人教版新目标八年级英语上册单元知识详解全册.doc

精品文档1、How often do you exercise？【重要词组】19欢迎下载19欢迎下载19欢迎下载。how often 多久一次 as for至于，关于 junk food 垃圾食品 eating habit 饮食习惯 of course 当然 look after 照顾，照看 start with 以开始make a difference 使得结果不同，有重要 go shopping 去购物 have a party 聚会 go to the movie 去看电影 once a week 每周一次 hardly ever 很少 twice a week 每周两次 three times a week 每周三次 watch TV看电视 on weekend 在周末 do homework 做作业 a lot of 许多 try to do试图（努力）做某事 help sb (to) do sth.帮助某人做某事 the same as和相同 keep in good health 保持身体健康【重要词句详解】1. Lets look at the following words and their usage（让我们看看下面的这些词及其用法）.always 一直，总是 usually 通常 often 经常 sometimes 有时候 hardly ever 很少，几乎没有 never 从不这些词都是表示频率的副词, 但是在程度上有差别。通常用于一般现在时。如： I always have some milk for my breakfast. 我早餐总是喝牛奶。 He usually gets up at 6:30 in the morning. 他通常早上6：30起床。 He often does homework before dinner time. 他经常晚餐前做作业。 He sometimes goes to movies on Friday evening. 他有时周五晚上去看电影。 I hardly /ever eat out at noon. 我很少中午在外就餐。 I never arrive late for school. 我从没有到校晚过。Seldom/rarelyseldom,表示频率，很少，不常，反义词oftenrarely,很少地，难得地，少见地 He seldom eats breakfast. 他很少吃早餐。I rarely eat in restaurants. 我很少在饭馆吃饭。2. 英语中表次数的用法 once一次, twice两次, three times三次, four times四次 我们可以看出表示次数的词，除了“一次，两次”特殊外，后面的次数都是“基数词+times”构成。 另外同学们还要记住以下词组： once （twice） a day/ week/ month/ year每天（周/月/年）一（两）次3. all, most, some, no 的用法及差异。 all “所有的，全体的” All students do homework after school. Last night, I cooked all the vegetables in the fridge. most “大多数的” Most students play computer games on weekends. some “一些” Some students go to English movies every day. no “没有”，注意这里no是形容词。 No students read English novels. 我们可以看出： all, most, some, no 放在名词的前面做定语，表示数量的多少。 6. How many hours do you sleep every night? 你每天晚上睡几个小时？ 这是一个特殊疑问句。“How many +名词”构成了特殊疑问词。 注意：How many 后跟可数名词的复数形式。e.g. How many apples do you have? How many students are there in your class? 如果名词是不可数名词，要用“How much +不可数名词”。 e.g. How much milk do you drink each time? How much water do we need every day?【课文解析3a】 1 pretty表示“十分”作副词用，我们以前学过quite和very也有这种意思。其中它们的程度由浅入深为quiteprettyverye.g. He is quite serious It sounds pretty good Nina can sing English songs very well 2I exercise every day, usually when I come home from school 我每天锻炼身体，通常是放学后。 3 eating habits“饮食习惯”。 4 try to do sth意为“尽力去做某事”。 Try to get here early He tried to pass the exam 5 ten to eleven times a week“每周十到十一次”。 注意这种表达。“to”为介词。 翻译：（1）两到三次。 twice to three times （2）每月四到五次。four to five times a month 6 Of course “当然”。 7 So you see, I look after my health“所以你看，我很在意我的健康”。 look after 意为“照顾、照看”。e.g. Can you look after my baby when I leave? Please look after your own bags carefully look还可以和许多词搭配，但意思不一样。 （1）look at“看，认真地看”。e.g. Please look at the blackboard Some people are looking at the notice （2）look for“寻找”。e.g. Old Henry looked for his dogs, but he didnt find it Im looking for my lost pen 8 Good food and exercise help me to study better好的饮食和锻炼帮助我学得更好。 help sb. to do sth. better帮助某人把某事做得更好。e.g.She helps me to know the information for going abroad better.她帮我更好地了解到出国的信息。help sb. with sth.帮某人做某事。e.g.Stella helps me with my history.【重要句型】 1. What do you usually do on weekends? 你通常周末做什么？ 2. I usually play soccer. 我通常踢足球。 3. What does he do on weekends?他周末做什么？ 4. He sometimes watches TV. 他有时候看电视。 5. How often do you shop? 你多长时间购物一次？ 6. I shop once a month. 我一个月购物一次。 7. How often does he watch TV?他多长时间看一次电视？ 8. He watches TV twice a week. 他每周看两次电视。【由how often谈起】我们已经学习了always, usually, often, sometimes, never等表示时间频度的副词。这些词通常用来说明在一段时间内做某事的多少或某种状态存在的次数的多少。例如：We usually get up at half past six 我们通常六点半起床。Sometimes he goes to see his grandpa on weekends 周末，他有时候去看望爷爷。但是，在日常生活中，我们不可能总是用陈述句来表达自己的或他人的一些行动，或者事物所存在的状态。我们还要向对方提出一些问题，请求对方回答。在这种情况下，我们还要用疑问句。请看下面几组对话：1 How often do you play football? I usually play football after school2 How often does Mary go to the concert? She often goes to it on Saturday evening3How often does my daughter take the medicine? Three times a day不知大家是否注意到，我们针对上面所说的频度副词和表示“在某段时间内某种动作的次数”的状语提问时，都要用how often。换句话说，如果要回答由how often提问的句子，我们通常要用频度副词或诸如every day, each week, once a week, twice a day, four times a month等来回答。e.g.4 How often do you borrow books from the library? Twice a month5 How often does your mother do the washing? She does it every day6 How often can you go to the movie? Once a week在大家所做的练习中，常见的有“句型转换”。这种题型有一种“就划线部分提问”，要求针对陈述句中的划线部分提出问题（也就是把陈述句变成特殊疑问句），其中就有针对上面所说的频度副词或every day, each week, once a week, twice a day, four times a month等提问的句子。这时候自然要用how often来提问了。e.g.Jack watches TV three times a week How often does Jack watch TV?Our school has a sports meeting twice a year How often does your school have a sports meeting?要注意的是，陈述句在变成这种特殊疑问句时，其结构是：How often+助动词+主语+实义动词+其它成分？或：How often+系动词 be+主语 +其它成分？How often ?和How long ? 1） How often do you watch TV? 你多长时间看一次电视？ 回答可以是下面的任何一种： Every day./ Once a week./Three times a week./ Often./ 2）How long do you usually watch TV?你通常看多长时间电视？ 回答可以是下面的任何一种： About one hour./ Three hours. / Thirty minutes./ 从以上例句中可以看出： how often 意为“多久一次”；how long 意为“多长时间”。【语法知识聚焦】一般现在时The Simple Present Tense 一般现在时的特殊疑问句 Lets look at the following sentences first（让我们先看看下面的句子）. 1) What do you usually do on weekends? 2) What does he do on weekends? 3) How often do you shop? 4) How often does he watch TV? 5) How many hours do you sleep every night? 一般现在时的特殊疑问句的构成： 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句这里的特殊疑问词指 what, what time, where, when, which, who, whom, whose, why, how, how many, how much, how long, how often一般现在时表示现在的状态He is twelve. 他十二岁。They are at home. 他们在家。表示经常性或习惯性的动作I go to school at seven every day.He plays soccer on Sundays.表示主语具备的性格和能力等She likes apples .They speak Japanese. She is medium build.肯定式I am a cleaner. You are right. He / She / It is here. We / You / They are outgoing 否定式 I am not a You are not He / She / It is not We / You / They are not否定式和疑问式We go to school at seven every day. We dont go to school at seven.Do you go to school at seven? Yes, we do.（No, we dont.）否定式和疑问式He goes to school at seven every day. He doesnt go to school at seven.Does he go to school at seven?Yes, he does.(No, he doesnt.)一般现在时常和表示时间频度的副词连用。如：often, usually, sometimes, always, never, hardly ever等。1. I often read books in the evening2. Do they usually go to school by bike?3. He doesnt like milk. He never drinks it.4. Sometimes my mother gets back at five.一般现在时常和以下时间表达法连用。如：in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at noon, at night,every day,on Sunday(s), at seven 等。Do they have math in the morning?She sleeps nine hours every night.It takes me two hours to do my homework every day.They dont have classes on Sundays.动词第三人称单数的构成：1、直接加-slooklooks readreads playplaysstopstops2. 在字母s, x,ch,sh,o后加-esmissmissesfixfixes watchwatcheswashwashes gogoes do-does3. 辅音字母加y结尾的动词去y为i，再加-escarry carries study studies hurry hurries cry cries4.特殊的have - has Detailed Solution for Unit 2 Whats the matter.【重要词组】 have a cold患感冒 stressed out 紧张的，有压力的 bean sprout豆芽 get tired感觉疲惫 stay healthy保持健康 at the moment此刻，现在 get/ have a cold 患感冒 see a doctor /dentist 看医生/牙医 go to the party 去参加聚会 make sb sick使某人不舒服(患锁病) have a sore throat嗓子痛 have a fever发烧，发热 have a toothache牙痛 have a backache背痛 lie down and rest躺下休息 drink lots of water喝大量水 drink hot tea with honey 喝热蜂蜜茶 have a headache 头痛 get tired 累了 医院名称： childrens hospital 儿童医院clinic 诊疗所 first - aid station 急救站ward 病房 medical department 内科surgical department 外科 registration office 挂号处out - patient department(OPD) 门诊部 in - patient department 住院部nursing department 护理部 waiting room 候诊室emergency room 急诊室 operation room 手术室laboratory 化验室blood bank 血库pharmacy , dispensary 药房表示感觉的形容词有：tired累的thirsty口渴的hungry饿的stressed out紧张的，有压力的【重要词句详解】1. How to talk about our health 问某人哪儿不舒服： When we are not feeling well , we often go to see the doctor . The doctor will ask : Whats wrong (with you) ? Whats the matter (with you) ? Whats your trouble ? What happens to you ? Is there anything wrong with you ?都表示“你怎么了?”。还有可能有如下的问法:Whats your trouble, young man? 年轻人, 你哪里不舒服?When did it start? 从何时开始生病的？How are you (feeling) now? 你现在觉得怎么样?Are you feeling better today? 你今天好些了吗?Have you got a headache/a cough? 你头痛/咳嗽吗?When did you feel unwell? 你什么时候觉得不舒服的?When did the pain start? 疼痛何时开始的?Did you sleep well? 你睡得好吗?Do you feel tired?你觉得疲劳吗?How long have you been like this?你像这样有多久了?Did you eat anything for breakfast?你早饭吃什么了? 叙述病情： There is something wrong with my tooth . 我的牙出问题了。 Doctor , Im not feeling well(I dont feel very well).医生，我感到不舒服。 I feel terrible . 我很难受。I feel very ill . 我感觉病得很重。I feel even worse.我感到情况更糟了。 This place hurts . (Ive got a pain here) 这个地方疼。My leg hurts . 我腿疼。Theres something wrong with my leg. 我的腿有毛病了。I dont feel like eating . 我不想吃东西。I dont feel like eating anything. 我什么都不想吃. I have a cold . 我感冒了。I have a fever . 我发烧了。I have a headache . 我头疼。I have a sore throat. 我嗓子痛。I have a backache. / I have a pain in my back. 我后背痛。I dream too much. 我的梦特别多。I cant fall / be asleep in the evening. 晚上我睡不着。It began two days ago. 两天前开始的。I dont feel any better now. 我觉得没有什么好转。I had noodles for lunch today. 今天午饭我吃的是面条。 处置或提出建议：Open your mouth , please . 张开嘴。Open your mouth and say Ah-. 张嘴说 啊- 。I want to take your temperature . 我想测测你的体温。Let me take your temperature. 让我给你量量体温。Take this medicine three times a day . 这个药一天吃三次。Take one of these pills twice a day. 这些药每次服一片,每天两次。Take the medicine after meals. 饭后服药。 Take three pills before you go to bed . 睡前服用三片。 Youd better stay in bed till tomorrow . 最好卧床休息到明天。Drink lots of / more water and have a good rest . 多喝水，好好休息。You should drink a lot of water. 你应该多喝水。You should lie down and rest . 卧床多休息。Have a good rest.好好休息。 You should drink hot tea with honey . 你应该喝加蜂蜜的热茶。 You should see a dentist . 你应该去看牙医。You should go to bed early . 你应该早点上床（休息）。Theres nothing much wrong / serious with you. 你没什么大问题。You have got a bad cold. 你患了重感冒。You have to be in hospital.你得住院。Youd better stay in bed for a few days.你最好卧床几天。Youd better not eat too much sugar.你最好别吃太多的糖。Eat less food and take more exercise. If you do that, youll feel much healthier.少吃些,多锻炼,不久你的身体就会健康得多。Youll soon be all right. 你很快就会康复的。I hope you feel better soon. 我希望你很快就会好起来。Try to relax before you go to sleep.睡觉前尽量放松一下。 2.情态动词should的用法： 1)表“建议、应该”，其否定形式为shouldnt .它用于所有人称。在其后应为动词原形。 You should wait a little more . 你应该再多等一会儿。 He should tell me about it . 他应该告诉我这件事。 2) 在表示要求、命令时，语气由should（应该）、had better（最好）、must（必须）逐渐加强。在本单元主要是表建议“应当”或“应该”。 3.have a cold感冒，还可以说get a cold . I have a very bad cold . 我得了重感冒。 在这里cold是名词，因此前边可以加冠词“a”、有时也可以说：I have got a very bad cold . 或：I have had a very bad cold . 4I have a headache 我头痛。 5He has a stomachache 他胃痛。 6She has a toothache 她牙疼。 She should see a dentist 她应该去看牙医。 7.He shouldnt eat anything for 24 hours . 他不应在24小时内吃任何东西。 在这里因为是否定句，因而不用something，而用anything，同some和any的区别一样，something用于肯定句中，而anything用于否定或疑问句中，如： Theres something wrong with him . 他出问题了，或他病了。 Is there anything I can help ? 我能帮忙吗？ Do you have any brothers ? 你有兄弟吗？ I have some good friends . 我有些好朋友。 I never have any fun . 我从没什么乐趣。（never是否定词，因此我们用any，不用some） 8.Whats the matter with you ? 你怎么了？ with是个介词，后边可以跟名词或代词。 Whats the matter with Sonja ? Sonja怎么了？ 9.I am not feeling well . feel well,well表示“好”，这里不能用“good”。 10.Shes tired . 她很累。 tired是个形容词，可以说feel tired感到很累，或说get tired。She feels tired. 或She gets tired . 11. Im not feeling very well at the moment .at the moment的用法:1）用于现在时态中，意思为“此刻”，e.g. I am busy at the moment . 我此刻很忙。 2）用于过去时中，表示“当时”，e.g.I was busy at the moment . 我当时很忙。 1“Traditional Chinese doctors believe we need a balance of cooling yin and hot yang to be healthy ”传统的中医认为要保持健康需要一种阴和阳的平衡。 其中a balance of平衡，keep a balance of保持一个平衡 如：keep a balance of nature保持自然（生态）平衡。 be healthy，keep healthy，stay healthy都是保持健康的意思。（healthy是形容词，其名词形式为health） 2“eat hot yang foods”“吃阳性的食物(补养)” “food”表示各式各样的食物时，是可数名词。e.g. There are many kinds of foods in the shop 商店里有各种各样的食品。 类似这种用法的单词有：fruit, fish等。e.g. I know many fishes in the river 我知道河里有多种鱼。 Apples and bananas are different fruits 苹果和香蕉是不同种类的水果。 3 ，are you often weak and tired? 你经常虚弱疲劳吗？ 4Eating Dangshen and Huangqi herbs is also good for this.吃中草药党参和黄芪对这（阴虚者）有好处。5 have too much yang too much和too many都表示许多；much修饰不可数名词，如water , money等；many修饰可数名词的复数，如students , flowers等。lives是名词life的复数形式。e.g. There were too many people here So it was crowded Dont play computer games You spend too much time on it Im full, because I eat too much food 6 beef意思是“牛肉”；lamb意思是“羔羊肉”。 词语扩展：chicken鸡肉;fish鱼肉;mutton羊肉;pork猪肉;meat用来泛指“肉类”。表示“肉”的这些词均为不可数名词，但它们有的有可数的用法，意思有所改变，如“lamb”表示“羊羔”，“chicken”表示“小鸡”，“fish”表示鱼的种类，或“鱼”。 7Its important to eat a balanced diet .吃（营养）平衡的食物是很重要的。balanced在此处是形容词，表示“平衡的”。It是形式主语，真正的主语是“to eat a balanced diet”，但因主语太长，为了句子平衡，将主语用it代替，这是it的又一功能。“Its +adj+to do ”句型，意思是“做什么事样”。e.g. Its difficult to work out this math problem Its useful to speak English Its not easy to keep healthy Is it interesting to play soccer?【重要句型】 1. Whats the matter ? 怎么了？ 2. I have a headache . 我头疼。 3. You should go to bed . 你应该上床了。 4. Thats a good idea . 那倒是个好主意。或That sounds like a good idea . 听起来是个好主意。 5. I have a sore back . 我后背疼。 6. I hope you feel better soon . 我希望你很快会感觉好些。 7. Thats too bad . 太糟了。 8. He has a stomachache . 他胃疼。 9. He shouldnt eat anything for 24 hours . 他24小时内不应该吃任何东西。 10. She has a toothache . 她牙疼。 11. She should see a dentist . 她应该去看牙医。 12. Im not feeling well . 我感觉不好。【语法知识聚焦】情态动词should的用法:should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，如：How should I know? 我怎么知道？Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？should有时表示应当做或发生的事，如： We should help each other我们应当互相帮助。在使用时要注意以下几点：1 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。如： You should be here with clean hands 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2 用于提出意见劝导别人。如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。3 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。如： We should arrive by supper time 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment 她随时都可能来。have 用法:在英语单词中，have是一个用法相当广泛的动词。它不仅是一个实义动词，本身包含具体的词意“有”，还可以用作助动词。更重要的是have可以和很多单词构成短语，这是其它动词难以相比的。从词形上看，have是一个开音节词，但它却是按闭音节来读的，即/hAv/;还有一个与众不同之处是，它的单数第三人称是不规则变化的:has/hAz/。其本身的词义是“有”。如：I have a penMichael has a new soccerThey have an expensive house在由have作谓语的句子变疑问句或否定句时，在美式英语中，无论何种情况，都要借助于助动词do或does。如：Do you have a dictionary?He doesnt have any coffee 在英式英语中，现在时的否定句、疑问句通常不用助动词do而用have not，Have you?的形式，但最近受到美式用法的影响和一般动词一样，已渐有使用do的倾向。 have还可以和很多单词，特别是那些既是动词又是名词的词连用，构成很多短语，其词意则是由与其连用的词语来决定，它的活跃之处也就在于此。如： have a talk 谈话have a tea 喝茶式have a rest 休息一会儿have a class 上课have a hike 远足have a picnic 野炊 have a concert 举办音乐会have a visit 参观；访问 have a look 瞧一瞧have a sleep 睡一会儿觉have的这类短语还有很多，只要大家留意，会在以前学习过的课文中发现很多。这种短语还有自己的宾语或其它成分。如：What a nice photo!Let me have a look （at it） Youd better have a talk with himhave还可以和表示疾病的名词连用，表示正在或曾经生过某种疾病。如：have a headache 头痛have a stomachache 胃痛；肚子痛have a toothache 牙痛have a sore throat 喉咙痛have a cough 咳嗽have a cold 感冒have a fever 发烧have a sore back 背痛如果我们回答医生询问病情时，一般这样来回答：Whats the matter （with you）?I have a sore footWhats the matter （with you）?I have a bad cold have的用法还有很多，在以后的学习中会接触到的。Unit 3What are you doing for vacation? 【重要词组】 go sightseeing 去观光旅行 take walks去散步 take a vacation去度假 think about 考虑；思考 decide on 决定 a no-stress vacation 一个没有压力的假期 how long多久 get back 回来 sports camp运动野营 go bike riding 骑自行车旅行 go camping 去野营 go hiking去远足 have a good time玩得很高兴，过得很愉快 【重点词句详解】1. go fishing去钓鱼。同样的用法还有： go shopping 去购物 go swimming 去游泳 go bike riding 骑自行车 go sightseeing 去观光 go skating 去滑冰 go camping 去野营 2. That sounds nice. 听起来不错。 1）sound 是动词，意思是: 听起来, 发出声音：e.g. That sounds interesting. 听起来不很有