高考英语一轮复习语法专题词类复习（2）（讲）新人教版选修8.doc

词类复习（2）有提示词的词类复习：动词、非谓语动词、形容词和副词、名词、动词、非谓语动词在前面已经复习过这里不在细讲基础知识。名词（1）考纲要求名词应掌握以下内容：分清名词的可数性与不可数性；可数名词有单复数，有些名词只有复数；物质名词、抽象名词不可数但可以具体量化使用；名词所有格和of格的语言现象；名词直接作定语；国家名词的正确使用；名词词义的区分和搭配；单位名词的搭配；名词前的修饰语so, as, quite等；time及常考点。（2）命题规律名词的“可数”与“不可数”是高考命题的热点之一。名词的考查强调语言的情景化，重点考查在特定语境、真实语境中的准确辨析、选择和运用名词的能力。名词短语的固定搭配及名词作定语也是高考命题的注意点。另外，在熟练掌握名词的基本意义和用法的同时，要特别留意某些名词的基本意义之外的引申、拓展和熟词生义的用法。2015年的高考将会继续保持稳定，命题形式会更加灵活、新颖。试题类型一般是在单选选择题或完形填空中考查。名词的考点归纳：(1)名词词义辨析: custom风俗习惯，habit个人习惯，tradition传统；scene场景，scenery自然风景（总称），view特定位置的景观，sight人文或历史景观；skill技能，ability能力，talent才华，strength优势，长处 等等(2)抽象名词具体化：beauty美、美丽（不可数名词） a beauty美人、美丽的东西（可数名词）；experience经验（不可数名词）an experience一次经历（可数名词）；surprise吃惊、惊奇（不可数名词） a surprise令人吃惊的人或事（可数名词）；honor荣誉、信誉（不可数名词） an honor一种光荣的人或事（可数名词）；failure失败（不可数名词） a failure/failures失败的人或事（可数名词）等等。(3)名词短语的固定的搭配：have/gain access to接近，到达；take into consideration考虑；take advantage of利用；in consequence of 由于 的缘故 ；put into effect 实行，生效 等等。【考例分析】1.“Learn through use” is a good piece of _ (advise) for those who are studying a new language. 【答案与解析】advice一条建议，此处应用名词形式。2. Ill stop and take a deep _.3.4. We dont have to take great pains to control waste, but action and a grateful heart are needed; thank the water that runs through our fingers, and save it for poor Arabian or African countries struggling in water _23_ (short); 【答案与解析】shortage考查名词。根据句意：为贫穷的因水资源短缺而争斗的阿拉伯国家或非洲国家节约水，此处应填写short的名词形式，故正确词语是shortage。4.With the _ (develop) of industry, air pollution is getting more and more serious.【答案与解析】随着工业的发展，空气污染变得越来越严重。考查名词：发展：development5. Air pollution is caused by the following 3_: about half of the problem is caused by vehicles. 【答案与解析】空气污染是由下面的原因造成的。考查名词“原因”reasons6. If everybody realizes the _(important) of environment and does something to stop pollution, the problem will be solved.【答案与解析】如果每个人都注意到环境的重要性。考查名词“重要性”：importance【方法总结】1.介词和动词后面可能缺宾语，这时填名词；2.考查含有名词的固定短语；3.句子缺主语时也可能填名词作主语；4.冠词后面可能填名词；5一定要注意名词的单复数形式。形容词和副词（1）考纲要求形容词与副词是高中语法的重要内容，也是高考考查的热点。在历年的高考英语中，单项填空、完形填空、书面表达都有涉及形容词和副词的考查。要复习好这一块的知识，考生不仅要弄清其词形、词义、功能等基础知识，还要掌握同义词辨析和一词多义等重点知识。 （2）命题规律形容词与副词主要考查以下几个方面：在具体的语境中考查形容词词义辨析；考查形容词作状语；考查比较级的用法尤其是隐性比较；考查一些习语搭配；与形容词同形的副词和形容词后加ly构成的副词的区别；多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序等。另外，在熟练掌握形容词与副词的基本意义和用法的同时，要特别留意一些形容词与副词的基本意义之外的引申、拓展和熟词生义的用法。2015年的高考将会继续保持稳定，命题形式会更加灵活、新颖。试题类型一般是在单选选择题或完形填空中考查。形容词与副词基本用法：（1）形容词和副词的辨析形容词和副词的辨析主要分为两类：一类是给出语境，让学生选择符合这种语境的形容词或副词；另一类是一定语境中形容词或副词的辨析。近三年考查到的还有：形容词：appropriate；conscious；arbitrary；controversial commercial；generous；comparable；profitablereasonable；confident；creative；grateful important；spare；public；convenient dramatic；regional；apparent；subtle unchallenged；relevant；controversial；contradictory vital；available；specific；similaravailable；affordable；acceptable；valuable副词：hopefully；curiously；occasionally；gradually thus；besides；rather；otherwise competitively；recently；reasonably besides；however；therefore；instead besides；otherwise；however；altogether especially；equally；naturally；normally nevertheless；besides；otherwise；therefore especially；regularly；particularly；approximately（2）形容词和副词比较等级 比较等级的常见句型：两者比较，用“比较级 than”表示。表示“两者之间较的那个”用“the比较级n. of the two n.”。表示“越，就越”用“the 比较级，the 比较级”。as原级adj./adv.as .表示“和一样”。not as/so原级adj./adv.as .表示“不如”比较等级前常用的修饰语：a little, a bit, slightly，much, a lot, a great deal, any, far, by far, even, still等。否定词比较级最高级：“否定词比较级”表达最高级含义。【考例分析】【例1】The teacher replied, “You tasted the water. I tasted the gift. The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love. Nothing could be _ (sweet).”【解析】sweeter 句意是“什么也不会比这更甜”=这是世界上最甜的东西。【例2】I left it early because I had an appointment _ (late) that day.【例3】It might have made it a little _ (hard) for everybody because it meant they had to turn around, but that didnt stop the kids in the class.【解析】harder 句中a little修饰比较级harder，表示“更难一点”作宾补。 【方法总结】当括号内所提示的词是形容词或副词且空格处需要的仍是形容词或副词时，很可能填比较级和最高级。谓语动词的填空【考例分析】【例1】He _ (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.【解析】was pretending 由“and giving”可确定，用过去进行时，构成并列谓语。【例2】Where men control the household, less money _ (spend) on healthcare and food, which results in poorer health for children.【解析】is spentmoney与spend之间存在被动关系，故用被动语态，从句时态提示应用一般现在时。【例3】One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he _ (find) that he has run out of salt.【解析】found 主格代词he后应为谓语动词，由语境由One day和“invited”可知，用一般过去时。【方法总结】空格前已有主语，括号内是动词提示，空格需填谓语动词。非谓语动词的填空【例1】She wished that he was as easy _ (please) as her mother, who was always delighted with perfume【解析】to please “be+形容词+ to do”, 无需考虑其它的非谓语形式。此句式中常用主动形式表示被动含义。【例2】Film has a much shorter history，especially when _ (compare) to such art forms as music and planting.【解析】compared本句是when it is compared to 的省略。compare与逻辑主语film是被动关系，故用过去分