语言学-反义词ppt课件

.,Antonymy,.,DefinitionofantonymyThreemainsub-types:GradableantonymyComplementaryantonymyConverseantonymy,.,Definition,Antonymyisconcernedwithsemanticopposition.,.,(1)Gradableantonymy等级反义关系,Featuresofthem:First,GRADABLE.Thatis,themembersofapairdifferintermsofdegree.每对的成员在程度上有区别。（1）Thedenialofoneisnotnecessarilytheassertionoftheother.对一方的否定并非是对另一方的肯定。(2)canbemodifiedby“very”(3)havecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees(4)intermediatedegreesmaybelexicalized(sometimes),.,Examples:good:bad;long:short;big:smallwet-moist-dampish-dryfree-unfree-enslavedrich-well-to-dowelloff-moderatelywealthy-comfortableoffhardup,.,Second,antonymysofthiskindaregradedagainstdifferentnorms.这种类型的反义词以不同的规范划分等级Criterionvarieswiththeobjectdescribed.Forexample:thecompartionbetweenabigcarandasmallplane,.,Third,onememberofapair,usuallythetermforthehigherdegree,servesasthecoverterm.一对反义词中，通常那个较高程度的词用作覆盖整个量级的术语。Thecovertermiscalled“unmarked”i.e.usual覆盖性词称为“无标记词”，即一般词汇。Thecovered“marked”被覆盖的词语称为“标记词”。Unmarkedmarked名词：manwomanauthorauthoresslionlioness形容词：oldyoungwidenarrowdeepshallow名词：length长度height高度width宽度Examples:Howoldareyou?Howtallishisbrother?Howdoyoulikeyourfood?,.,Complementaryantonymy互补反义关系,Threefeatures:First,Themembersofapairarecomplementary.每对之间互补。(1)Theassertionofonemeansthedenialoftheother,andthedenialofonemeanstheassertionoftheother.(2)cantbemodifiedby“very”(3)Donothavecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees(4)DonothaveintermediatedegreesEg:alive-deadmale-femalepresent-abscenttrue-false,.,thegradablev.sthecontrarythecomplementaryv.sthecontradictory,.,Second,thenorminthistypeisabsolute.划分规范是绝对的。Third，thereisnocovertermforthetwomembersofapair.一对成员没有一个覆盖性词语。,.,Converseantonymy反向反义词,（1）Themembersofapairdonotconstituteapositive-negativeopposition.每对反义词当中的成员并不构成肯定-否定的对立。（2）Theyshowthereversalofarelationshipbetweentwoentities.表现两个实体之间的一种反向关系。A.reciprocalopposites:buy-sellgain-lossgo-comeB.Spatialopposites:infrontof-behindabovebelowC.Socialopposites:husbandwifeteacher-studentdebtorcreditorfinance-fiancee,.,(3)Gradableorcomplementaryantonymyscanconcernonlyonesi