康德哲学术语表.doc

康德术语表英文Glossary of Kants Technical Terms The following Glossary lists Kants most important technical terms,together with a simple definition of each. (The terms judicial, perspectiveand standpoint are the only ones Kant himself does not use as technicalterms.) It was originally written as a study aide to help make the intricateweb of Kants terminology comprehensible to students who had little or nofamiliarity with Kants writings. Where relevant, the opposite term is givenin curved brackets at the end of the definition. When a word defined herein(or a slightly different form of such a word) is used in the course ofdefining some other word in this Glossary, its first occurrence in thatdefinition will be in italics.下面的术语表列举了康德最重要的技术性概念，同时在每个概念之后附上一个简单的定义。（判断的、知觉的和立场）写作的初衷是使其作为一个学习助手，建立一个康德术语的可理解的内在网络，去帮助那些还不熟悉康德的作品的学生。相应的，其反义的概念会在每个定义之后的括弧中给出。如果在术语表中的一些字条的定义被用于定义一些其他的词条的话（或者是这个词条的稍微不同的形式），那么它首次出现的定义将会以斜体字显示。a posteriori（后天的）: a way of gaining knowledge by appealing to some particular experience(s). This method is used to establish empirical and hypothetical truths. (Cf. a priori.)一种通过一些特殊的经验而获得知识的方式，这种方法被用于建立经验的和假设的真理。a priori（先天的）: a way of gaining knowledge without appealing to any particular experience(s). This method is used to establish transcendental and logical truths. (Cf. a posteriori.)一种无需通过任何特殊经验而获得知识的方式。这种方法被用于建立先验的和逻辑的真理。aesthetic（感性）: having to do with sense-perception. In the first Critique this word refers to space and time as the necessary conditions for sense-perception. The first half of the third Critique examines the subjective purposiveness in our perception of beautiful or sublime objects in order to construct a system of aesthetic judgment. (Cf. teleological.)与感性直观相关。在纯粹理性批判中，这个词条指作为感性直观的必要条件的空间和时间。在判断力批判的第一部分中，考察了我们在感知审美对象和崇高对象时的主观的合目的性，以此来建构一个美学的判断体系。（反义：目的论）analysis（分析）: division of a representation into two opposing representations,with a view towards clarifying the original representation. Philosophy asmetaphysics employs analysis more than synthesis. (Cf. synthesis.)以澄清原初的表象的目的而把它分解为两种相对的表象的方法作为形而上学的哲学运用分析法多于综合法。（反义：综合）analytic（分析的）: a statement or an item of knowledge which is true solely because ofits conformity to some logical laws. (Cf. synthetic.)一种知识的状态或形式，使其成真的唯一原因是与一些逻辑法则相符合。（反义：综合的）appearance（显像）: an object of experience, when viewed from the transcendental.在先验视角下的经验客体perspective（知觉）. Though often used as a synonym for phenomenon, ittechnically refers to an object considered to be conditioned by space andtime, but not by the categories. (Cf. thing in itself.)虽然经常被等同于现象，但是它技术上是指一个被时空而非范畴所限定的客体。（反义：物自体）architectonic（建筑术）: the logical structure given by reason (especially through theuse of twofold and threefold divisions), which the philosopher should useas a plan to organize the contents of any system.由于理性而建构的逻辑建筑（特别是通过二分法和三分法的使用）哲学家应当使用它作为一项组织起任何系统内容的计划。Autonomy（自主性，自律）: an action which is determined by the subjects own free choice(see will). In the second Critique, moral action is defined as beingautonomous. (Cf. heteronomy.)一项由主体自己的自由选择（意志）的行动。在实践理性批判中，道德行动被定义为自发性。（反义：他律）categorical imperative（绝对命令）: a command which expresses a general, unavoidablerequirement of the moral law. Its three forms express the requirements ofuniversalizability, respect and autonomy. Together they establish that anaction is properly called morally good only if (1) we can will all persons todo it, (2) it enables us to treat other persons as ends and not merely as themeans to our own selfish ends, and (3) it allows us to see other persons asmutual law-makers in an ideal realm of ends.一项表达了一个普遍的无法回绝的道德法则要求的命令。它的三个不同形式的表达了普遍性、尊严和自主性的要求。三者一起决定了一个行动可以被合适地称为“道德的善”的条件：1.我们能看到所有的人都在做它；2.它是我们能够把他人当做目的来看待而非仅仅作为实现我们自己的目的的手段；3.它让我们看到其他人在一个理想的“目的王国”中成为共同的立法者。Categories（范畴）: the most general concepts, in terms of which every object mustbe viewed in order for it to become an object of empirical knowledge. Thefour main categories (quantity, quality, relation and modality) each havethree sub-categories, forming a typical example of a twelvefold,architectonic pattern. (Cf. space and time.)所有客体必须在它的规整下才能成为一个经验知识的客观对象。这四大范畴（质、量、关系、样态）下都有三个附属的范畴，构成了一个拥有十二重范畴的特殊样例。concept（概念）: the active species of representation, by means of which ourunderstanding enables us to think. By requiring perceptions to conform tothe categories, concepts serve as rules allowing us to perceive generalrelations between representations. (Cf. intuition.)表象的积极的种类，通过它我们的知性才可以思考。通过要求直观去符合范畴，概念作为规则使我们直观到表象之间的普遍联系。conscience（良心）: the faculty of the human subject which enforces the moral lawin a particular way for each individual by providing an awareness of what isright and wrong in each situation.人类主体的能力，它通过提供一个对不同情形下孰对孰错的意识让道德法则对于每个个体、在每个场合都有效力。constitutive: playing a fundamental role in making up some type ofknowledge. (Cf. regulative.)Copernican revolution（哥白尼革命）: in astronomy, the theory that the earth revolvesaround the sun; in philosophy, the (analogous) theory that the subject ofknowledge does not remain at rest, but revolves around (i.e., activelydetermines certain aspects of) the object. Thus, the formal characteristics ofthe empirical world (i.e., space and time and the categories) are there onlybecause the subjects mind puts them there, transcendentally.天文学上指日心说；在哲学上，这个（类比性的）理论是指知识的主体并不遗存（积极地决定着客体的特定部分），但却围绕着客体。因此，经验世界的正式的特质（空间、时间、范畴）的存在仅仅是由于主体的心灵把它们先验地放在那里。Critical（批判的）: Kants lifelong approach to philosophy which distinguishesbetween different perspectives and then uses such distinctions to settleotherwise unresolvable disputes. The Critical approach is not primarilynegative, but is an attempt to adjudicate quarrels by showing the ways inwhich both sides have a measure of validity, once their perspective isproperly understood. Kants system of Critical philosophy emphasizes theimportance of examining the structure and limitations of reason itself.康德一生都在向区分不同知觉和运用那些区分去平息那些看似无法解决的争论的哲学道路趋近。这种批判的方式首先不是消极的，而是一种通过展示双方拥有的有效性方法直到他们的知觉都得到恰当的理解的方式，来裁定争论的尝试。康德的批判哲学系统地强调检验理性自身的结构和界限的重要性。Critique（批判）: to use the method of synthesis together with a critical approach todoing philosophy. This term appears in the titles of the three main books inKants Critical philosophy, which adopt the theoretical, practical andjudicial standpoints, respectively. The purpose of Critical philosophy is toprepare a secure foundation for metaphysics. (Cf. metaphysics.)运用综合的方法和批判的方法去做哲学。这个术语出现在康德批判哲学三大著作的题目中，分别运用它的理论的、实践的和判断的立场。批判哲学的目的是为形而上学准备一个可靠的基础。（反义：形而上学）disposition: the tendency a person has at a given point in time to act in oneway or another (i.e., to obey the moral law or to disobey it). (Cf.predisposition.)duty（责任）: an action which we are obligated to perform out of respect for themoral law.Empirical（经验的）: one of Kants four main perspectives, aiming to establish a kindof knowledge which is both synthetic and a posteriori. Most of theknowledge we gain through ordinary experience, or through science, isempirical. This table is brown is a typical empirical statement. (Cf.transcendental).一种意图建立后天综合知识的知觉。我们通过普通的经验或者科学而获得的大多数的知识都是经验的。（反义：先验的）Experience（经验）: the combination of an intuition with a concept in the form of ajudgment. Experience in this mediate sense is a synonym for empiricalknowledge. The phrase possible experience refers to a representationwhich is presented to our sensibility through intuition, but is not yet known,because it has not been presented to our understanding through concepts.Experience in this sense is immediate and contrasts with knowledge.联系faculty: a fundamental power of human subjects to do something or performsome rational function.faith: a rational attitude towards a potential object of knowledge which ariseswhen we are subjectively certain it is true even though we are unable to gaintheoretical or objective certainty. By contrast, knowledge implies objectiveand subjective certainty, while opinion is the state of having neitherobjective nor subjective certainty. Kant encouraged a more humble approachto philosophy by claiming to deny knowledge in order to make room forfaith-i.e., by distinguishing between what we can know empirically andwhat is transcendent, which we can approach only by means of faith.formal: the active or subjective aspect of something-that is, the aspectwhich is based on the rational activity of the subject. (Cf. material.)heteronomy: an action which is determined by some outside influence (i.e.,some force other than the freedom given by practical reason, such asinclination) impelling the subject to act in a certain way. Such action isnonmoral (i.e., neither moral nor immoral). (Cf. autonomy.)hypothetical: one of Kants four main perspectives, aiming to establish akind of knowledge which is both analytic and a posteriori (though Kanthimself wrongly identified it as synthetic and a priori). Most metaphysicalknowledge is properly viewed from this perspective, instead of from thespeculative perspective of traditional metaphysics. There is a God is atypical hypothetical statement. (Cf. logical).Ideas（理想）: the species of representation which gives rise to metaphysical beliefs.Ideas are special concepts which arise out of our knowledge of the empiricalworld, yet seem to point beyond nature to some transcendent realm. Thethree most important metaphysical ideas are God, freedom and immortality.一些产生形而上学信仰的表象种类。理想是一些产生于经验世界的知识之外的特殊概念，但是这似乎超越自然达到一种超验的领域。形而上学最重要的三个理想是上帝、自由和不死。Imagination（想象力）: the faculty responsible for forming concepts out of themanifold of intuition and for synthesizing intuitions with concepts to formobjects which are ready to be judged.一种形成直觉复写的概念的能力，概念形成预备被判断的客体综合直觉。inclination: the faculty or object which motivates a person to act in aheteronomous way. Following inclinations is neither morally good normorally bad, except when doing so directly prevents a person from actingaccording to duty-i.e., only when choosing to obey an inclination results indisobedience to the moral elligible: presented to the subject without any material being provided bysensibility. It is more or less equivalent to the terms supersensible andtranscendent. (Cf. sensible.)intuition（直觉）: the passive species of representation, by means of which oursensibility enables to have sensations. By requiring appearances to be givenin space and time, intuitions allow us to perceive particular relationsbetween representations, thereby limiting empirical knowledge to thesensible realm. (Cf. concept.)知觉的消极类型，通过它我们的获得感觉。通过要求时间和空间给予表象，直觉让我们可以觉知特定的表象之间的关系，因此要把经验的知识限制在可感的领域。judgment: in the first Critique, the use of the understanding by which anobject is determined to be empirically real, through a synthesis of intuitionsand concepts. The third Critique examines the form of our feelings ofpleasure and displeasure in order to construct a system based on the facultyof judgment (= the judicial standpoint) in its aesthetic and teleologicalmanifestations. (Cf. reason.)judicial: one of Kants three main standpoints, relating primarily toexperience-i.e., to what we feel, as opposed to what we know or desire todo. Judicial reason is virtually synonymous with Critique itself, and isconcerned with questions about the most profound ways in which weexperience the world. Finding the source of two examples of suchexperiences is the task of the third Critique. (Cf. theoretical and practical.)knowledge: the final goal of the understanding in combining intuitions andconcepts. If they are pure, the knowledge will be transcendental; if they areimpure, the knowledge will be empirical. In a looser sense, knowledgealso refers to that which arises out adopting any legitimate perspective.Logical（逻辑的）: one of Kants four main perspectives, aiming to establish a kind ofknowledge which is both analytic and a priori. Hence it is concerned withnothing but the relationships between concepts. The law of noncontradiction(A is not -A) is the fundamental law of traditional, Aristotelian logic. (If wecall this analytic logic, then synthetic logic would be based on theopposite law of contradiction A is -A.) All bachelors are unmarried is atypical logical statement. (Cf. hypothetical.)material: the passive or objective aspect of something-that is, the aspectwhich is based on the experience a subject has, or on the objects given insuch an experience. (Cf. formal.)maxim: the material rule or principle used to guide a person in a particularsituation about what to do (e.g., I should never tell a lie). It thus providesa kind of bridge between a persons inner disposition and outer actions.Metaphysics（形而上学）: the highest form of philosophy, which attempts to gainknowledge of the ideas. Because the traditional, speculative perspective failsto succeed in this task, Kant suggests a new, hypothetical perspective formetaphysics. Metaphysics can succeed only when it is preceded byCritique. (Cf. Critique.)哲学的最高形式，试图获得理想的知识。因为传统的、思辨的知觉无法成功地完成这项任务，康德提议以一种新的、假设的形而上学观点。形而上学只有事先经过批判才能成立。moral law（道德律）: the one fact of practical reason, which is in every rationalperson, though some people are more aware of it than others. The morallaw, in essence, is our knowledge of the difference between good and evil,and our inner conviction that we ought to do what is good. (See categoricalimperative.)实践理性的一个事实，存在每个理性人之中，虽然其中一些人会比另一些更敏感。道德律在本质上是我们关于善恶区别的知识以及我们对我们必须去为善的内在确信。Noumenon（本体）: the name given to a thing when it is viewed as a transcendentobject. The term negative noumenon refers only to the recognition ofsomething which is not an object of sensible intuition, while positivenoumenon refers to the (quite mistaken) attempt to know such a thing as anempirical object. These two terms are sometimes used loosely as synonymsfor transcendental object and thing in itself, respectively. (Cf.phenomenon.)这个名称表示一个事物被视为超验的客体。术语“消极本体“仅仅指感知到一些并非感性直观的客体，而”“积极本体”指的是企图把一个事物理解为经验客体。这两个术语有时候分别被宽泛地等同于“先验客体”和“物自体”。object: a general term for any thing which is conditioned by the subjectsrepresentation, and so is capable of being known. The thing in itself is athing which cannot become an object. (Cf. subject; see thing in itself.)objective: related more to the object or representation out of whichknowledge is constructed than to the subject possessing the knowledge.Considered transcendentally, objective knowledge is less certain thansubjective knowledge; considered empirically, objective knowledge is morecertain. (Cf. subjective.)perspective: a way of thinking about or considering something; or a set ofassumptions from which an object can be viewed. Knowing whichperspective is assumed is important because the same question can havedifferent answers if different perspectives are assumed. Kant himself doesnot use this word, but he uses a number of other expressions (such asstandpoint, way of thinking, employment of understanding, etc.) inprecisely this way. The main Critical perspectives are the transcendental,empirical, logical and hypothetical.一种思维的方式或者认识某物的方式，或者一系列使得客体被感知的假设。康德自己并不使用这个词，但是他运用另外一些更加准确的表达（例如立场、思维方式、知性使用等等）主要的批判是先验、经验、逻辑和假设。phenomenon: the object of knowledge, viewed empirically, in its fullyknowable state (i.e., conditioned by space and time and the categories). (Cf.noumenon.)practical: one of Kants three main standpoints, relating primarily to action-i.e., to what we desire to do as opposed to what we know or feel.Practical reason is a synonym for will; and these two terms are concernedwith questions of morality. Finding the sources of such action is the task ofthe second Critique. (Cf. theoretical and judicial.)predisposition: the natural tendency a person has, apart from (or beforehaving) any experience, to be morally good or evil. (Cf. disposition.)pure（纯粹）: not mixed with anything sensible. Although its proper opposite isimpure, Kant normally opposes pure to empirical.不掺杂任何感性。尽管它的对立面是“不纯粹”，但是康德通常将它与经验的相对。Rational（理性的）: grounded in the faculty of reason rather than in sensibility. (Seealso intelligible.)基于理性的能力而非感性的能力。reality: if regarded from the empirical perspective, this refers to the ordinaryworld of nature; if regarded from the transcendental perspective, it refers tothe transcendent realm of the noumenon.Reason（理性）: in the first Critique, the highest faculty of the human subject, towhich all other faculties are subordinated. It abstracts completely from theconditions of sensibility. The second Critique examines the form of ourdesires in order to construct a system based on the faculty of reason (= thepractical standpoint). Reasons primary function is practical; its theoreticalfunction, though often believed to be more important, should be viewed ashaving a secondary importance. (Cf. judgment.)在纯粹理性批判中，对于人类主体的最高能力，其他的能力都是次等的。它完全由感性的条件中抽象而来。实践理性批判考察我们的欲望的形式，以此建构一个基于理性能力的系统。理性的首要功能是实践；通常认为它更加重要的是理论功能，现在也该视为第二位。regulative: providing important guidelines for how knowledge should beused, yet not itself playing any fundamental role in making up thatknowledge. (Cf. constitutive.)religion: the way of acting, or perspective, according to which we interpretall our duties as divine commands.Representation（表象）: the most general word for an object at any stage in itsdetermination by the subject, or for the subjective act of forming the objectat that level. The main types of representations are intuitions, concepts andideas.最一般的词表示一个在任何阶段都由主体决定的客体或者在那个阶段形成客体的主体性行为。表象的主要类型是直觉、概念和理想。Schematism（图型法）: the function of the faculty of imagination, through whichconcepts and intuitions are combined, or synthesized, accor