unit11-Ethical-economics.ppt

Module11,11.1Ethicaleconomics,1.Thetwophotosbelowshowthebeginningandtheendoftheprocessofmakingcoffee.Workinpairs.Howmanystagescanyouthinkofinbetweentocompletetheprocess?,?,coffeegrown-coffeepicked-coffeetransported-coffeepacked,-coffeesoldandshipped-coffeesoldontoshops-coffeeboughtanddrunk,2.Writeinthecorrectletter,A-F,forthemissingsentencestocompletethetext.Thereisoneextrasentence.,A.Thisprocessaloneaddsatleast50%toitsprice.B.Here,coffeeproductionisthestaplecropformanymillionsofgrowers.C.TheonlybitcontrolledintheFairtradesystemisthepriceafarmerispaidforproduce.D.Coffeeisthesecondmosttradedcommodityintheworldafteroil.E.Itguaranteestopaygrowersafixedproportionfortheircoffee,whichisabovestandardmarketrates.F.Localcounciltaxesaddanother25,000tothat.,Coffeenomics:thetruecostofourcaffeineaddictionThenexttimeyouhandover3foryourdeluxecappuccino,askyourselfhowmuchtheroastedbeansthatwentintothatcupreallycost.Foryouraveragecupofcoffee,theproducerreceivesroughly10pthatsabout3.5%.ThisdisparityiscausingincreasingconcernamongsomecharitieswhobelievethattheexcessiveprofitsofcoffeeshopchainscomeattheexpenseofvulnerablecoffeeproducersincountrieslikeEthiopia,KenyaorLatinAmerica.(1)_.Forexample,inEthiopiaalone,15millionpeopledependon,thecoffeetrade,whichconstitutesaround50%ofthecountrysgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)and90%ofitsexports.Theaveragewagepaidtolaborerswhopickthebeansandworkonfarmsisabout50paday.Sowheredotheaddedcostscomefrom?Accordingtoexperts,bythetimeitisconsumedbyusinourhomesorinacoffeeshop,thebeanmayactuallychangehandsupto150times,eachtimefacingamark-upasitistransported,roasted,packagedandsold.(2)_.Thenanother10%inexportcostswithfreightandinsurancebeforeanimportertakesover.Finally,itissoldtousinacoffeeshopandrunningacoffeeshopisnotcheap.Forexample,takeyourtypicalcoffeeshopinashoppingprecinct,seating75insideand50outside.Therentis20,000ayear.(3)_.Inotherwords,evenbeforeaddingstaffingcostsandoverheads,settingasideanmountforredecorationandmaintenanceontheproperty,thisparticularcoffeeshopneedstosellaminimum,A.Thisprocessaloneaddsatleast50%toitsprice.B.Here,coffeeproductionisthestaplecropformanymillionsofgrowers.C.TheonlybitcontrolledintheFairtradesystemisthepriceafarmerispaidforproduce.D.Coffeeisthesecondmosttradedcommodityintheworldafteroil.E.Itguaranteestopaygrowersafixedproportionfortheircoffee,whichisabovestandardmarketrates.F.Localcounciltaxesaddanother25,000tothat.,of50,000coffeesayear,or200coffeesaday.Factorintheseadditionalcostsandweareprobablytalkingaboutabreak-eventotalof400coffeesaday.However,irrespectiveofhowmuchweenduppayingorthereasonswhy,therealityisthatgrowersthemselvesseeonlyatinyproportionofthatamount.OrganizationslikeFairtradedotrytomakeadifference.(4)_.Forexample,afarmersellingapoundofFairtradeArabicacoffeeispaid$1.26comparedtotheworldmarketpriceof$1.10apound.TheFairtradepricealsoincludes5whichisinvestedbackintocommunityprojects.ManyshopsandcoffeebarsdonowofferFairtradecoffeetocustomersalongsidetheirstandardoffering,butnotallofthatinflatedpricegoestothegrower.(5)_.Afterthat,mark-upsaredeterminedbytheretailersandmiddlemen.Thatsaid,atleastFairtradeisonesmallstepthatdoeshelpfarmersaroundtheworldgetabetterpricefortheirproducts.,A.Thisprocessaloneaddsatleast50%toitsprice.B.Here,coffeeproductionisthestaplecropformanymillionsofgrowers.C.TheonlybitcontrolledintheFairtradesystemisthepriceafarmerispaidforproduce.D.Coffeeisthesecondmosttradedcommodityintheworldafteroil.E.Itguaranteestopaygrowersafixedproportionfortheircoffee,whichisabovestandardmarketrates.F.Localcounciltaxesaddanother25,000tothat.,3.Thesefourvisualaidsrefertotheeconomicsofthecoffeetrade.Readthearticleaboveandwriteinthemissingfactsandfiguresinthesevisualaids.,3,Only(1)_goestothegrower.,EXPORTS,10%=OTHER,90%=(7)_,10p(pence),coffee,CoffeeShopOutgoingsSalaries115,000(5)_65,000(6)_20,000Overheads80,500,Keyfacts:Ethiopia(2)_millionpeopleincoffeetrade(3)_%ofGDP(4)_pence=alaborerspayperday,15,50,50,rent,servicecharge,1.26,Vocabulary:Financialandtradeterms,Matchthesedefinitionstothewordsinboldinthearticle.,1.Peoplewhohandlegoodsbetweentheproducerandtheretailer._2.Alargedifference(inprice,forexample)._3.Beboughtandsold._4.Costofheating,lightingandelectricity._5.Takeitemsintoaccounttocalculatecosts._6.Theamountneededtopaycostsbeforeprofit._7.Theamountaddedtotheproductwhenitissold._8.Goodswhicharetransportedbyships,planes,lorries,etc._9.Thetotalvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbyacountryinoneyear._10.Organizationswhichhelpandrepresenttheinterestsofagroupofpeopleinneed,_,disparitycharitiesgrossdomesticproductchangehandsmark-upfreightoverheadsfactorinbreak-eventotalmiddlemen,middlemen,disparity,changehands,overheads,factorin,break-eventotal,mark-up,freight,grossdomesticproduct,charities,Speaking:Theeconomicsofyourcountry,Workinsmallgroupsanddiscussthefollowingquestionsabouteachofyourcountries.Ifyoudontknowalltheanswerstothequestions,trytofindoutforthenextlessonandprepareashortpresentation.,1)Istherealargedisparitybetweenrichandpoorinyourcountry?2)Doyouthinkthedisparitybetweenpoorandrichcountriescanbecontrolled?Shoulditbecontrolled?,*Thetop20%ofthepopulationconsumes50%ofoverallnationalincome,whilethebottom20%havetomakedowithamere4.7%.*Incomeinequalityhasworsenedrapidly.,*Ifthesetrendscontinuetherecouldbeserioussocialunrest.*Richcountriescansupportpoorcountriesinfinance,technology,education,culture,healthcaredonationorlow-interestloan.*Internationalorganizationsformulatefavorablepoliciesinsupportofpoorcountries.*Internationalagenciescanstrengthennationaleffortstoachievegreaterequity.,3)Whataresomeofthebiggestcharitiesinyourcountry?Dotheyhavemuchinfluenceoveryourgovernmentandbusinesses?4)WhatarethemostimportantproductsandservicesforyourcountrysGDP?,*AmongbiggestcharitiesinChinaareChinaCharityFederation,RedCrossSocietyofChina,ChineseRedCrossFoundation,ChinaFoundationforPovertyAlleviation,ProjectHope,tomentionafew.*Influenceandassistgovernmentsdecisions*Helpgovernmenteffectivelyintimesofnaturaldisasters.,*ImportantproductsandservicesforChinasGDPincludecoal,power,steel,house-holdappliances,financing,cateringandtourism.*ITproductsandservices,electromechanicalproducts,financingandtourismarepillarindustriesfornationaleconomyinChina.,Grammar:Articles,Writeinthemissingarticlesthe,a,anor0(thezeroarticle)inthistextaboutFairtrade.,(1)_Fairtradeis(2)_internationalcertificationmarkusedin21countriesas(3)_marketinginitiativetohelpdevelopingnations.Britainhas(4)_largestFairtrademarketin(5)_world,whichhasseen(6)_amazingincreaseoverthelastfiveyears.Theorganizationisalsostrongin(7)_Netherlands,whereFairtradefirststarted,andinSwitzerlandandScandinavia.Originallystartedin1989as(8)_schemetohelppoorproducers,(9)_FairtradeFoundationwasestablishedthreeyearslater.Nowthereareover(10)_550certifiedproducersrepresentingoveronemillionfarmersin52countries.,语法小结要点解释：定冠词the用于1）某些国名，2）形容词最高级，3）独一无二的事物，4）之前已提到过的人或者事物eg.TheUnitedStatesisamongthosecountriesinterested.Chinaisthebiggestproducerofthesegoods.Whosthesupplierinyourcountry?Theleaderswillholdtalksontrade.不定冠词a,an用于1）工作，2）单数名词，3）一些数字。eg.Imafinancedirector.Thisisaninternationalcertificationmark.Ionlyhaveahundredleft.以下场合不用冠词（0冠词）：1）城市、乡镇及大多数国名，2）复数名词eg.Madridismyfavoritedestination.WhendoyouflytoChina?LeadersoftheG8countriesaremeetinginTorontothisweekend.,Listening:Fairtrade,1.CanyoubuytheseFairtradeproductsinyourcountry?Wouldyoubuytheseproductseveniftheyweremoreexpensive?Why?Whynot?,Astocosmetics,themostfamousistheBodyShop,pioneersoffairtradefor20yearsnow.Theyarentcheap,buttheyreethicallyrightandusuallyofextremelyhighquality.Ethicalbuying/shoppingcanmeanbuyingproductsfromcompaniesorstoreswhocareabouttheethicsofwhattheyproduce;andboycottingtheoneswhodont.Shop/buywithaclearconscienceSpendethicallyEthicalandsustainablegoodsImportanttosupportlocalworkersorfarmersandtheirrights,2.ListentoaninterviewwithIanBretman,thedeputydirectoroftheFairtradeFoundation.ChoosethebestendingA,BorCforeachsentence1-8.,1)TheFairtradeFoundationbeganinA.1989.B.1990.C.19922)WhentheUnitedStateswithdrewfromtheinternationalcoffeeagreement,thepriceofcoffeedecreasedbyA.50%B.0.5%C.twentymillion.3)OnewayFairtradehelpsfarmersisbygivingadviceonhowtoA.diversifybygrowingothercrops.B.producemorecoffee.C.beprofitableinaglobalmarket.4)OneofFairtradesmainmessagestogovernmentsisthatA.tradecanbemanagedmoreeffectively.B.economicgrowthisthebeststrategy.C.theymustinvestmoreinproducers.,5.IanbelievesthatFairtradeandfreetradeA.cannotbothexist.B.canoperatetogether.C.arebasicallythesamething.6.Eventhoughacountrymayincreaseitswealththroughbusiness,thisdoesnotguaranteeA.itcancompeteinternationally.B.everyonereceivesthebenefits.C.socialjustice.7.Ifproducersaresuccessful,theywillalsoA.investintheeconomy.B.becomethepeoplewhobuyproducts.C.beabletosupplymorecoffee.8.Aswellasimprovingitspublicimage,aFairtradecompanywillA.sellmore.B.attractmoretalentedstaff.C.attractwell-informedconsumers.,Listeningscript,I=InterviewerIB=IanBretmanI:So,Ian.IunderstandthattheoriginalideaforFairtradecamein1989.Howdidithappen?IB:Actually,theFairtradeFoundationitselfwasfinallysetupin1992,butyes,youreright,thecatalystforthespreadofFairtradewasthreeyearsearlierwhentheinternationalcoffeeagreementthatcontrolledpricescollapsedwiththewithdrawaloftheUS.Atthattimecoffeewastheworldsbiggestagriculturalcommodity.Inafewmonthsthepricefellbyhalf.Itwasahugedisasterforthetwentymillionpeoplegrowingandprocessingcoffeearoundtheworld.Manyoftheproducingcountriesweredependentoncoffeeforoverhalftheirexports.I:Canyougiveussomeexamplesofhowyouhelp,exactly?IB:Onewayisthatweencourageproducerstolearnhowtocompeteeffectivelyininternationalmarkets.Wehelpfarmerscomingintothesystemtodevelopthecapacitytocopewithfulfillingdemandandwesetaminimumguaranteedpricefortheirproducts.,I:Isee.Butaswellashelpingfarmersdirectly,youalsohaveinfluenceongovernments,dontyou?Imean,governmentsaretalkingmoreandmoreaboutfairerglobaltradeIB:Yes,werefindingthattheissueswevebeentalkingaboutforthepasttenyearsaremovinguptheagenda.Forexample,werehavingmoreofadebateonhowwecanachieveeconomicgrowthandsocialjustice,asbothareneeded.Asaresult,leadersoflargerFairtradeorganizationshavebeeninvitedtohigh-levelinternationalmeetingsandeconomicforums.Wecanuseourexperiencetoillustratetogovernmentshowtradecanbebettermanaged.I:Buthowdoyouconvincepeoplewhosayeconomicgrowthistheanswertoeverything?DontthesepeoplearguethatFairtradeisntgoodforfreetrade?IB:Well,IworkedinbusinessforalongtimeandsoIunderstandtheneedforafreemarket,butitseemsunlikelytomethatwhenitcomestosocialproblems,likeglobalpoverty,theanswerisjustaneconomicone,becausesocialchoiceshavetobemade,too.Ourpointisreallyaboutpriorities.Increasingflowsoftradewillhelpwealthbutthatdoesnotnecessarilyguaranteethatthiswealthgoesdowntothepeoplewhoneeditmost.Thatrequiresalittlebitmoremanagement.Fairtradehaspracticalexperienceon,thegroundinhowyoucancombinethebestofboth.Howyoucangetpeopletooperateeffectivelyandcompetitivelywhiletradinginawaythatproducerscanearnadecentlivingandimprovetheirlives.Inthelongrun,iftheydoimprovetheirlives,theytoowillbecomeconsumersandpurchasers.I:SoisthisthemessageyougivebusinessestomakethemchangetoFairtradeproducts?IB:Itsintheinterestofanybusinesstotakethemessageonboard,notonlytoimprovetheirpublicimagebutalsoasarecruitingtoolforthefuture.Theyyoungergenerationiswellinformedandwantstobepartofthesolution.Companiesfindthathavingasocialconsciencehasapositiveeffectonrecruitingandretaininggoodstaff.Staffgetexcitedaboutpersuadingconsumerstobuyproductsthatmakeadifferencetopeopleslives.I:Itsoundslikethatswhatmotivatesyou,too.IB:Formypartyes-meetingtheproducersandseeingwhatadifferenceFairtradecanmaketotheirlivesisreallyquiteinspiring.,Speaking:Givingreasonsandbenefits,AcoffeeshopinyourtownisthinkingofsellingFairtradecoffee.However,itisconcernedthatthismaybemoreexpensive.,ImagineyouandyourpartnerworkforFairtrade.Youaregoingtotryandconvincethecoffeeshoptousecoffeefromyourproducers.Discussandprepare:*Alistofreasonswhythecoffeeshopshouldchange.*Alistofbenefitsforthecoffeeshop,itsstaffanditscustomers.Afterwards,presentyourideastotherestoftheclass.,*Alistofreasonswhythecoffeeshopshouldchange.*Alistofbenefitsforthecoffeeshop,itsstaffanditscustomers.,-protectpoorfarmersandtheirrights-anindicationofcaringabouttheethicsofwhattheysell-positiveimageofbeingfriendlytoenvironmentandcoffeegrowers-consumerslikelytopaymoreforethically-tradedcoffee,-feelgoodandcomfortablebecauseitsethicallyright.-giveoneasenseofdoingsomethingforpoorfarmers.-buywithaclearconscience-Fairtradecoffeeusuallyenjoyshighqualitywhichwouldbenefitthecustomer.,Aproposal,Describingtrends,Alternativeenergysources,Goodgreed,Speaking,Writing,Vocabulary,Reading,11.2Discussingtrends,Listening,Reasonsfortrends,Speaking,Discussingtrends,Speaking:Alternativeenergysources,1.Withsometypesofenergyrunningout,countriesarelookingatalternativewaysofproducingenergyforthefuture.Todothiswillrequirefinancialinvestment.Whichofthesewouldyouinvestyourmoneyin?Explainwhy?,Windpowerhasalreadybeenimplementedinmanycountriesthoughsomepeoplesayitcanneverprovideenoughenergyonitsown.Theinitialcostisalsoveryhigh.,Solarpowerisbeingwidelyusedeitheronpeoplesownhousesorintheformofhugeareasoflandwithsolarpanels.Thecostoftechnologyisfallingforthisenergysoitlookslikeagoodinvestment.,Biofuelswhichmakeuseofresiduefromplantsarealreadyusedinsomecars.Theylooksettoprovideonesolutiontothelackofpetrolfuels.,Coaliscriticizedforthepollutionitcreatesandmanycountriesarelookingatalternativeswhichsuggestsitisntagoodinvestment.However,insomepartsoftheworldsuchasChinatherearehugecoalreserveswhichareonlynowbeingminedandusedinpowerstation.Inthiscasecoalmaystillbeagoodinvestmentbutbebadfortheenvironment.,Wavepowerhasmanyofthesameprosandconsaswindpower.,Nuclearpowerhasattractedbadpublicityinthepastbutmorerecentlymanygovernmentshavereturnedtotheideaofbuildingnuclearpowerstationsinthenextcenturyinordertosolvethepotentialshortageofenergy.Privateinvestmentmayyetprovidegoodreturns.,Reading:Goodgreed,1.Nowreadthearticleonthenextpageaboutinvestinginsolarpower.ChoosethebestwordA,B,CorDtofillinthegaps1-15.,909396990203,50403020100,Averagepriceincentsperkwhforresidentialelectricity,Costofsolarenergyperkilowatt-hour,“GoodGreed”Doyouwanttoknowhowto(1)_moneyanddoyoubitfortheenvironment?Investing(2)_somethingthatwillsavetheplanetisbecomingeasierastheprivate(3)_beginstostepinwithpowerful,profitable-drivenforhugeworldproblems.Takeenergy,forexample.Moreandmoreinvestorsarenowlookingtoriskhuge(4)_inalternativeenergiessafeintheknowledgethattheworldisnotsafefromcarbonemissions.Solarpowerisonesuchcase.Thereareadozenorso(5)_tradedcompaniesthatmanufacturesolarmaterialsorsystems.Andsomebig-namebillion-stocks;oneproducerofhigh-efficiencysolar-powercells,forexample,wasrecentlytrading(7)_thestockmarketatmorethan166timesearnings.,1.A.doB.makeC.haveD.give2.A.ofB.inC.byD.for3.A.sectorB.companyC.departmentD.division4.A.dollarsB.cashC.amountsD.profits5.A.shopB.shareC.personallyD.publicly6.A.sellB.buyC.investD.grow7.A.byB.inC.onD.at,Cautiousinvestorscantforgetthatasimilaroptimismwas(8)_forthepeakine-businessstocksintheninetiesbeforethecrash.Inthecaseofsolarpower,such(9)_arewell-foundedbecausesolarenergyhasonebigeconomicproblem:itcurrentlycostsroughlytwice(10)_muchperkilowatt-houraspowerfromthegrid.(11)_,eventsarechanginginawaythatmayencourageallinvestors.First,ofcourse,therearerisingpetroleumpricesandononereallybelievesthecostofnaturalgaswill(12)_godownagain.Secondly,eventastraditionalenergypricesbegintosoar,solarcostareexpectedto(13)_theirdescent.Thecostofasolarkilowatt-hourhasdeclinedfrom47centsin1990toaround21centstoday,(14)_ithasremainedstable.Thethirdforceisgovernmentsubsidies.IntheUSA,forexample,UncleSamnowgivesa30%taxcredittobusinessthatusesolarenergy-andthatsjustthe(15)_,withmuchmorestilltocome.,8.A.reportB.chargeC.dealD.responsible9.A.concernsB.personalityC.problemsD.difficulties10.A.thanB.asC.soD.more11.A.AlthoughB.NeverthelessC.DespiteD.Moreover12.A.everB.alwaysC.fastD.to13.A.moveB.goC.pushD.continue14.A.whereB.whyC.whoD.when15.A.beginB.firstC.startD.money,3.Whatdoesthegraphtellyouaboutsolarenergy?Doyouthinkitsagoodmomenttoinvest?,Thegraphshowsthatwhilesolarpowercoststwiceasmuchperkilowatt-hourthantraditionalenergysourcesusedonpowergridsatpresent,itscostshavebeenfallingcontinuouslysincetheearlynineties.Thelineshowingtheaveragepriceforpowerfromthegridforresidentialenergyisalsoclimbing.Ifthesetrendscontinue,solarpowermaybecomeverycompetitive,makingitagoodlong-terminvestment.,graph,Vocabulary:Describingtrends,Inthelasttwoparagraphsofthearticlethereareeightwordsorpairsofwordsinboldthatdescribetrends.Completethistablewiththewordsandwriteifthewordisaverb(v),noun(n)oradjective(a).,peakcrashrisinggodownsoardescentdeclineremainstable,rising,peak,soar,remainstable,crash,godown,descent,decline,Listening:Reasonsfortrends,1.Listentofiveinvestorsgivingadviceaboutdifferenttypesofenergy.Ineachcase,theydescribeanoveralltrend.DecidewhichtrendA-F,isbeingdescribedandwritethenumberofthespeaker.Thereisoneextratrendshown.,A_,B_,C_,D_,E_,F_,2.Listentothefivespeakersagainandwriteinthemissingwords.,1)isprobablyagoodlong-terminvestment_itsgrowthhasbeenslowbutfairlyconsistent2)Itsallabitupanddown_somegovernmentsaresayingnowisthetimetolookforalternativeenergies3)_puttingyourmoneyinoilcompaniesisthatquiteafewarealsodevelopingenvironmentally-friendlyfuels4)Anyway,_governmentssuddenlyrealizingforatleastthenextcenturywewontbeabletogetenoughenergyfromnaturalsources,nuclearwillprobably5)Idontpredicttheyregoingtose