第三四章童谣的特点及起2012.2T解析.ppt

小老鼠，上灯台，偷油吃，下不来。叽里咕噜滚下来。,一二三四五上山打老虎老虎打不着打到小松鼠松鼠有几只让我数一数一二三四五,绿葡萄紫葡萄长得快爬得高爬到架上吹泡泡串串都甜葡萄,夜半花花毯子，掉在床底，热坏地板，冷坏肚子,袋鼠妈妈去买菜，不背篮子带口袋。买萝卜，买青菜。袋里有个小乖乖，啊呜啊呜吃起来。,金色花,假如我变成一朵金色花为了好玩长在高高的树枝上笑眯眯在风中摇摆又在树叶中跳舞妈妈，你会认识我吗？,小泡泡小泡泡，满天飞，好像串串小葡萄。数一数，瞧一瞧，五颜六色真热闹。,快活小世界芦花白，野鸭来，芦花荡里开晚会，欢迎朋友四方来。嘎嘎嘎！笑声脆，拍拍翅膀唱唱歌，唱歌快活的小世界。,春天到了，柳树发芽了，小草发芽了，我高兴地说：“我的小白牙也发芽了！”,金银花，十二朵。大姨妈，来接我。猪挑柴，狗烧火。猫儿煮饭笑死我。”,1.丰富的想象力。类似的童谣总是能让孩子们哈哈笑。到底是什么让他们这么高兴？因为它把生活中确定的东西颠覆了：猪挑柴，狗烧火，猫儿煮饭。童谣创造了一个和日常生活不一样的生活画面，它营造的世界有大量留白，这样的留白能让孩子驰骋想象力，天马行空地飞。不要问这样的童谣有无意义，这样发问的，常常是被各种所谓意义洗脑的、墨守陈规的成年人。,童谣的特点,2.重复的节奏。美国哈佛大学古典学者哈夫洛克认为，节奏可能是所有生理乐趣的根基，而童谣的重要特征就是节奏，重复的节奏，重复的韵律。比如这首姥姥家唱大戏：“拉大锯，扯大锯，姥姥家，唱大戏。接闺女，请女婿，小外孙女你也去。”这首短短的四行儿歌，前面六个三字句，你可以随意停顿，当成六拍念，也可以当成三拍念，还可以把前面四个三字句作为两拍，后面两行作为一拍念，兴之所至地停顿，根据不同的停顿，构成自己喜欢的节奏，每念一遍，节奏都有变化。,3.形象性。童谣具象化、视觉化的文字营造出的画面和声音，正好为孩子的心理感受提供了具体的比拟物，能唤醒孩子对文字的感觉、对声音与图像的乐趣。比如“欢迎秋姑姑”这首：“小蜜桃，嘴笑歪，小石榴，嘴笑开。欢迎秋姑姑，又到山乡来。”用拟人的手法写蜜桃、石榴和秋姑姑，再加上田原那娇憨笨拙的配画，山乡秋景鲜活地走进孩子的心中。,再比如“小河水，弯弯流，弯弯流过一小洲，小洲上面有只鸟，唧唧啾啾放歌喉。唧唧唧，啾啾啾，忽然小洲晃悠悠；惊得小鸟飞期看：呀！原来是条大水牛。”这首儿歌，以拟声的修辞方法，双声叠韵、反复的句式，一唱三叹，有一种绕梁三日的音乐美。,来源：中国教育报,TheOriginandCharacteristicsofNurseryRhymes,HistoricalOrigin,Somenurseryrhymes,however,aresubstantiallyolder.SingaSongofSixpenceexistsinwrittenrecordsasfarbackastheMiddleAges.Somewell-knownnurseryrhymesoriginatedintheUnitedStates,suchasMaryHadaLittleLamb.,HeyDiddleDiddle(alsoHiDiddleDiddle),TheCatandtheFiddle,orTheCowJumpedOvertheMoonisanEnglishnurseryrhyme,sometimesincludedincollectionsofMotherGoosenurseryrhymes.,SingaSongofSixpenceisawellknownEnglishnurseryrhyme,atleastasoldastheeighteenthcentury.,Lyrics:SingaSongofSixpence,Singasongofsixpence,apocketfullofrye.Fourandtwentyblackbirds,bakedinapie.Whenthepiewasopened,thebirdsbegantosing.Wasntthatadaintydishtosetbeforetheking?,Thekingwasinhiscountinghouse,countingouthismoney.Thequeenwasintheparlour,eatingbreadandhoney.Themaidwasinthegarden,hangingouttheclothes,Whendowncameablackbirdandpeckedoffhernose!,Thehistory:Manycultures(thoughnotall;seebelow)featurechildrenssongsandversesthatarepasseddownbyoraltraditionfromonegenerationtothenext(eitherfromparenttochildorfromolderchildrentoyoungerchildren).IntheEnglishlanguage,thetermnurseryrhymegenerallyreferstothoseofEuropeanorigin,andthebestknownexamplesareEnglishandoriginatedinorsincethe17thcentury.,Theiroriginswerepossiblyaformoforalpoliticalcartoonfromanerawhendissentingspeechcouldgetthespeakerimprisoned.Nurseryrhymes,however,areoftenviolentinnature;forexample,inJackandJill,Jackfelldownandbrokehiscrowni.e.,injuringhisheadsothatitbled.,TherootsofthischildsnurseryrhymeisinFranceandtheJackandJillreferredtoareLouisXVIwhowasbeheaded(losthiscrown)followedbyhisQueenMarieAntoinette(whocametumblingafter).,ThewordsandlyricstotheJackandJillpoemweremademoreacceptableasastoryforchildrenbyprovidingahappyending!TheactualbeheadingsoccurredduringtheReignofTerrorin1793.ThefirstpublicationdateforthelyricsofJackandJillrhymeis1795.,Generally,nurseryrhymesareinnocentdoggerel,thoughsomescholarshaveattemptedtolinktheirmeaningtoeventsinEuropeanorEnglishhistory.,GooseyGooseyGanderGooseyGooseyGander,whithershallIwander?UpstairsanddownstairsandinmyLadyschamber.ThereImetanoldmanwhowouldntsayhisprayers,SoItookhimbyhisleftlegandthrewhimdownthestairs.,WeThoughtitMeant:Thetownhobo(beggar)breakingintovariouswomensroomsandthrowingtheirpartnersdownstairsforbeingreligiouslyinconsistent.,ButSomeExpertsSay:Backin16thcenturyEurope,mostpeoplewerebusyeitherfightingoffplagues（瘟疫）orkillingoffCatholics.PriestsespeciallywereinhighdemandastherewasarewardfortheProtestantwhowasabletofindandexecuteone.（1562年法国天主教徒杀害新教徒，见玛歌皇后）,Themethodofexecutionwasoftentyinghimbythelegsandthrowinghimdownaflightofstairs(thusthelastlineintherhyme).UnlesshewouldbegintosayhisprayersinEnglishratherthanLatin,hewouldbounce(spring)downthestepsfasterthanyourchildhoodSlinky.Ifhedidgivein,hewasspared(forgiven)by-ohwait,no.However,theythrewhimdownthestairsregardless.,Researchsuggeststhathearing,learning,andrecitingMotherGoosenurseryrhymescanhelpyourchildrentakethefirststepstowardbecomingproficientreaders.Intheplayfulmomentdescribedabove,thechildisnotonlyexperiencedthejoyofwordsbutalsoimplicitly(潜移默化)developingearlyliteracyskillsoneofthemostimportantofwhichisphonemicawareness.-byRereachandDevelopmentStaff.Sadlier-Oxford,IntheMotherGoose,BoysandGirls,ComeOuttoPlayMaryHadaLittleLambLittleMissMuffetLucyLocketJackandJillCurly-LocksThereWasaLittleGirlMary,MaryTommySnooksandBessyBrooks,GeorgiaPorgieJack,BeNimbleLazyMaryMother,MayIGoOuttoSwim?IfAlltheWorldWerePaperPolly,PuttheKettleOnMolly,MySisterLittleTommyTuckerPeasePorridgeHotLittleJackHorner,Anurseryrhymeisatraditionalsongorpoemtaughttoyoungchildren,originallyinthenursery.Learningsuchverseassistsinthedevelopmentofvocabulary,andseveralexamplesdealwithrudimentarycountingskills.Italsoencourageschildrentoenjoymusic.Inaddition,specificactions,motions,ordancesareoftenassociatedwithparticularsongs.,TheDefinition,NumbersongsAlphabetsongsABCActivitysongsWipeBabysMouthCradlesongs,Varieties,1.Numbersongs,One,two,bucklemyshoe;Three,four,openthedoor;Five,six,pickupsticks;Seven,eight,laythemstraight;Nine,ten,beginagain.,2.Cradlesongs,Rock-a-bye,babyWhenthewindblows,Thecradlewillrock.Whentheboughbreaks,Thecradlewillfall.Rock-a-bye,baby,onthetreetop.Anddownwillcomebaby,Cradleandall.,LullabyandGoodNightInthesky,starsarebright.Roundyourhead,flowersgay.Setyourslumbers(sleep)tillday.Closeyoureyesnowandrest.Maythesehoursbeblessed.Gotosleepnowandrest.Maythesehoursbeblessed.,3.Activitysongs,ItsyBitsySpiderTheitsybitsyspiderwentupthewaterspout.Downcametherainandwashedthespiderout.Outcamethesunanddriedupalltherain.Andtheitsybitsyspiderwentupthesportagain.,Thecharacteristics,Twoofthechiefcharacteristicsofnurseryrhymesaretheirbrevityandstrongly-markedrhythm.Andmostofthenurseryrhythmsareperformance-relatedtoadapttheactiveveinofchildren.,1.Rhythm,Nurseryrhymesinmanylanguagesconsistofversesoffourlines,andeachlinehasfourmajorbeats.Thebeatsarespacedevenlyintimeandareusuallymarkedbysyllables(unit)withstressorwithsomeotherphonologicaldistinctionthatsetsthemofffromsurroundingsyllables,butrestsoccurinafewbeatpositions.-AmericanAnthropologist,Asyllableispartofawordthatcontainsonevowelsound;itmayalsocontainoneormoreconsonantsounds.Ingeneral,thenumberofvowelsintheworddeterminesthenumberofsyllable.-fromPronouncingAmericanEnglishP.18Asyllablecontainsatleastonevowel.,Inawordlike“bottle”,theweaksyllablecontainsnovowelatall,butconsistsentirelyoftheconsonants.Wecallthisasyllabicconsonant.-fromEnglishandPhonology:APracticalCourseP.75,ABigShoe,SaidlittleSueTolittlePete,Icantseeyou,Foryourbigfeet.SaidlittlePeteTolittleSueTisnotmyfeet,Tisbutmyshoe.,4lines,3beatsineachline,LittleJackHornersatinthecorner,EatinghisChristmaspie,Heputinhisthumbandpulledoutaplum,AndsaidWhatagoodboyamI!,AStrongbeatandaweakbeatmakeafeet,TumblingAnonymous(circa1745),Injumpingandtumbling(fallingdown)Wespendthewholeday,TillnightbyarrivingHasfinishedourplay.Whatthen?Oneandall,Theresnomoretobesaid,Aswetumbledallday,Sowetumbletobed.,Rhymed,rhyme:Apoemorversehavingaregularcorrespondenceofsounds,especiallyattheendsoflines.whileisarhymeformileAlliteration:Therepetitionofthesamesoundsorofthesamekindsofsoundsatthebeginningofwordsorinstressedsyllables,asinonscrollsofsilversnowysentences(HartCrane).,assonance:Resemblanceofsound,especiallyofthevowelsoundsinwords,asin:thatdolphin-torn,thatgong-tormentedsea(WilliamButlerYeats).,2.Repeated,Therecurringpatternsofphonologicalelements(similartorhyme,alliterationorassonance)playaroleinthestructureofversesandstrophes(beats).Andtheusesofmetaphorandmodificationsoftheformofsignscontributetoanoverallfluidityofmovement,whichisdistinctfromthenon-poeticsigneddiscourse.Thenurseryrhymesalwayshavetherepetitionofphonologicalunits,non-significantgestureandsimilarsubjectmatter,etc.,Metaphor:Afigureofspeechinwhichawordorphrasethatordinarilydesignatesonethingisusedtodesignateanother,thusmakinganimplicitcomparison,asinaseaoftroublesorAlltheworldsastage(Shakespeare).Modifications:Theactofmodifyingortheconditionofbeingmodified.,Repetitionhelpschildrenmasteralanguage.,Appletree,Appleround,Applered,Applejuicy,Applesweet,Apple,appleIloveyou.ApplesweetIlovetoeat.,3.Performance-related,WipeBabysMouth(TPR)Wipebabysmouth!Wipebabysnose!Coverbabysears!Cov