英语中的否定 讲义

英语中的否定一英语中常见的否定现象1.部分否定代词或副词如all,both,every,everybody,everyday,everyone,everything,entirely,altogether,absolutely,wholly,completely,everywhere,always,often等与not搭配使用时，表示部分否定，意为“并非都是，不是每个都是”等。Iagreewithmostofwhatyousaid,butIdontagreewith_(97NMET)A.everythingB.anythingC.somethingD.nothing,2.全部否定英语中表示全部否定常用no,not,none,nobody,nothing,nowhere,neither,never等。a.Wecouldnteatinarestaurantbecause_ofushad_moneyonus.(91MET)A.all;noB.any;noC.none;anyD.noone;anyb.Imadeacalltomyparentsyesterday.Tomydisappointment,_ofthemansweredit.(2005福建)A.eitherB.noneC.neitherD.nobody,3.半否定表示整个句子的意思接近于否定。常用的半否定副词有：hardly,scarcely,barely,rarely,seldom,only,little,few等。a.YouandIcouldhardlyworktogether,_?(2009湖南)A.couldyouB.couldntIC.couldntweD.couldweb.SallysneverseenaplayintheShanghaiGrandTheatre,_?（2009上海）A.hasntsheB.hassheC.isntsheD.isshe,4.双重否定双重否定是指同一个句子中出现两个否定词，即否定之否定。双重否定句表示的意思时肯定的，通常比肯定句的语气要重。Thankyouforallyourhardworklastweek.Idontthinkwe_itwithoutyou.（2008山东）A.canmanageB.couldhavemanagedC.couldmanageD.canhavemanaged,5.否定转移否定转移是指将think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。Idontsupposeanyonewillvolunteer,_?(2001上海)AdoIB.dontIC.willtheyD.wontthey,二通过特定词汇构成的否定。1.形容词（短语）常见有：farfrom(一点也不),freefrom(不受影响)，safefrom(免于),shortof(缺少),ignorantof(不知道),independentof(不受的支配),impatientof(对不耐烦),blindto(看不见),absentfrom,differentfrom,reluctantto,deadto(对没反应)Theartshowwas_beingafailure;itwasagreatsuccess.(2009天津)A.farfromB.alongwithC.nexttoD.regardlessof,2.副词(短语)常见的有：muchless(更不应说),stillless(更不应说),letalone(更不应说),notatall,notintheleast,notabit(=notatall)注意与notalittle(=very)的区别。Shestooshytoaskastrangerthetime,_speaktoaroomfullofpeople.A.stilllessB.lessthanC.nolessthanD.moreless,3.介词(短语)常见的有：past(超过)，above(超出之外),without,beyond,butfor(要不是),insteadof,invain(徒劳),inthedark,ataloss,inspiteof,outof,outofthequestion(不可能),anythingbut绝对不,bynomeans（绝不），nolonger,onnoaccount(决不),undernocircumstance(决不),atnotime。-Whydoyousuggestwebuyanewmachine?-Becausetheoldonehasbeendamaged_.(2008江苏)A.beyondreachB.beyondrepairC.beyondcontrolD.beyonddescription,IvetriedveryhardtoimprovemyEnglish.Butbynomeans_withmyprogress.(2006重庆)A.theteacherisnotsatisfiedB.istheteachernotsatisfiedC.theteacherissatisfiedD.istheteachersatisfied4动词（短语）常见的有：miss(没有击中),deny(否认)，lack(缺少),refuse,escape,resist,reject,decline,doubt,wonder,fail,exclude,overlook,neglect,forbid,liveupto,protectfrom,keep(prevent,discourage)sbfromdoing,turnadeafearto,Marywantedtotravelaroundtheworldallbyherself,butherparentsdidnot_hertodoso.(2006全国II卷)A.forbidB.allowC.followD.askIfthefirmsfailedtomakeenoughmoney,theywould_.(2007湖北)A.closedownB.calloffC.turndownD.setoff三通过特定句式构成的否定（一）下列为形式肯定，意义否定的句子。1.since+从句（谓语为延续动词）,Thatwasreallyasplendidevening.Itsyears_Ienjoyedmyselfsomuch.(2005安徽)A.whenB.thatC.beforeD.since2.wouldratherthan/prefertodoratherthan/preferdoingtodoingRatherthan_onacrowdedbus,healwaysprefers_abicycle.(95NMET)A.ride;rideB.Riding;rideC.ride;torideD.toride;riding3.thelast+Ntodosth/定语从句HeisthelastmanthatIwanttosee.他是我最不想见的人。Shesthelastpersontodependon.她是最不可靠的人。该句式表“最不可能做某事”，表极强的否定。,4.tooto太.而不能Yourbrotheristooyoungtogotoschool,ishe?你弟弟太小了，还不能上学，是吗？但too前有all,but,quite等，或too后是ready,easy,eager,anxious,willing,等，不定式不在含有否定的意义。Heisalltoopleasedtogoadvice.他太爱给人出谋划策。（二）下列为形式否定，意义肯定的句子。5.not.until.直才Itwas_hecamebackfromAfricathatyear_hemetthegirlhewouldliketomarry.(2009江西)A.when;thenB.not;untilC.notuntil;thatD.only;when,6.Whynot（）?为什么不？好的!-Howaboutputtingsomepicturesintothereport?-_Apictureisworthathousandwords.(2005江苏)A.Noway.B.Whynot?C.Allright?D.Nomatter.7.比较级的否定表最高级ShallIgiveyouarideasyoulivesofarawayThankyou._.(2005江西)AItcouldntbebetterBOfcourseyoucanCIfyoulikeDItsuptoyou,8.Hardlywhen./Nosoonerthan“一就”。-DidLindaseethetrafficaccident?-No,nosooner_thanithappened.(2006天津)A.hadshegoneB.shehadgoneC.hasshegoneD.shehasgone_gotintotheroom_thetelephonerang.(98上海)A.Hehardlyhad;thanB.Hardlyhadhe;whenC.Hehadnot;thanD.Nothadhe;when,(三)其他情况9.cannot/cannevertoo再也不为过-Iwasridingalongthestreetandallofasudden,acarcutinandknockedmedonw.-Youcanneverbe_carefulinthestreet.(2003北京春招)A.muchB.veryC.soD.too-MustIturnoffthegasaftercooking?-Ofcourse.Youcanneverbe_carefulwiththat.(2005江西)A.enoughB.tooC.soD.very,10.cantresist/helpdoing情不自禁地.Shecanthelp_thehousebecauseshesbusymakingacake.(97上海)A.toclearB.cleaningC.cleanedD.beingcleanedWhileshopping,peoplesometimescanthelp_intobuyingsomethingtheydontreallyneed.(96上海)A.topersuadeB.persuadingC.beingpersuadedD.bepersuaded,11.对非谓语动词的否定_theprogramme,theyhavetostaythereforanothertwoweeks.(2004广东)A.NotcompletingB.NotcompletedC.NothavingcompletedD.Havingnotcompleted四英语中极易误解的否定句式1.“no+比较级”的句式否定两者。HeisnotallerthanI.我和他都不高。2.notbecause句式意为“并不因为才”或“没有因为”。Shedidntdoitbecauseitwaseasy.他并不是因为这件事容易才做的。或：她没有做这件事，因为太容易了。,Youshouldnotdespiseamanbecauseheispoor你不应该因为一个人穷就看不起他。3.aswelllas与否定词连用时否定词只否定aswellas之前的部分。Ishallnotgoaswellasyou.你去，但我不去。4.“notand”结构表示对两者之一的否定，并非对两者的全部否定。Thecarelessstudentcouldntdohishomewor