American_Social_Movements in the 1960s美国社会问题

AmericanSocialMovementsofthe1960sandItsSocialProblems,SocialMovement,Asocialmovementisatypeofbehaviorinwhichalargenumberofparticipantsconsciouslyattemptstochangeexistinginstitutionsandestablishaneworderoflife.Allsocialmovementshavetwobasiccharacteristics:“StructureandSpontaneity.”,TheCivilRightMovement,TheAmericanCivilRightsMovement(19551968)referstothereformmovementsintheUnitedStatesaimedatabolishingracialdiscriminationagainstAfricanAmericansandrestoringsuffrageinSouthernstates.,TheJimCrowLaws,JimCrowwasacharacterinanoldsongwhowasrevivedbyawhitecomediancalledDaddyRice.Riceusedthecharactertomakefunofblackpeopleandthewaythattheyspoke.ThetermJimCrowcametobeusedasaninsultagainstblackpeople.InabidtostopblackAmericansfrombeingequal,thesouthernstatespassedaseriesoflawsknownasJimCrowlawswhichdiscriminatedagainstblacksandmadesurethattheyweresegregated(treatedunequally)fromwhites.,BecauseofJimCrowLaws-,Blackswereexcludedformallnewspapersandfromtrading.Negroesgraduallylostjobsingovernment,whichtheygainedaftertheCivilWar.Whitesownedtheland,thepolice,thegovernment,thecourtrooms,thelaw,thearmedforces,andthepress.Thepoliticalsystemdeniedblackstherighttovote.Murderswereconductedinsecretandinpublicbywhitemen.Theblackswereharassedandabused,physicallyandverbally.Theseviolentactsbecameapartoftheirlife.SignswereputuptoseparatefacilitiessayingwhitesonlyandcoloredorNegroesappearingonparks,toilets,waitingrooms,theatres,andwaterfountains.,KuKluxKlan,KuKluxKlan(KKK)isthenameofseveralpastandpresentsecretdomesticmilitantorganizationsintheUnitedStates,originatinginthesouthernstates,thatarebestknownforadvocatingwhitesupremacyandactingasterroristswhilehiddenbehindconicalhats,masksandwhiterobes.TheKKKhasarecordofterrorism,violence,andlynchingtointimidate,murder,andoppressAfricanAmericans,JewsandotherminoritiesandtointimidateandopposeRomanCatholicsandlaborunions.,GreensboroLunchCounterSit-in,In19604freshmenfromNorthCarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalCollegeinGreensborostrolledintotheF.W.Woolworthstoreandquietlysatdownatthelunchcounter.Theywerenotserved,buttheystayeduntilclosingtime.Thenextmorningtheycamewithtwenty-fivemorestudents.,RonaldMartin,RobertPatterson,andMarkMartinstagesit-downstrikeafterbeingrefusedserviceatanF.W.Woolworthluncheoncounter,Greensboro,N.C.1960.,Twoweekslatersimilardemonstrationshadspreadtoseveralcities,withinayearsimilarpeacefuldemonstrationstookplaceinoverahundredcitiesNorthandSouth.AtShawUniversityinRaleigh,NorthCarolina,thestudentsformedtheirownorganization,theStudentNon-ViolentCoordinatingCommittee(SNCC,pronouncedSnick).,ThestudentsbraveryinthefaceofverbalandphysicalabuseledtointegrationinmanystoresevenbeforethepassageoftheCivilRightsActof1964.,RosaLouiseMcCauleyParks,(February4,1913October24,2005)wasanAfricanAmericancivilrightsactivistwhomtheU.S.CongresslatercalledtheMotheroftheModern-DayCivilRightsMovement.,MartinLutherKing,Jr.,TheFatherofthemoderncivilRightmovementintheU.S.A.Kingwasborn15January1929anddiedon4April1968.AwardedtheNobelPeacePrizein1964,hediedwhenhewasassassinatedinMemphis,Tennessee.ThesearesomeofDrMartinLutherKingsfamousspeecheswhichimmortalizedthecivilrightsmovementofthe1960sandstillgiveinspirationtoday,TheMontgomeryBusBoycott,WhenRosaParksrefusedtogiveupherseattoawhitepersoninMontgomery,Alabama,andwasarrestedinDecember1955,shesetoffatrainofeventsthatgeneratedamomentumthecivilrightsmovementhadneverbeforeexperienced.Decidingtoboycottthebuses,theAfricanAmericancommunitysoonformedaneworganizationtosupervisetheboycott,theMontgomeryImprovementAssociation(MIA).TheyoungpastoroftheDexterAvenueBaptistChurch,ReverendMartinLutherKing,Jr.,waschosenasthefirstMIAleader.Theboycott,moresuccessfulthananyonehoped,ledtoa1956SupremeCourtdecisionbanningsegregatedbuses.,5,000atMeetingOutlineBoycott;BulletClipsBus.Montgomery,Alabama,BusBoycott.MontgomeryAdvertiser,December6,1955.,TheFreedomRides,TheFreedomRidersoftheearly1960s,organizedbytheCongressofRacialEquality(CORE),rodethroughtheSouthseekingintegrationofthebus,rail,andairportterminals.,TheAugust28,1963,MarchonWashingtonrivetedthenationsattention.Ratherthantheanticipatedhundredthousandmarchers,morethantwicethatnumberappeared,astonishingevenitsorganizers.Blacksandwhites,sidebyside,calledonPresidentJohnF.KennedyandtheCongresstoprovideequalaccesstopublicfacilities,qualityeducation,adequateemployment,anddecenthousingforAfricanAmericans.,Brownv.BoardofEducationofTopeka,GeorgeE.C.Hayes,left,ThurgoodMarshall,center,andJamesM.Nabrit,thelawyerswholedthefightbeforetheU.S.SupremeCourtforabolitionofsegregationinpublicschools,descendthecourtstepsinWashington,D.C.,onMay17,1954.TheSupremeCourtruledthatsegregationisunconstitutional.,The1965VotingRightsActcreatedasignificantchangeinthestatusofAfricanAmericansthroughouttheSouth.Priortothis,onlyanestimatedtwenty-threepercentofvoting-ageblackswereregisterednationally,butby1969thenumberhadjumpedtosixty-onepercent.,SigningtheVotingRightsAct,August6,1965.U.S.NewsandWorldReport,August16,1965.,TheCivilRightsActwaspassedbyCongressandsignedintolawbyPresidentJohnsonintheSummerof1964.,TheYouthMovement,FreeSpeechMovementwasastudentprotestwhichtookplaceduringthe1964-1965schoolyearonthecampusoftheUniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleyundertheinformalleadershipofstudentsMarioSavio,BrianTurner,SteveWeissman,ArtGoldberg,JackieGoldberg,andothers.,Inprotestsunprecedentedatthetime,studentsinsistedthattheuniversityadministrationliftabanonon-campuspoliticalactivitiesandacknowledgethestudentsrighttofreespeechandacademicfreedom.,Counterculture,InthewakeoftheFreeSpeechMovementandtheNewLeftappearedaphenomenonthathistorianscalledthe“counterculture”.TheCounterculturerejectedcapitalismandotherAmericanprinciples.Theyhadmoralsdifferentfromtaughtbytheirparents.Somegroupsofyouthtriedtoconstructdifferentwaysoflife.,Amongthemostfamouswerethehippies.Theysoughtnewexperiencethroughdroppingout,drugs.Butitwasmusic,rockmu