生物专业英语词汇a

Abiogenesisearlytheorythatheldthatsomeorganismsoriginatedfromnonlivingmaterial.Alsocalled:autogenesis,spontaneousgeneration自然发生说，无生源说认为生命起源于无生命有机物的学说,AbnormalhemoglobinHemoglobinmoleculewithadifferentshapeduetoanalteredAminoacidsequence(ultimatelycausedbyanalteredDNAbasesequence),suchasintheinheriteddiseasesickle-cellanemia.,Abscisicacidaplanthormonethatpromotesdormancyinperennialplantsandcausesrapidclosureofleafstomatawhenaleafbeginstowilt.,AcetylcholineachemicalreleasedatNeuromuscularjunctionsthatbindstoreceptorsonthesurfaceoftheplasmamembraneofmusclecells,causinganelectricalimpulsetobetransmitted.Theimpulseultimatelyleadstomusclecontraction.,AcetylCoAanintermediatecompoundformedduringthebreakdownofGlucosebyaddingatwo-carbonfragmenttoacarriermolecule(CoenzymeAorCoA).,Acidraintheprecipitationofsulfuricacidandotheracidsasrain.TheacidsformwhensulfurdioxideandnitrogenoxidesreleasedduringthecombustionofFossilfuelscombinewithwaterandoxygenintheatmosphere.,Acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome(AIDS)acollectionofdisordersthatdevelopasaresultofinfectionbytheHumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),whichattacksHelpertcells,cripplingtheImmunesystemandgreatlyreducingthebodysabilitytofightinfection;resultsinprematuredeathbroughtaboutbyvariousdiseasesthatoverwhelmthecompromisedimmunesystem.,ActintheproteinfromwhichMicrofilamentsarecomposed;formsthecontractilefilamentsofsarcomeresinmusclecells.,Activetransporttransportofmoleculesagainstaconcentrationgradient(fromregionsoflowconcentrationtoregionsofhighconcentration)withtheaidofproteinsinthecellmembraneandenergyfromATP.Passive被动的,Adaptationtendencyofanorganismtosuititsenvironment;oneofthemajorpointsofCharlesDarwinstheoryofevolutionbyNaturalselection:organismsadapttotheirenvironment.ThoseorganismsbestadaptedwillhaveagreaterchanceofsurvivingandpassingtheirGenesontothenextgeneration.,Adenineoneofthefournitrogen-containingbasesoccurringinNucleotides,thebuildingblocksoftheorganicmacromoleculegroupknownasNucleicacids(DNAandRNA).AdenineisalsothebaseintheenergycarryingmoleculeATP(adenosinetriphosphate)whichistheenergycoinofthecell.aden=gland,Adenosinediphosphate(ADP)lowerenergyformofATP,havingtwo(insteadofthethreeinATP)phosphategroupsattachedtotheAdeninebaseandribosesugar.,Agestructuretherelativeproportionofindividualsineachagegroupinapopulation.,Allelesalternateformsofagene.,Aminoacidsthesubunits(Monomers)fromwhichproteins(polymers)areassembled.Eachaminoacidconsistsofanaminofunctionalgroup,andacarboxylacidgroup,anddiffersfromotheraminoacidsbythecompositionofanrgroup.,Aminoacidsequencealsoknownastheprimarystructureofaprotein/polypeptide;thesequenceofaminoacidsinprotein/polypeptidecontrolledbythesequenceofDNAbases.,Amphibiansclassofterrestrialvertebrateswhichlaytheireggs(andalsomate)inwaterbutliveonlandasadultsfollowingajuvenilestagewheretheyliveinwaterandbreathethroughgills.Amphibianswerethefirstgroupoflandvertebrates;todaytheyaremostlyrestrictedtomoisthabitats.,Angiospermsfloweringplants.Firstappearingatleast110millionyearsagofromanunknowngymnospermancestor,floweringplantshaverisentoDominanceinmostoftheworldsFloras.ThemaleGamephyteis2-3cellscontainedwithinapollengrain;thefemalegamehyteisusuallyeightcellscontainedwithinanovulewhichisretaindonthesporophytephaseoftheplantslifecycle.,Annualsplantsthatgrowandreproducesexuallyduringoneyear.Anniversary,Anthertheofastamensfilament;dividedintopollensacsinwhichthepollengrainsform.,Antibioticssubstancesproducedbysomemicroorganisms,plants,andvertebratesthatkillorinhibitthegrowthofbacteria.,AntibodiesproteinsproducedbyImmunesystemcellsthatbindtoforeignmoleculesandmicroorganismsandinactivatethem.,AppendixblindsacattheendoftheLargeintestinethatusuallyrupturesduringfinalexams;avestigial(退化的)organinhumans.,Artificialselectiontheprocessinwhichbreederschoosethevariantstobeusedtoproducesucceedinggenerations.,Asexualreproductionamethodofreproductioninwhichgeneticallyidenticaloffspringareproducedfromasingleparent;occursbymanymechanisms,includingfission,Budding,andfragmentation.,AssortmentawayinwhichMeiosisproducesnewcombinationsofgeneticinformation.PaternalandmaternalChromosomeslineuprandomlyduringsynapsis,soeachdaughtercellislikelytoreceiveanassortmentofmaternalandpaternalchromosomesratherthanacompletesetfromeither.,Autosomesthechromosomesotherthanthesexchromosomes.Eachmemberofanautosomepair(inDiploidorganisms)isofsimilarlengthandintheGenesitcarries.,Autotrophsorganismsthatsynthesizetheirownnutrients;includesomebacteriathatareabletosynthesizeorganicmoleculesfromsimplerinorganiccompounds.,AuxinsagroupofHormonesinvolvedincontrollingplantgrowthandotherfunctions;oncethoughtresponsibleforphototropismbycausingthecellsontheshadedsideofaplanttoelongate,therebycausingtheplanttobendtowardthelight.,Bacteriophagesvirusesthatattackandkillbacterialcells;composedonlyofDNAandprotein.噬菌体phageeat噬菌体,Barktheouterlayerofthestemsofwoodyplants;composedofanouterlayerofdeadcells(Cork)andaninnerlayerofphloem.树皮,Baseasubstancethatlowersthehydrogenionconcentrationinasolution.碱,BigbangtheoryamodelfortheevolutionoftheuniversethatholdsthatallmatterandEnergyintheuniversewereconcentratedinonepoint,whichsuddenlyexploded.Subsequently,mattercondensedtoformatoms,elements,andeventuallygalaxiesandstars.大爆炸理论,BindingsitesareasontheribosomewithinwhichtRNA-aminoacidcomplexesfitduringproteinsynthesis.结合位点,BinomialnomenclatureasystemoftaxonomydevelopedbyLinnaeusintheearlyeighteenthcentury.Eachspeciesofplantandanimalreceivesatwo-termname;thefirsttermisthegenus,andthesecondisthespecies.Anonymous匿名的双命名法,BiodiversitybiologicalDiversity;canbemeasuredintermsofgenetic,species,orEcosystemDiversity.生物多样性,BiomassthetotalweightoflivingtissueinaCommunity.生物量,BiosphereallEcosystemsonearthaswellastheearthscrust,waters,andatmosphereonandinwhichorganismsexist;also,thesumofalllivingmatteronearth.生物圈,Birthratetheratiobetweenbirthsandindividualsinaspecifiedpopulationataparticulartime.,Bronchitubesthatcarryairfromthetrachea（气官）tothelungs(sing.bronchus).支气管windpipe,bronchitisChronicoracuteinflammationofthemucousmembraneofthebronchialtubes支气管炎,Calciumcarbonatechemicalthatalsooccursinlimestoneandmarble.碳酸钙,Calvincycle(alsoCalvin-bensoncycleorcarbonfixation)seriesofbiochemical,enzyme-mediatedreactionsduringwhichatmosphericcarbondioxideisreducedandincorporatedintoorganicmolecules,eventuallysomeofthisformssugars.InEukaryotes,thisoccursinthestromaofthechloroplast.,Capillarysmall,thin-walledbloodvesselsthatallowoxygentodiffusefromthebloodintothecellsandcarbondioxidetodiffusefromthecellsintotheblood.Capill=hair（caterpillar毛虫）毛细管，毛状的,毛细作用的,Carbohydratesorganicmoleculescomposedofcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygenthatserveasenergysourcesandstructuralmaterialsforcellsofallorganisms.碳水化合物,Cardiacmusclethetypeofmusclethatisfoundinthewallsoftheheart.cardia=heartcardiacrhythm,cardiacdisease,CardiovascularsystemthehumanCirculatorysystemconsistingoftheheartandthevesselsthattransportbloodtoandfromtheheart.心血管系统,CarnivorestermappliedtoaHeterotroph,usuallyananimal,thateatsotheranimals.Carnivoresfunctionassecondary,tertiary,orConsumersinFoodchainsandFoodwebs.carn-flesh；-vorus：表示“食的”，食肉动物,Carotenoidsmajorgroupofaccessorypigmentsinplants;includesbetacarotene.carotene胡萝卜素carrot胡萝卜,Cellcyclethesequenceofeventsfromonedivisionofacelltothenext;consistsofMitosis(ordivision)andInterphase.细胞周期,Cellplateinplants,amembrane-boundspaceproducedduringCytokinesisbythevesiclesoftheGolgiapparatus.Thecellplatefuseswiththeplasmamembrane,dividingthecellintotwocompartments.,CellularrespirationthetransferofEnergyfromvariousmoleculestoproduceATP;occursintheMitochondriaofEukaryotes,theCytoplasmofprokaryotes.Intheprocess,oxygenisconsumedandcarbondioxideisgenerated.spirebreathe,CelluloseapolysaccharidethatiscomposedofunbranchedchainsofGlucose;themajorstructuralcarbohydrateofplants,insolubleinwater,andindigestibleinthehumanintestine.-ose,表示糖chitin几丁质,Cellwallstructureproducedbysomecellsoutsidetheircellmembrane;variouslycomposedofChitin,peptidoglycan肽聚糖,orCellulose.细胞壁,CerebellumthatpartoftheBrainconcernedwithfinemotorcoordinationandbodymovement,posture,andbalance;ispartofthehindbrainandisattachedtotherearportionoftheBrainstem.小脑Cerebrbrain,CerebrumthepartoftheForebrainthatincludestheCerebralcortex;thelargestpartofthehumanBrain.大脑,ChemiosmosistheprocessbywhichATPisproducedintheinnermembraneofamitochondrion.TheElectrontransportsystemtransfersprotonsfromtheinnercompartmenttotheouter;astheprotonsflowbacktotheinnercompartment,theenergyoftheirmovementisusedtoaddphosphatetoADP,formingATP.化学渗透作用,Chlorophyl(l)thepigmentingreenplantsthatabsorbssolarenergy.Chloro=yellow,green-phyll,-phyilous(G.)leaf,Chlorophyllathegreenphotosyntheticpigmentcommontoallphotosyntheticorganisms.,ChlorophyllbanaccessorychlorophyllfoundinGreenalgaeandplants.,Chloroplastsdisk-likeOrganelleswithadoublemembranefoundineukaryoticplantcells;containthylakoidsandarethesiteofphotosynthesis.ATPisgeneratedduringphotosynthesisbyChemiosmosis.,Chromatidgenerallyreferstoastrandofareplicatedchromosome;consistsofDNAandprotein.Chroma=color,ChromatinacomplexofDNAandproteinineukaryoticcellsthatisdispersedthroughouttheNucleusduringInterphaseandcondensedintoChromosomesduringMeiosisandMitosis.,ChromosomesstructuresintheNucleusofaeukaryoticcellthatconsistofDNAmoleculesthatcontaintheGenes.,Ciliahair-likeorganellesextendingfromthemembraneofmanyeukaryoticcells;oftenfunctioninlocomotion(sing.:cilium).纤毛,Circadianrhythmsbiorhythmsthatoccuronadailycycle.生理节奏,Circulatorysystem,asystemthatusesacontinuousseriesofvesselsofdifferentsizestodeliverbloodtobodycellsandreturnittotheheart.,Classestaxonomicsubcategoriesofphylum（门）纲kingdomorderfamilygenusspecies,CodonasequenceofthreeNucleotidesinMessengerRNAthatcodesforasingleaminoacid.遗传密码，密码子,CoenzymeschemicalsrequiredbyanumberofEnzymesforproperfunctioning;alsoknownasenzymecofactors.,Communityallspeciesorpopulationslivinginthesamearea.群落ecosystempopulationspecies,Competitiononeofthebiologicalinteractionsthatcanlimitpopulationgrowth;occurswhentwospeciesviewitheachotherforthesameresource.,Complementarynucleotidesthebondingpreferencesofnucleotides,Adeninewiththymine,andCytosinewithGuanine.Alsoreferredtoascomplementarybasepairing.互补核苷酸,Completedominancethetypeofinhe