爱因斯坦生平事迹及介绍

,AlbertEinstein,Einsteinsstory,1,Einsteinwasnotactivewhenhewasyoung,hewasthreeyearsoldandhewouldnotspeak.Hisparentswereveryworriedthathewasmute.Hehadtakenhimtothedoctor.GoodlittleEinsteinisnotdumb,butthespeechisnotveryclearuntiltheageofnine,saidthateverywordmustbedifficultbutseriousthinking.,Einsteinwhenchildren,Childhood:sisterintheheadandknockedahole,WhenEinsteinwasborninMarch14,1879,therewasalargeandangularheadofthebackofthehead,themotherthoughtitwasadeformedbaby.Twoandahalfyearsold,stillnotspeak.Oneday,alittlesisterwhowasridingabicycleinthehome,hesaidacompletesentence:Yes,butwhereisherlittlewheels?Attheageof5thefamilyteacherangry,scared,withchildrensisterheadhoeinknockedabighole.,Einsteinplaystruant,Inthespringof1895,Einsteinwas16yearsold.UnderGermanlaw,theboydidnothavetocomebackbeforehewas17yearsold.Duetothehatredofmilitarism,coupledwithapersonalonetostayinthebarracks,LouisLeopoldmiddleschoolhasbeenunbearable,EinsteindidnotconsultwithparentssecretlydecidedtoleaveGermany,wenttoItalytoreunitewiththeirparents.,However,dropout,willfailtogetthediplomado?Havealwaysbeenhonest,pureEinstein,hecameupwithagoodideatothink.HeaskedthemathteachertogivehimZhangZhengming,saidhewasexcellentinmathematics,asearlyastheUniversitylevel.Fromafamiliardoctortogetacertificateforsickleave,hesaidneurasthenia,needtogohomeandrest.Einsteinthoughtthattherearethesetwoprovethatyoucanescapefromthisplaceofdisgust.,Whoknows,healsodidnotapply,Deanbuthecalledto,tohisruin,classatmosphere,donotkeepdisciplinefortheschool.Einsteinflushed,whateverthereason,aslongasyoucanleavethisschool,heiswillingto,butalsotothe.Hejustthoughtofanideathathehadnotbeenimplemented,suddenlyfeltguilty,andlatereverymentionofthematter,Einsteinwasguilty.Perhapsthiskindofthingwithhisfrankandsincerepersonalitytogotoofar.,Anoldcoat,Oneday,EinsteinmetafriendonthestreetsofNewYork.Mr.Einstein,saidthefriend,itseemsthatyouneedtobuyanewcoat.Lookattheoldone!Whatistherelationship?Anyway,whodoesntknowmeinNewYork.Einsteinsaidnothing.Afewyearslater,theymetagain.Atthistime,Einsteinhasbeenworldfamous,butstillwearingthatoldcoat.Hisfriendsuggestedthathegotobuyanewcoat.Andwhy?Einsteinsaid,everyonehereknowsme.,Einsteinsscientificcontribution,2,光量子论Lightquantumtheory,光量子论Lightquantumtheory1905年3月写的论文关于光的产生和转化的一个推测性的观点，把普朗克1900年提出的量子概念扩充到光在空间中的传播，提出光量子假说，认为：对于时间平均值（即统计的平均现象），光表现为波动；而对于瞬时值（即涨落现象），光则表现为粒子。这是历史上第一次揭示了微观客体的波动性和粒子性的统一，即波粒二象性。以后的物理学发展表明：波粒二象性是整个微观世界的最基本的特征。这篇论文还把L.玻耳兹曼提出的“一个体系的熵是它的状态的几率的函数”命名为“玻耳兹曼原理”。在论文的结尾，他用光量子概念轻而易举地解释了光电现象，推导出光电子的最大能量同入射光的频率之间的关系。这一关系10年后才由R.A.密立根予以实验证实。“由于他的光电效应定律的发现”，爱因斯坦获得了1921年的诺贝尔物理学奖。March1905towritethelightontheformationandtransformationofaspeculativeview,thePlanckin1900proposedquantumconceptisextendedtothepropagationoflightinthespace,putforwardlightquantumhypothesis,think:forthetimeaveragevalue(thatis,theaveragestatisticalphenomenon),opticalperformanceforthevolatility;andtheinstantaneousvalue(thatis,fluctuationphenomena),lightisreflectedastheparticle.Thisisthefirsttimeinhistory,revealstheunifiedmicroobjectsandparticlelikeproperties,namelytwoparticleimages.ThatthefuturedevelopmentofPhysics:particletwoiconicityisthebasiccharacteristicofthemicroworld.ThisthesisalsoL.BoltzmannproposedtheentropyofasystemistheprobabilityofthestateasafunctionofnamedBoltzmannprinciple.Attheendofthepaper,heexplainedthephotoelectricphenomenoneasilywiththelightquantumconcept,anddeducedtherelationshipbetweenthemaximumenergyofthephotoelectronandthefrequencyoftheincidentlight.Thisrelationship10yearslaterbyR.A.Milliganbeconfirmed.Duetothediscoveryofhisphotoelectriceffect,Einsteinwonthe1921Nobelprizeinphysics.,1905年4月、5月和12月他写了3篇关于液体中悬浮粒子运动的理论。这种运动系英国植物学家R.布朗于1827年首先发现，称为布朗运动。爱因斯坦当时的目的是要通过观测由分子运动的涨落现象所产生的悬浮粒子的无规运动，来测定分子的实际大小，以解决半个多世纪来科学界和哲学界争论不休的原子是否存在的问题。3年后,法国物理学家J.B.佩兰以精密的实验证实了爱因斯坦的理论预测。这使当时最坚决反对原子论的德国化学家、“唯能论”的创始者F.W.奥斯特瓦尔德于1908年主动宣布：“原子假说已成为一种基础巩固的科学理论。InApril1905,MayandDecember,hewrote3papersonthetheoryofsuspendedparticlemovementinliquid.ThesportsdepartmentoftheBritishbotanicalhomeR.Brownin1827firstdiscovered,knownastheBrownmovement.Einsteinwasdesignedtodeterminetheactualsizeofthemoleculesbyobservingtherandommovementofthesuspendedparticlesproducedbythefluctuationofthemotionofthemolecules,inordertosolvetheproblemthatthescientificworldandthephilosophycirclehavedebatedoverthehalfcentury.3yearslater,theFrenchphysicistJ.B.PerrinconfirmedEinsteinstheorywithprecisionexperiments.ThiswasmostfirmlyopposedatomismGermanchemist,energetismfounderF.W.OEValdein1908announcedtheinitiative:atomichypothesishasbecomeasolidfoundationofscientifictheory.,分子运动论Molecularmotiontheory,狭义相对论建立后，爱因斯坦并不感到满足，力图把相对性原理的适用范围推广到非惯性系。他从伽利略发现的引力场中一切物体都具有同一加速度（即惯性质量同引力质量相等）这一古老实验事实找到了突破口，于1907年提出了等效原理：“引力场同参照系的相当的加强度在物理上完全等价。”并且由此推论：在引力场中，钟要走得快，光波波长要变化，光线要弯曲。在这一年，他大学时的老师、著名几何学家H.闵可夫斯基提出狭义相对论的四维空间表示形式，为相对论进一步发展提供了有用的数学工具，可惜爱因斯坦当时并没有认识到它的价值而加以利用。Aftertheestablishmentofthespecialtheoryofrelativity,Einsteindoesnotfeelsatisfied,tryingtoextendtheapplicabilityoftheprincipleofrelativitytothenoninertiasystem.Inhisdiscoveryofthegravitationalfield,hehasthesameacceleration(i.e.,inertialmassandgravitationalmass)oftheancientexperimentalfactsfoundabreakthrough,in1907,proposedtheequivalentprinciple:gravitationalfieldwithreferencetotheequivalentofthedegreeofequivalenceinphysics.Anditcanbeinferredthatinthegravitationalfield,theclockisgoingtogofast,andthelightwavelengthischanging.Inthisyear,hewasauniversityteac