交通工程专业英语(裴玉龙)

EnglishinTrafficEngineering,GivenbyLiHong,Contents,TheEvolutionofTransport,AVCSSContributestowardReducingCongestionandImprovingTrafficSafety,UrbanTransitDefinitions,SightDistance,RoundaboutIntersection,Unit1,Unit2,ReinforcementinConcreteRoadSlabs,Unit6,Unit3,Unit4,Unit5,Contents,Unit7,Unit8,Freeways,Unit12,Unit9,Unit10,Unit11,Translationskills,EnglishAbstractWriting,Intersections,Roadworks,Bridges,TheEvolutionofTransport,Howdoestransportproducedanddeveloped？Whatrestrictsthedevelopmentoftransportation？Whatarethenegetiveresultscausedbyvarioustransportmodes?Howistheprospetoftransportaccordingtothispaper?,Atfirsttherewasmobilityrequiredforindividuals,clans,households,andaniamlstoprotectthemagainst,andtoescapefrom,thedangersofnaruraldisastersandtribalaggessions,andinthesearchforthebestplacestosettle.,tribetraibn.部落，族群，宗族evolutioni:vlu:nn.进展，发展，演变，进化clanklnn.宗族，部落，集团territorialterit:rila.领土的，土地的integrityintegrtin.正直，诚实，廉正，完整agressiongrenn.进攻，侵略comeintobeing形成，产生,Astribalgroupsformedandgraduallyestablishedtheirgeographicalidentity,transportwasincreasinglyneedtoopenupregionsfordevelopent,toprovideaccesstonaturalresources,topromoteintercommunaltrade,andtomobilizeterritorialdefence.时间状语从句,Paragraph1,交通运输的产生及其早期的作用,Duringallofthisgradualdevelopmenttowardanorganizedhumansociety,（represestedtodaythroughtheinternationalfamilyofnations）,transportasphysicalprocessofmovingpeopleandgoods,thuspromotingsuchdevelopment,continuouslyunderwenttechnologicalandorganizationalchanges.during引导时间状语从句,intercontinentalint,kntinentla.洲际间的，大陆间的undergo,nduvt.经历，经受；忍受experiences;tests;surgerysubjectto使服从；使遭受；受管制inresponseto响应，对作出反应,Paragraph2,运输方式的发展与人类社会的发展相互促进,criterionkraitirinn.(批评判断的)标准；准则；规范firstandforemost首先最重要的是unconstrainedn,knstreinda.不受约束的，不受强制的ingenuity,indinju:tin.创造性，独创性，心灵手巧,Paragraph3,Subsequentlyrefinedanddeveloped,suchnewtechnologiesmadeitpossibletobettermeetincreasingtransportdemand,thusimprovingbotheconomicprogressandhumanwelfare.,社会发展需要高效率的交通运输,strategicstrti:dika.战略上的，战略的strategicmobility军战略机动能力propulsionpruplnn.推进；推进力self-propulsion自推进力，自我推进，自航sturdyst:dia.坚定的；强健的；健全的sophisticatesfistikeitvt.弄复杂；使变得世故；曲解n.久经世故的人；精通者costeffectiveness成本效率,Paragraph45,4:新型运输方式的产生,5:具有特殊用途的运输方式的产生,equityekwtin.公平，公正；普通股；平衡subsidizesbsidaizvt.资助；给与奖助金；向行贿commodityflow商品流动detrimental,detrimentladj.有害的；不利的n.有害的人（或物）,Paragraph67,Althoughtransportspotentialtomeeteffectivelynumeroussocitalmobilityneedimprovedcontinuously,itbecameevidentthatsucheffectivenesshaditsprice.although引导让步状语从句,6:运输方式的发展与高投入相互制约,7:交通运输发展所导致的环境污染问题,criterionkraitirinn.(批评判断的)标准；准则；规范firstandforemost首先最重要的是unconstrainedn,knstreinda.不受约束的，不受强制的ingenuity,indinju:tin.创造性，独创性，心灵手巧,Paragraph8,Subsequentlyrefinedanddeveloped,suchnewtechnologiesmadeitpossibletobettermeetincreasingtransportdemand,thusimprovingbotheconomicprogressandhumanwelfare.,社会发展需要高效率的交通运输,dwindledwindlv.减少；变小；使减少impedeimpi:dvt.阻碍；妨碍；阻止derivativedirivtivn.化学衍生物，派生物adj.派生的；引出的unabated,nbeitidadj.不减弱的，不衰退的disproportiondisprp:nn.不均衡；不相称deficitdefisitn.赤字；不足额currentaccount现金账户,TheEnd,Paragraph89,Thereisnootherchoicebuttolookforalternativestopresenttransportsystemsortomodifythetechnicalandoperationalcharacteristicsofrelatedmodessothatenergyconsumptionandcostswillbereducedandenvironmentalimpactscanbekeptataminimum.,8:能源危机对运输成本及国家经济造成挑战,9:对交通运输进一步发展提出建议,AVCSSContributestowardReducingCongestionandImprovingTrafficSafety,Howdoestransportproducedanddeveloped？Whatrestrictsthedevelopmentoftransportation？Whatarethenegetiveresultscausedbyvarioustransportmodes?Howistheprospetoftransportaccordingtothispaper?,Atfirsttherewasmobilityrequiredforindividuals,clans,households,andaniamlstoprotectthemagainst,andtoescapefrom,thedangersofnaruraldisastersandtribalaggessions,andinthesearchforthebestplacestosettle.,tribetraibn.部落，族群，宗族evolutioni:vlu:nn.进展，发展，演变，进化clanklnn.宗族，部落，集团territorialterit:rila.领土的，土地的integrityintegrtin.正直，诚实，廉正，完整agressiongrenn.进攻，侵略comeintobeing形成，产生,Astribalgroupsformedandgraduallyestablishedtheirgeographicalidentity,transportwasincreasinglyneedtoopenupregionsfordevelopent,toprovideaccesstonaturalresources,topromoteintercommunaltrade,andtomobilizeterritorialdefence.时间状语从句,Paragraph1,交通运输的产生及其早期的作用,AVCSSContributestowardReducingCongestionandImprovingTrafficSafety,致力于减少交通拥堵和提高交通安全的先进车辆控制安全系统,AVCS(AdvancedVehicleControlSystems)现金的车辆控制系统congestionkndestnn.拥挤；拥塞；充血ITS(IntelligentTransportSystems)智能交通系统conceiveknsi:vv.构思，设想，持有，怀孕ATMS(AdvancedTrafficManagementSystem)先进的交通管理系统ATIS(AdvancedTrafficInformationSystem)先进的交通信息系统,Indecadesincethen,themajorityoftheattentionoftheITScommunityingeneralhasbeenfocusedonATMSandATIS,whilethedefinitionofAVCShasbeenexpandedtoAVCSSwiththeadditionofandSaftytoaccommodatesafetywarningsystemsthatarenotactuallycontrolsystems.,Paragraph1,AVCSS的功能范围,investmentinvestmntn.投资；投入；封锁,ThisassumptionisparticularlymisleadinginthecaseofAVCSS,wherethelargemajorityoftheactivityoccurswithinthevehiclemanufacturingandsupplyingindustriesandthemostadvancedthinkinghappenswithinthestateDoTsrathingthantheU.S.DoT.,Paragraph2,民众对ITS和AVCSS的误解,encompassinkmpsvt.包含；包围，环绕；完成categoryktirin.种类，分类；数范畴longitudinal,lnditju:dinladj.长度的，纵向的；经线的lateralltrladj.侧面的，横向的readinessredinisn.敏捷，迅速；准备就绪,Thisdoesnotevencapturethebreadthofpossibilitysthatarisefromvaryinglevelsofcooperationandautomationwithinanindividualuserservice.,Paragraph3,AVCSS的涵盖范围及其缺憾,audibleaudibleadj.听得见的haptichptikadj.触觉的correctivekrektivadj.矫正的；惩治的trucklane卡车道；载重汽车车道departuredip:tn.离开；出发；违背;启程,Warningsystemscanprovideaudible,visibleorhaptic(touch)cuestoalertthedrivertopotentiallyunsafeconditions,afterwhichthedriverneedtotakecorrectiveactiontoavoidthehazard.,Paragraph4,警告系统的使用状况,portionp:nn.部分；一份；命运adaptivedptivadj.适应的，适合的cruisekru:zn.包租paratransitprtrnsitn.辅助客运系统（一般无固定路线或时间表）,Urbantransit(alsocalledmasstransit)isacommoncarriersserviceprovidedforthecarriageofpassengersandtheirincidentalbaggageonestablishedroutesandfixedschedulesatpublishedratesoffares,andavailabletoallpersonswishingtoavailthemsevesoftheservice.,城市轨道交通（亦称公共轨道交通）是一种常见的运输服务。它建立行车路线、依据票价修订时刻表使所有人享受到有益的服务，为乘客及其携带的行李运输服务。,Part1,Generalfunctiondefinitions,Paratransitisaservicethatdeviatesfromtheprecedingdefinitioninthatitmaynotfollowfixedroutesorschedules,maynotbeavailabletothegeneralpublic,orboth.,城市辅助客运系统不同于上述（城市轨道交通的）定义，因它不遵循既定路线和时刻表，且对富通大众来讲并不便利。,Charterserviceisbasedoncontractsbetweenatransitagencyandindividualsforoccasionalorregularhireofvehiclesanddrivers,isrestrictedtotheuseofthecontractingparty,andfollowswhateverrouteandschedulethispartydesires.,包租服务是基于运输代理商与个体之间签订的偶尔或者定期的汽车或司机的租赁合同而开展的，它受合同签订双方的约束，并遵循双方约定的路线和时刻表。,Part2,Technologicaldefinitiona,high-occupancy-vehicle高载客量车辆revenuerevnju:n.税收，收益rollingstock全部车辆designatesdezineitvt.指定；指派；标出；把定名为passengervehicle客车，客运车辆；载客车辆chassissisn.底盘，底架propelprupelvt.推进；驱使；激励；驱策combustionkmbstnn.燃烧，氧化；骚动trolleytrlin.（美）无轨电车（英）有轨电车trolleybus无轨电车articulated:tikju:leitidadj.铰接式的；有关节的v.铰接;使相互连贯articulatedbus通道式双节汽车，双节公交commuterkmju:tn.通勤者，经常乘公共车辆往返者haulageh:lidn.拖曳；运费；拖运locomotiveluk,mutivn.主张flexuralflekrladj.弯曲的；曲折的flexuralstrength挠曲强度,Evenifitwerepossibletoanalyzethesestressesexactly,itisdoubtfulwhetherinnormalroadconstructiontheinclusionofsufficientsteelinaroadslabtocompletelyresistthestresseswouldbejustified;,即使能够对这些应力进行准确的分析，但是在一般的道路建设中，使用大量钢筋来承受应力的合理性仍是值得怀疑的。,Paragraph3,加强钢筋的设置位置,criticalstress临界应力；临界压力securesikjuv.安全；保护，担保proposition,prpzinn.命题；提议；议题;主张flexuralflekrladj.弯曲的；曲折的flexuralstrength挠曲强度,notonlyisitnotnecessaryfromasaftyaspect,butitisprobablynotaneconomicalpropositioneither,sincewithmordenconstructionmethodsadditionalload-carryingcapacitycouldprobablybesecuredatlesscostbyusingadditionalthicknessofconcretethanbyusingtherelativelylargeamountsofsteelneededtoincreasethepavementsflexuralstrengthtothesameextent.,这不仅从安全角度考虑没有必要，而且也不经济，因为根据现代施工法，用增加混凝土厚度的方法提高承载能力，比采用大量的钢筋来同等成都增加路面抗弯强度要便宜。,Freeways,高速公路属于高等级公路。其建设情况反映着一个国家和地区的交通发达程度、乃至经济发展的整体水平。,Part1,简介-1、2,arterial:tiriladj.动脉的；干线的；像动脉的arterialhighway干线道路；国有公路；一级公路controlofaccess通路入口管制；出入管制abutbtv.邻接；毗邻；紧靠authority:rtin.权威；权力；当局publicauthority公共机关；政府当局preferenceprefrnsn.偏爱，倾向；优先权；特惠throughtraffic联运；交过境交通drivewaydraivwein.车道,Fullcontrolofaccessmeansthattheauthoritytocontrolaccessisexercisedtogivepreferencetothroughtrafficbyprovidingaccessconnectionswithselectedpublicroadsonlyandbyprohibitingcrossingsatgradeordirectprivatedrivewayconnections.,出入口完全管制是指当局以在部分公共道路之间提供出入口连接、在不同等级或与私人车道的直接连接处设置禁止通行的方式为过境交通提供优先权。,Part1,简介-3,preservation,prezveinn.保存，保留，保护as-builtadj.竣工；完工interchange,intteind美（进出高速公路的）互通式立体交叉；道路立体枢纽terminatedt:mineitidadj.终止的；有限的,Highwayswithfullycontrolledaccesshavegradeseparationsatallrailroadsandgradeseparationsorinterchangesatselectedpubliccrossroads.,出入口完全管制的公路在所有铁路和部分公共十字路口的立体枢纽处设置分离式立体交叉，其他十字路口之间相互连接或位于道路末端。,Part1,简介-4、5,medianmi:dinn.中值，中位数；道路中线ramprmpn.斜坡，坡道，匝道corridorkrid:n.走廊，通道volumevlju:mn.量；体积；卷；音量；大量,Essentialfreewayelementsincludemedians,gradeseparationsatcrossstreets,rampconnectionsforentrancetoandexitfromthethroughpavementsforinterchangeoftraffic,and(insomecases)frontageroads.,高速公路的重要要素包括：道路中线、交叉路口的分离式立交、为互通交通设置的进出口匝道连接，以及（在某些情况下的）临街道路。,Freewaysareselectedforprincipalarterialcorridorsthatareintendedtoprovideforsafeandefficientmovementofhighvolumesoftrafficatrelativelyhighspeed.,高速公路是被选作重要的干线通道，目的是为保障大量高速行驶车辆安全有效的运行。,Part2,设计速度-1,prudentpru:dntadj.谨慎的；精明的；节俭的right-of-wayn.通行权；道路使用权socioeconomiccost社会经济成本,Asageneralconsideration,thedesignspeedofurbanfreewaysshouldreflectthedesiredsafeoperatingspeedduringnonpeakhours,butshouldnotbesohighthatitexceedsthelimitsofprudentconstruction,right-of-way,andsocioeconomiccostsbecausealargeproportionofveiclecareaccommodatedduringperofpeakflowswhenlowerspeedsarenecessary.,一般认为，城市高速公路的设计速度反映了非高峰时期的目标安全速度，但也不应该那么高，因它超出了节约建设、道路使用权、及社会经济成本的限度。因为大部分车辆都处于高峰期低速行驶的车流中。,Part2,设计速度-2,proportionprp()nn.比例；部分；面积；均衡postedpustidadj.贴出的；有地位的；被通报的postedspeedlimite标示的速度限制enforceinf:svt.强迫，强制；实施，执行expectancyikspektnsin.期望，期待,Thedesignspeedshouldneverbelessthan50mph.Wheneverthisminimumdesignspeedisused,theimportantsaftyconsiderationsaretohaveaproperlypostedspeedlimitandtoenforcethespeedlimitduringoff-peakhour.,设计速度不应小于50mph。不论在何处使用这个最低设计速度，重要的安全考虑因素是选取恰当的标示限制速度，并在非高峰时期实行限速。,Part3,设计交通流量,projectionprudeknn.投射；规划；突出；发射；推测metropolitan,metrplitnadj.大都市的；宗主国的n.大城市人；宗主国的公民designtrafficvolumes设计交通流量designperiods设计周期；设计使用期segmentsemntn.段；部分；标段commensuratekmenritadj.相称的；同量的；同样大小的intermediate,intmi:djtadj.中间的；vi.起媒介作用的,Part4,服务水平-1,compensatekmpenseitv.补偿，赔偿；抵消manualmnjuladj.手工的；体力的n.手册，指南HCM(highwaycapacitymanual)公路通行能力手册striveto努力；力求feasiblefi:zbladj.可行的；可能的；可实行的anticipatentisipeitvt.预期，期望；抢先；提前使用,AlthoughchoiceofthedesignlevelofserviceislefttotheuseroftheHCM,designersshouldstrivetoprovidethehighestlevelofservicefeasibleandconsistentwithanticipatedconditions.,尽管选择什么样的设计服务水平应由读者参照公路通行能力手册来确定，但设计者应尽可能提供可行的最高服务水平，并且应使其与预期条件相一致。,Part4,服务水平-2,congestionkndestnn.拥挤；拥塞；充血auxiliary:ziljrin.辅助者，辅助物；附属机构adj.辅助的；副的；附加的necessitatenisesi,teitvt.使成为必需，需要；迫使auxiliarylane辅助车道,Foracceptabledegreesofcongestion,freewaysandtheirauxiliaryfacilities,i.e.ramps,mainlineweavingsections,andC-Droadsinurbanandsuburbanareas,shouldgenerallybedesignedforlevel-ofserviceC.,在可接受的拥堵程度下，对高速公路及其辅助设备等来说，匝道，主线交织部分，及城市和近郊地区的C-D级服务水平的道路通常应被设计成C级服务水平。,Part5,路面和路肩-1,skidskidn.simplysupportedgirder,prestressed(thistypeincorporatesprecast,prestressedI-girdersorboxgirderstoppedbyacast-in-placedeck);andcast-in-placeboxgirder.,以小跨径混凝土桥为例，包括现浇，钢筋混凝土T梁（和板）；简支梁，预应力（此类包括预制的，置于现浇平台上的预应力工字型梁或箱型梁）；以及现场与之箱梁。,Bridges,suiteto适合于devisedivaizvt.设计；想出；发明bewilderbiwildvt.使迷惑，使不知所措designprinciple设计原则,Thedesignerofeachmedium-andlong-spanbridgetriestodeviseastructurethatisbestsuitedtotheconditionsencounteredatthatparticularlocation.Theresultisanalmostbewilderingvarietyofstructuresthatdiffereitherinbasicdesignprinciplesorindesigndetails.,每个中、长跨径桥梁的设计者试图设计出最适合特定桥位条件的结构。结果可能是各种令人眼花缭乱的结构形式，不论在基本设计原则上还是在设计细节上都互不相同。,Bridges,Bridges,GirderBridge,platepleit板，薄板，板块，盘子bridgedeck桥面板vehicleload车辆荷载girderbridge=beambridge梁桥,Agirderbridge,ingeneral,isabridgebuiltofgirdersplacedonbridgeabutmentsandfoundationpiers.Inturn,abridgedeckisbuiltontopofthegirdersinordertocarryvehicleload.Girderbridgescomeintwobasicvarietiesplateandboxgirders.PlategirdersareusedintheUnitedStatesformediumspans.,梁桥，通常说来，是将主梁置于桥台和桥墩上，而桥面板置于主梁上承受车辆荷载。梁桥有两个基本的分类板梁和箱梁。在美国，板梁用于中等跨径。它们通常为连狙结构，在墩柱上梁的厚度最大，在跨中最小。,GirderBridge,TheplategirdersgenerallyhaveanIcrosssection;theyarearrangedinlinesthatsupportstringers,flaorbeams,and,generally,acast-in-placeconcretedeck.,板梁通常为工字型截面；排列成一直线支撑纵向加强肋、横梁，以及通常为现浇混凝土板。,Welded-steelboxgirderstructuresaregenerallysimilartoplategirderspansexceptfortheconfigurationofthebridgecross-section.Rigidframesareusedoccasionally,mostoftenforspansintherangeof75to100ft(22.9to30.5m)andforgrade-separationstructures.,除了桥梁横断面的结构外形（不同）外，焊接钢箱梁的结构与板梁的跨度几乎相同。刚架桥的使用比较少，通常使用在22.9m到30.5m的跨径上，以及立交结构。,crosssection横截面；截面；横断面；剖面stringerstrin.(梁式桥中的)纵向加强肋flaorbeam楼板梁；横梁weldweldv.Inaccordancewithstandarddesign,strictcontrolofconstructionquality,toensuresufficientstrengthandroadbedstability;,路基工程在道路建设中，工程量大、占地广，常为控制施工进度的关键，故要求：尽可能与沿线农田水利建设相结合并力争节约用地；按照标准设计，严格控制施工质量，保证路基具有足够的强度和稳定性；,Subgrade,hierarchicalharkkladj.分层的；等级体系的compactionkmpknn.压紧；精简；密封；凝结moisturemstn.水分；湿度；潮湿；降雨量thermalm()ladj.热的，热量的insulationnsjle()nn.绝缘；隔离，孤立capillarykplrn.毛细管。adj.毛细管的；毛状的,Strengtheningworkstoimprovedrainageandprotection,alongtheriverembankmentshouldbecarefulnottobedestroyedbyflood;Fillprojectshouldbecautiousintheselectionandhierarchicalcompactionofsoil,itsdensityandmoisturecontenton-sitecontrol;Thefrozenareashouldbesetantifreezinglayerorawater-resistinglayerandathermalinsulationlayer,cutoffthecapillarywater,reducetheadverseeffectsofnegativetemperature;,搞好排水和防护加固工程，沿河路基应注意不被洪水淹没冲毁；填方工程应慎选土质并分层夯实，对其密实度和含水量进行现场控制；冰冻地区还应设置防冻层或设置隔水层和隔温层，切断毛细水，减少负温差的不利影响（不良反应）；,Subgrade,cliffklifn.悬崖；绝壁steepstipadj.陡峭的；geologicaldldikladj.地质的，地质学的hydrological,hadrldikladj.水文学的,Andwhentheroutethroughthecliffstobuildsuspensionwayorthebridge,steephillsidetoconstructionofretainingwall,stoneslopeprotectionorfootprotectionengineeringtoensureembankmentandthemountainstability;Whenroutecantescapebyspecialoradversegeological,hydrologicalareaorsection,thesubgradeworksshouldtakepreventandcontrolmeasuresagainstthespecificsituationandcharacteristics.,当路线通过悬岩峭壁需修建悬出路台或半山桥，陡峻山坡则需修筑挡土墙、石砌护坡或护脚等工程以保证路基和山体的稳定；当路线不能避让必须通过特殊或不良地质、水文的地区或路段时，路基工程应针对其具体情况和特征采取防治措施。,Roaddesign,complywith照做，遵守，遵从dimensiondmen()nn.数维；尺寸；次元；容积,Roaddesignshouldcomplywiththefollowingbasicprinciples：1.ThedesignusedinhighwaydesignvehiclesoutsidedimensionsprovidedinTable：,道路设计应该遵守以下基本原则：1.公路设计所采用的设计车辆外廓尺寸规定如表：,Roaddesign,2.Lanewidthshallmeetthefollowing：Note:Highwaytoeightlanes,hardshoulderwhensetontheleft,theinsideofthelanewidthcanbe3.5m.3.theshoulderwidthshouldsatisfythefollowingtable:,Roaddesign,complywith照做，遵守，遵从dimensiondimen()nn.数维；尺寸；次元；容积expresswayikspreswein.（美）高速公路,Note：Normalvalueforthevalueundernormalconditionswasused；Theminimumvalueisthevalueusedwhentheconditionswereislimited.Thedesignspeedof120km/hhighfour-laneexpressway,with3.50mhardshouldertotheright;six-lane,eight-laneexpressway,with3.00mhardshouldertotheright.,注：一般值为正常情况下的采用值；“最小值”为条件受限时所采用的值。设计速度为120km/h的高速公路，采用3.5m的右侧硬路肩；6车道、8车道的高速公路，采用3m的右侧硬路肩。,Roaddesign,4.Theminimumroadturningcircleradiusofthecurveshouldbeconsistentwiththefollowingtable:5.Themaximumlongitudinalslopeshallcomplywiththefollowingtable：,4.道路圆曲线最小转弯半径应符合下表：5.最大纵坡应符合下表：,Roaddesign,6.Whensettingaplus(minus)-speedlane,climbinglane,slowlane,thepassinglane,theconstructionboundarysshallincludethecorrespondingpartofthewidth.7.Eight-lanehighwayandabove(integral),theconstructionboundarysshallincludethewidthoftheleftshoulder.8.Bridges,tunnelssetupwithroadmaintenance,sidewalks,theconstructionboundarysshallincludethecorrespondingpartofthewidth.,6.当设置有加（减）速车道、紧急停车带、爬坡车道、慢车道、错车道时，建筑限界应包括相应部分的宽度。7.八车道及其以上的公路（整体式），建筑限界应包括左路肩的宽度。8.桥梁、隧道设置检修道、人行道时，建筑限界应包括相应部分的宽度。,minusmainsprep.减，减去;n.负号，减号；不足integralntgr()ladj.Itisprovedthat/已经证实、有人证实;Itisreportedthat/据报道2.被动句型Computersmaybeclassifiedasanaloganddigital.3.as结构句型Microcomputersareverysmallinsize,asisshowninFig.5.4.分词短语句型Theresistancebeingveryhigh,thecurrentinthcircuitwaslow.5.省略句结构句型Anobject,onceinmotion,willkeeponmovingbecauseofitsinertia.,PartCharacteristicsofScientificLiteraturs,长句较多英语为形合语言，而汉语为意合语言，因此英语长句较多。复合词及缩略词多复合词：feed-back,same-sex,on-and-off-the-road,GIS-Based，biotechnology,biochemical缩略词：maths=mathematicslab=laboratoryFt=foot/feet,ASCE=AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineeringheliport,PartTranslationskills,常用技巧之一：合句法与分句法概说英译汉时，为了迎合汉语语言习惯，常需改变原句的句子结构。合句法和分句法是改变原句子结构的两种重要方法。合句法：把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。分句法：把原文中的一个单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。,PartTranslationskills,分句法1、单词译成句子Exam.TheChineseseemedjustifiablyproudoftheireconomicachievements.译文：中国人似乎在为他们的经济上的成就而自豪，这是合乎情理的。Exam.ChairmanMaomighthavespokenwithunderstandableprideofhispolicyof“self-reliance”.译文一：毛主席可能曾用可以理解的自豪谈到自己的“自力更生”政策。译文二：毛主席可能曾自豪谈到自己的“自力更生”政策，这是可以理解的。,PartTranslationskills,Exam.Amovieofmeleavingthatfoxholewouldlooklikeashellleavingarifle.译文：我离开那“狐狸洞”的的速度之快，若拍成电影的话，会象出膛的子弹一样拆句条件:当某个单词的意义实际上是对整句话进行修饰限制时.2、短语译成句子HearrivesinWashingtonataripemomentinternationally.译文：他来到华盛顿，就国际形势而言，时机正合适。,PartTranslationskills,3、一句拆成两句Exam.Youmustgrasptheconceptof“work”whichisveryimportantinphysics.译文：你必须掌握“功”的概念，因为它在物理学中很重要。Exam.Einstein,whoworkedoutthefamousTheoriesofRelativity,wontheNobelPrizein1921.译文：由于爱因斯坦提出了著名的“相对论”，因此，他于1921年获得了诺贝尔奖金。Exam.Theenemytriedinvaintocaptureourstrongholdforseve