟打了十二下”isaverb，butinthephrase“一打鸡蛋”，itisaunitword.“打”itselfhasnosignofwordclass.itswordclassshowsitselfonlyinthecontext.Whatsmore,Chineseverbshavenosignsoftense,voiceandmood.UnlikeChinese,quiteanumberofEnglishwordsshowthemselvesthewordsclasses.Forexample,thesuffixessuchas-ment,-er,-ness,-tionandsoonaresignsofnouns;while-al,-ful,-ativeandthelikearesignsofadjectives.InEnglish,articlesaresignsofnouns,andnounsaremainbodyinsyntax.Thenounassubjectnaturallydecidestheformsoftheverbaspredicate.,2Fromsyntax,aChineseworddoesntshowitselfinformassubject,predicateorobjectandsoon,whileEnglishpersonalpronounsandverbshavesignsinsyntaxforms.Forexample,inthetwosentences:“我爱她”and“她爱我”,therearenodifferencesbetweenthesubjects“她”and“他”,andtheobjects“他”and“她”.ButinEnglish,nominativeandobjectivearedifferentinfunction,sotheyaredifferentinforms.Itissoobviousinthefollowingsentences:“Iloveher.”“Shelovesme.”,3Thepredicateshouldagreewithitssubject,butthereisntanyrequirementoftheirforms.Englishpredicatehastoagreewithitssubjectinnumber,personandtense.Forexample,inthefollowingsentences:“我是学生，他是学生，我们都是学生。”,allthepredicatesare“是”,butEnglisharedifferent:“Iamastudent,sheisastudent,weallarestudents.”persondependontheformsof“是”.,ImplicitandexplicitarethebiggestandthemostbasicdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesegrammar.Thebasicdifferencesresultintheaseriesofdifferentcharacteristicsofthetwolanguages,ofwhichthemostimportantoneisthatEnglishgrammartakesformsasitsmaincharacteristic,evendependentofsemanticmeanings,suchasstructuralism.ButChinesegrammarhastodependonsemanticmeanings.SothefamouslinguististWangLisays,“Asthesyntaxisconcerned,thewesternlanguagesareruledbylaw,whileChineselanguageisbyman.”ItisobviousthatcomparedwithChinese,Englishrulesaremuchmoreexplicit.Thisisveryimportant,becauseourthinkingmodeisalsorestrictedbytheformofgrammar.Inthewestworld,peopleareaccustomedtoactingaccordingtoestablishedpractice,whileChinesearequiteonthecontrary,oftentooflexible.,二）DifferencesinThinkingMode,Chineseareaccustomedtoinduction(归纳法),whilethewesternpeople,todeduction(演绎法).SothesubjectmatterofEnglishwritingisusuallyatthebeginning.,whilethatofChinesewritingisusuallyattheend,developingaccordingtotheorderoflead-in,carry-on,shiftandsummary(启、承、转、合).TheChinesearemoregoodatdealingwiththingsinanoverallway,whilethewesternpeoplearebetteratanalysizingthingsindetails.,TheChinesearegoodatinduction,whilethewesternpeople,atdeduction;TheChinesestresscollectivism,whilethewesternstressego(individualism);TheChinesearegoodatthinkinginimages,whilethewesternpeople,atlogicalthinking;TheChinesearebetteratpoems,whilethewesternpeople,atscience;TheChineseregardtheuniverseasthewhole,fullof“Tao”and“Qi”,whilethewesternpeoplethinkitmadeofatoms,whicharedependentandrelatedtoeachother.TheChinesedealwiththingsjustastraditionalChinesemedicalscience,treatingamanasthewhole,whilethewesternpeople,justasWesternmedicine.,Thestressonmeaning,thewholeandinductionarealsothecharacterofChinesephilosophy,literature(especiallypoems),music,dancing,art,traditionalChinesemedicalscience,QigongandChansectandsoon.神秀说：“身是菩提树，心如明镜台，时时勤拂拭，勿使惹尘埃。”慧能说：“菩提本无树，明镜亦非台，本来无一物，何处惹尘埃。”。无形胜有形才是最高境界。中国哲人皆务心得而轻著述。孔子、老子、庄子都有诸如“大辨不言”的观点。这种重意（即内涵），而不重形（外在的形式）的文化特性也同样反应到语言的句法结构上。,应无所住，而生其心,三）Parataxis（意合）与Hypotaxis形合,Asforlanguage,Englishstresssyntax,whileChinese,semanticmeaning.Alongsentenceorashortonedoesntdowithoutitssubject.Alongsentenceusuallyhasonesubjectandonepredicatebutmanyclauses,likeatree,however,veryclear,instructureandlogic.Butonthecontrary,Chinesedoesnotgiveprioritytosyntaxandgrammarstructure,anddoesnothavesomanyconjunctionsthatEnglishhas,butstressesinherentrelationofthemeanings.Thatsso-called“Englishstressesforms,whileChinesestressessemanticmeanings.,InEnglish,kindsoflogicalrelationsbetweenwords,phrasesandsentencesareoftenexpressedwithconjunctions,prepositionsandsoon.Allthesewordsareapparentsignsofhypotaxis,butinChinese,kindsoflogicalrelationsbetweenwords,phrasesandsentencesareoftenexpressedwithinherentlogicalrelationsbetweensentences,withoutobvioussigns.ThisiswhyChineseissobriefandconcise.ButthisalsoaddsdifficultytoChinese-Englishtranslation,becauseChinesemeaningscanonlybejudgedfromthecontext.Lookatthefollowingsentence：“他不干，我干。”,Themeaningsofthesentencecanbeinterpretedasfollow：（1）假设关系：（如果）他不干，（那么）我（来）干。（2）因果关系：（因为）他不干，（所以）我（才）干。（3）转折关系：他不干，（但是）我干。（4）让步关系：（即使）他不干，我（也）干。Sointhecourseoftranslation,onlybyjudgingfromthecontext,andeventhetoneofthespeakercantherealmeaningbeexpressedcorrectly.Chineseisasemanticlanguage.Forthousandsofyears,ithasbeeninfluencedbytraditional,philosophicalandestheticthoughtsofstressonmeanings,spirit,strengthofcharacter,andhasformedakindofqualityoflingualstructurewhichattachesimportancetoinherent,hiddenandvaguerelations.Forinstance：,“校长召开大会动员全体老师教育好学生遵守一切规章制度。”,AChinesesentencecanbemadeupofseveralphrases,andthereisonlyconnectioninmeaningsbetweenthemwithoutconjunctioninform.bycomparison,anEnglishsentenceoftenrequiresconjunctions,orattributivepronouns/adverbstoconnectthesentenceintoaintegratedoneinbothinformandmeaning.Forexample：,Therearentanyconjunctionstolinkthedifferentpartsofthesentence.,晴雯先接出来，笑道：“好啊，叫我研了墨，早起高兴，只写了三个字，扔下笔就走了，哄我等了这一天。快来给我写完了这些墨才算呢！”,Qingwengreetedhimwithasmile,exclaiming,“Afineoneyouare!Youmademegrindthatinkforyouthismorningbecauseyouwerefeelinggood;butyouonlywrotethreecharacters,thenthrewdownyourbrushandmarchedoff.Youvekeptuswaitingforyouthewholeday.Youmustsettoworkquicklynowanduseupthisink.”杨宪益戴乃迭/译,“枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯”（马致远天净沙秋思）,Oeroldtreeswreathedwithrottenvineflyeveningcrows;Neathtinybridgebesideacotaclearstreamflows;Onancientroadinwesternbreezealeanhorsegoes.许渊冲译,Witheredvineshangingonoldbranches,Returningcrowscroakingatdusk.Afewhouseshiddenpastanarrowbridge,Andbelowthebridgequietcreekrunning.Downawornpath,inthewestwind,Aleanhorsecomesplodding.丁祖馨等译,1InthebeginningGodcreatedtheheavenandtheearth,theearthwasformlessvoidanddarknesscoveredthefaceofthedeep,whileawindfromGodsweptoverthefaceofthewaters.FromTheBible,起初，神创造天地。地是空虚混沌，渊面昏暗；神的灵运行在水面上。,2WhenMethuselahhadlivedonehundredandeighty-sevenyears,hebecamethefatherofLamech.ThusallthedaysofMethuselahwereninehundredsixty-nineyearsandhedied.,马士撒拉活到187岁，生了拉麦。马士撒拉共活了969岁就死了。,3.酒不醉人人自醉。,Itisnotthewinethatintoxicatesbutthedrinkerwhogetshimselfdrunk.,4.人到醉时放觉醒，醒时难得醉时清。,Itisnotuntilonegetsdrunkthathegetssoberanditisdifficultforhimtogetassoberashegetsdrunk.,4.Ifonelovesflowerswiththesameheartthathelovesbeauties,hefeelsaspecialcharminthem;ifonelovesbeautifulwomenwiththesameheartthathelovesflowers,hefeelsaspecialtendernessandprotectiveaffection.Beautifulwomenarebetterthanflowersbecausetheyunderstandhumanlanguage,andflowersarebetterthanbeautifulwomenbecausetheygiveofffragrance;butifonecannothavebothatthesametime,heshouldforsakethefragrantonesandtakethetalkingones.林语堂TheImportanceofLiving,以爱美人之心爱花，则领略自饶有别趣；以爱花之心爱美人，则护惜倍有深情。美人之胜于花者，解语也；花之胜于美人者，生香也。二者不可兼得，舍生香而解语者也。,5Inthenationalrejoici