高中英语定语从句--知识点、难点与考点解析

高中英语语法重点难点回顾定语从句用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。 一、关系代词引导的定语从句1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词句子成分 用于限制从句或非限制性从句 只用于限制性从句 代替人 代替物 代替人或物主语 Who which that主语 Whom which that宾语 Whose(=of whom) whose(=of which) 例1：This is the detective who came from London. 例2：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy. 例3：The desk whose leg is broken is very old. 例4：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.2关系代词的用法 (1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如： All the people that are present burst into tears. (2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如： (3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如： There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educated. (4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如： He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. (5) that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。 (6) which可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。 (7) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。 (8) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如： The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. (9) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如： Is there anyone here who will go with you?3“介词关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构 (1) “介词关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。 (2) from where为“介词关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如： We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town. (3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如： This is the boy whom she has taken care of.二、关系副词引导的定语从句 1关系副词也可以引导定语从句 关系副词在从句中分别表示时间地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。 2. that可引导定语从句表示时间地点或原因 That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间地点或原因，在 that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1二者差异比较 限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。 2关系代词和关系副词的选择依据 (1) 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。 3. 先行词与定语从句隔离 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如： He was the only person in this country who was invited四、As在定语从句中的用法 1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 （1）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。 （2）as 也可单独使用，引导非The elephants nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如： （3）the same that与 the same as在意思上是不同的。 2As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置 as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如： (1) As is expected, the England team won the football match. (2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.五、定语从句学习容易出错的几方面 1、在定语从句中加了多余的或缺少宾语成分。 Some of the boys I invited the didnt come. She told the wrongs had been done to her by the boss. 2、 把定语从句的主谓一致问题。 Those who has finished may go now. 3、 当先行词为表示时间、地点的名词时，分不清关系词在定语从句中所作的句子成分。 Is this the school where Mr. White visited last month? 4、 分不清限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 The naughty boy often knocked at the Wangs door, that made the family unhappy. 5、与强调句混淆。 It was in the afternoon when I saw him in the park. 应该为：It was in that afternoon that I saw him in the park. 6、 忽视只能用that，不能用which的情况。 We should do all which is useful to the people.典型高考英语陷阱题详解定语从句1. The factory was built in a secret place, around _ high mountains. A. which was B. it was C. which were D. them were2. A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, Is there a hospital around _ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand? A. that B. which C. where D. what3. _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. A. It B. As C. That D. What4. David is such a good boy _ all the teachers like. A. that B. who C. as D. whom5. The buses, most of _ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. A. that B. it C. them D. which6. He had thousands of students, many of _ gained great success in their own field. A. whom B. them C. which D. who7. He had a lot of friends, only a few of _ invited to his wedding. A. whom B. them C. which D. who、8. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents seated together joking.A. their B. whose C. which D. that9. If the man is only interested in your looks, _ just shows how shallow he is. A. as B. which C. what D. that10. She says that shell never forget the time _ shes spent working as a secretary in our company. A. which B. when C. how D. where答案：1-5 C C B C D 6-10 A B A D A解析：1.【陷阱】容易误选A或B，将A、B中的 which 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。【分析】最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一个由介词+which引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was. 2. 【陷阱】容易误选 B，认为 around 是介词，选 which 用以代替前面的名词 hospital，在此用作介词 around 的宾语。【分析】最佳答案为C。以上语法分析并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为：有没有这样一个医院，我在它的附近可以买药治我的手伤？这样的语境显然有点不合情理，因为人们通常是在医院里面治伤，而不是在医院附近治伤。此题选 C 的理由是：句中的 around 不是介词，而是副词，意为在附近；其后的 where 引导定语从句用以修饰其前的地点名词 hospital，句意为：附近有没有一家医院，我可以去治我的手伤？3. 【陷阱】容易误选 A，认为此处应填一个形式主语。【分析】最佳答案是 B。as 引导的是一个非限制性定语从句。比较下面一题：_ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.A. It B. As C. That D. What此题答案选 A，it 为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的 that 从句4. 【陷阱】此题容易误选A，许多同学一看到题干中的such，再联系到选项中的 that，便认为这是考查such . that .句式。况且，这样理解意思也还通顺。【分析】最佳答案为C，不是A，因为在such . that . （如此.以至.）结构中，that 引导的是结果状语从句，并且 that 在从句中不充当句子成分，若在上句填入 such . that .，句末的动词 like 缺宾语。选C的理由如下：as 用作关系代词，用以引导定语从句，修饰其前的名词 boy，同时 as 在定语从句中用作动词 like 的宾语，句意为所有老师都喜欢的一位好男孩。有的同学可能还会问，假若选A，能否将其后的 that 视为引导定语从句的关系代词呢？不能，因为当先行词受到 such 的修饰时，其后的定语从句应用关系代词 as 来引导，而不用that.比较下面一题，答案为A，因为 like 后有自己的宾语 him：David is such a good boy _ all the teachers like him.A. that B. who C. as D. whom5. 【陷阱】容易误选 C，用 them 代指 the buses.【分析】最佳答案是D。most of which were already full 为非限制性定语从句，修饰 the buses6. 【陷阱】容易误选 B，用 them 代指 students.【分析】最佳答案是A，many of whom gained great success in their own field 为非限制性定语从句。假若在many of. 的前面加上连词and，则选答案B。7. 【陷阱】容易误选 A，认为这是非限制性定语从句。【分析】最佳答案是B，这不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 invited 并不是一个完整的谓语，而是一个过去分词。当然，假若在 invited 前加上助动词 were，则是一个非限制性定语从句，答案便应选A.8. 【陷阱】容易误选B，认为这是非限制性定语从句。【分析】最佳答案是A.与上面一题相似，their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 seated 不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为 seat 作动词用时，是及物动词。比较以下相似题：（1） On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents were seated together joking.A. their B. whose C. which D. that选B.whose parents were seated together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为其后有完整的谓语 were seated.（2） On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, and _ parents were seated together joking.A. their B. whose C. which D. that选A.因为句中有并列连词and，整个句子为并列句。（3） On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents sitting together joking.A. their B. whose C. which D. that选A.their parents sitting together joking 为独立主格结构。（4） On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents sat together joking.A. their B. whose C. which D. that选B.whose parents sat toge