新概念第二册语法总结.doc

1. 被动语态（二）will/must/can/would/could/have to be donehave/has been donemust have been donedrive 用法home/house2. 介词用法：见书3. 复习there be句型it做为虚主语可以用来表示时间，天气，温度，距离，人或指代一个句子或不定式。4. Summary of Unit two5. 并列句我们可以将几个简单句连在一起,组成并列句,常用以下连词:and, but, so, yet, or, bothand, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut as well, not onlybut also主谓一致:当主语由and , bothand 连接时,通常用复数谓语.Both the girls and the boy are his friends. 当主语由neither nor, eitheror, not onlybut also或or 连接时,谓语动词与 nor, or, but also后面的一致,在英语语法中，这被称为就近一致.Neither he nor I am going to the airport.Not only Mary but also her parents have gone abroad. 6. 一般现在时的复习,状态动词,标点符号的使用.以下一些动词很少用与进行时态:appear(看起来), appreciate(鉴赏), believe(相信), feel(感觉到), forget(忘记), hear(听见), know(知道), like(喜欢), look like(看起来像), notice(注意到), remember(记得), resemble(形似), see(看到), think(认为), understand(理解), have(拥有),love(爱), seem(看起来), show(显示), mind(介意), sound(听起来), hate(讨厌), detest(憎恨), desire(意欲), 引号:引号位于一行之上,应该在句尾其他标点符号, 如逗号,句号,问好之外. 引语的第一个词以大写字母开头.在said, asked, 等词后面用逗号,只有当它们位于句尾时才在它们后面用句号.当said, asked等词置于引语之间时,句子的后半部分以小写开头.当一个新的说话人开始讲话时, 要另起一个段落.7. 复习一般过去时/不规则过去式和过去分词常用不规则动词过去式和过去分词在英语里约有300多个put up(搭建), put out(扑灭), put on(穿上), put sb. up(为某人安排住宿), put up with(容忍), put down(抄写), put off(推迟), put away(放好，放到一边去)8. 现在完成时复习/定语从句(见复合句部分)l 与现在完成时连用的时间副词:yet, just, before, recently, lately, ever, never, so far(迄今为止), up till now(直到现在), up to now(直到现在), since(自从), for a long time(很长时间), in the past/in the last few years(在过去的几年里), these days(目前), l 某些非延续性动词(动作开始变终止的动词), 在现在完成时中不 能与表示一段时间状语搭配:例如:die, arrive, join, leave, go, refuse , fail, finish, buy, marry, divorce, awake, buy, borrow, lend, 这些动词并非不能用在现在完成时,而是不能接由for引导的时间状语.但是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用.Jane has gone away for a month. (wrong)Jane has been away for a month.(right)His father has died for two years. (wrong)His father has been dead for two years.(right)has gone to (去了某地,指人还在那里), have been to (去过某地, 人已经不在那里了)。9. 一般过去时对比过去完成时,现在分词/过去分词refuse/deny, bring/take/fetch, very/too10. 冠词用法定冠词用法(1)特指(2)地理名词前加定冠词l 河流the yellow riverl 山脉 the Alps, the Himalayasl 海峡海湾the Taiwan Straits, the English Channel(3)由普通名词构成的专有名词前要加定冠词l 国名及政治组织名the United States, the United Kingdoml 某些机构学校及建筑名 the British Museuml 由普通名词构成的报刊杂志名 the New York Times, the Times零冠词1. 街名2. 广场名3. 车站, 机场, 公园, 桥梁名: Kennedy Airport, Beijing Railway Station, London Bridge4. 大学名 Yale University, Cambridge University5. 节日名National Day, May Day, News Years Day6. 多数杂志名 Time, Readers Digest7. 物质名词一般意义 Water boils at 100 degrees. We can not live without air.8. 抽象名词 Life is short. Art is difficult to appreciate.1.used to do 用法 Used to do 表示过去常常做某事现在不做了I used to get up at seven oclock. Experience, save, very/too2.比较级/最高级, 比较状语从句（见复合句-比较状语从句）A/one的区别3.介词用法Passed/past, next/other4.被动语态总结一般现在时: is/am/are done一般过去时: was/were done现在进行时: is/am/are being done现在完成时: have/has been done过去完成时: had been done一般将来时: will be done过去将来时: would be done过去进行时: was/were being done情态动词: can be done, must be done, could be done, may be done, might be done,情态动词完成式: can have been done,must have been done,could have been done, may have been done，might have been done,Call at(拜访某地), call out at(大声喊), call on(拜访某人), call sb up(给某人打电话), call off(取消)5.主语+谓语(感官动词)+doing表示正在发生的事情,+do 表示已经完成的动作. So/suchSo+adj. /adv.such+n. 固定用法：so many6.一般将来时will/be going to do will/be going to do一般情况下可以相互替换,但是要表示说话人决定做某事或者表示建议,请求, 肯定或不肯定等含义时只能用will.Watch/look at/follow, solid/firm/stable7.将来完成时Hold/look, look forward to(期望), look out(当心), look up (查询,), look sb. up(拜访某人)8.as if /though+虚拟语气, 过去完成时总结as if /though 常在描述行为的动词后面使用, 如act/look/feel/appear/smell/sound, 后面要用虚拟语气He looks as if he were a king. Her skin feels as if it were silk. The song sounds as if it were a sad story. He looked as if he had never lived in England. No soonerthan, hardlywhen, country/countryside, continuously, continually,No soonerthan 一就 与过去完成时连用I had no sooner come into the room than it began to rain.The bell had no sooner rung than the game began.如果no sooner 放在句首, 主句的主谓结构倒装No sooner had I come into the room than it began to rain.No sooner had the bell rung than it began to rain.Hardlywhen 几乎没来得及就 与过去完成时连用He had hardly got the money when the policeman caught him.I had hardly finished the last question when the exam ended.如果hardlywhen放在句首, 主句的主谓结构倒装Hardly had he got the money when the policeman caught him.Hardly had I finished the last question when the exam ended.9.直接引语变间接引语1.引语前用that, 口语中可以省略2.根据句意改变人称3.时态变化: 一般现在时-一般过去时, 一般过去时-过去完成时, 一般将来时-过去将来时, 现在进行时-过去进行时, 现在完成时-过去完成时, can-could, may-might, must-had to, 4.一些指示代词及表示地点及时间的词this-that, these-those, now-then, today, tonight-that day, that night, this week-that week, yesterday-the day before, the previous day, last week- the week before, two days ago-two days before(earlier), tomorrow-the next (following) day, next week-the following week, here-there, come, bring-go, take如果意思上没有必要改变就不用变了，比如在同一天说的话.She said she would come again tonight. He said he arrived yesterday morning.几种特殊的间接引语n 特殊疑问句, 语序要变为陈述语序“Where are you going?” he asked.He asked me where I was going.n 一般疑问句, 要加if/whether“Will you come tomorrow?” he asked.He asked if I would come the next day.n 祈使句要变为不定式, 所使用的谓语要根据语气来选择“Stay here,” the policeman said. The policeman requested him to stay there.“Close the window, please,” my mother said.My mother asked me to close the window. 常用的动词: advise, ask, beg, command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbid10.虚拟语气在条件句中的用法, mak