第01篇drugs药物.ppt

Drugs,1.Definitionofdrug,Adrugisasubstancethataltersbodyfunction.Traditionally,drugshavebeenderivedfromnaturalplant,animal,andmineralsources.Today,mostaremanufacturedsyntheticallybypharmaceuticalcompanies.Afew,suchascertainhormonesandenzymes,havebeenproducedbygeneticengineering.Manydrugs,describedasover-the-counter(OTC)drugs,areavailablewithoutprescription.Othersrequireahealthcareprovidersprescriptionforuse.,2.Wordpartspertainingtodrugs,-lytic=dissolving,reducing,looseninganxiolytic:agentthatreducesanxiety抗焦虑药antihemolytic:agentsthatpreventhemolysis抗溶血药thrombolyticdrug:drugsthatareusedtodissolvebloodclots（血栓，血小板）溶栓药-mimetic=mimicking,simulating模拟，模仿sympathomimetic:mimickingtheeffectsofthesympatheticnervoussystem拟交感神经药,溶解，降低，松散,-tropic=actingon作用于endocrinotropic:increaseendocrine促内分泌的psychotropics:drugsactingonmind精神类药物anti-=aginstantidote:substancethatcounteractsapoison解药antihypertensive:agentsthatcounteractshighbloodpressure抗高血压药,-troph营养Tropin激素,contra-=againstcontraceptive:preventingconception避孕药alg/o,algi/o,algesi/o=pain=-algiaanalgesics:compoundscapableofrelievingpainwithoutthelossofconsciousness镇痛药（缓解）chem/o=chemicalchemotherapy:treatmentwithdrugs化疗,hypn/o=sleep=somnhypnosis:analteredstatewithincreasedresponsivenesstosuggestion催眠，催眠术hypnotic:drugsthatinducesleep安眠药narc/o=stupor麻痹，麻木narcotic:drugthatinducesstupor麻醉剂pharmac/o=drugpharmacy:thescienceofpreparinganddispensingdrugs药剂学,pyr/o,pyret/o=fever,fire发热，起火pyrogen:asubstancethatinducesfever.Thesecanbeeitherinternal(endogenous内源性的)orexternal(exogenous)tothebody.Thebacterialsubstancelipo/poly/saccharide(LPS)脂多糖（脂肪）,presentinthecellwallofsomebacteria,isanexampleofanexogenouspyrogen.热源antipyretic:counteractingfever解热药，退烧药pyrexia:fever发烧tox/o,toxic/o=poison,toxinantitoxin:anantibodywiththeabilitytoneutralizeaspecifictoxin抗毒素（一种抗体）,2.Routesofdrugadministration,inhalation:administrationthoughtherespiratorysystem呼吸系统,asbybreathinginanaerosol气雾剂instillation:liquidisdroppedorpouredslowlyintoabodycavityoronthesurfaceofthebody,suchasintotheearorontotheeye滴注eg.eyedrop滴眼剂oral:givenbymouth;peros(po)口服,rectal:administeredbyrectal直肠的suppository栓剂orenema灌肠剂。直肠给药sublingual(SL):administeredunderthetongue。舌下给药topical:appliedtothesurfaceoftheskin。局部给药transdermal:absorbedthroughtheskin,asfromapatchplacedonthesurfaceoftheskin。经皮给药dermo-dermato皮肤e.g.epiderm表皮,Injection:administeredbyaneedleandsyringedescribedasparenteral肠胃外routesofadministration。注射,intradermal(ID):injectedintotheskin皮内注射intramuscular(IM):injectedintoamuscle肌肉注射intravenous:injectedintoavein静脉内注射subcutaneous(SC):injectedbeneaththeskin;hypodermic（皮肤）皮下注射=hypodermic,皮,皮下组织,肌肉,3.Commondrugsandtheiractions,Analgesics:alleviatepainnarcoticanalgesics:麻醉性镇痛剂decreasepainsensationincentralnervoussystem;chronicusemayleadtophysicaldependence,e.g.morphinenon-narcoticanalgesics:非麻醉性镇痛剂actperipherallytoinhibitprostaglandins(localhormones);theymayalsobeanti-inflammatoryandantipyretic(reducefever),e.g.aspirin,Formationofpain,tissuedamageorinflammationpainproducingsubstanceprostaglandin,PG(前列腺素)leukotriene,LT（白三烯）bradykinin（缓激肽）缓慢的5-hydroxytryptamine（5羟色胺）interleukin(白介素)stimulatesensorynervesnerveimpulsetransmittedtonervecenterfeelingofpain,Makesreceptormoresensitivetopain,tachy-快的,致敏物质,Mechanismofaction:,Phospholipids磷脂phospholipase磷脂酶arachidonicacid(花生四烯酸）cyclooxygenase(环氧化酶)prostaglandin(前列腺素),Anesthetics:reduceoreliminatesensation麻醉剂,localanesthetics:drugsthatcanreversiblyblockgenerationandtransmissionofnerveimpulsestorelievepainatlocalsitewithoutlossofconsciousness,e.g.lidocainegeneralanesthetics:drugsthatcaninhibitcentralnervoussystemandcausetemporarylossofconsciousness,e.g.nitrousoxide,Anticoagulants抗凝血剂,preventcoagulationandformationofbloodclots,e.g.heparin.Agroupofpharmaceuticalscalledanticoagulantscanbeusedinvivoasamedicationforthromboticdisorders.Somechemicalcompoundsareusedinmedicalequipment,suchastesttubes,bloodtransfusionbags,andhemodialysisequipment.血液透析仪,Antidiabetics抗糖尿病药,preventoralleviatediabetesbyloweringglucoselevelsintheblood.Someofthem,suchasinsulin,havetobeinjected,whileotherscanbeadministeredorallyandarethusalsocalledoralhypoglycemicagents，口服降糖药ororalantihyperglycemicagents.口服抗高血糖药,Antiemetics止吐药,Anantiemeticisadrugthatiseffectiveagainstvomitingandnausea.Anti-emeticsaretypicallyusedtotreatmotionsickness(kinetosis（运动）)晕动病andthesideeffectsofopioidanalgesics,generalanaestheticsandchemotherapydirectedagainstcancer,Antihistamines抗组胺剂,Histamine:Aspartofanimmuneresponsetoforeignpathogens,histamineisproducedbybasophils（碱性的）（嗜）嗜碱性性细胞andbymastcellsfoundinnearbyconnectivetissues.Histamineincreasesthepermeabilityofthecapillariestowhitebloodcellsandotherproteins,inordertoallowthemtoengageforeigninvadersintheaffectedtissues.histology组织学histone组蛋白（存在染色体中）,Histamineexertsitsactionsbycombiningwithspecificcellularhistaminereceptors.ThethreehistaminereceptorsthathavebeendiscoveredaredesignatedH1,H2andH3.H2antagonist:H2histaminereceptorislocatedonparietalcells胃壁细胞.Whenitisagitatedbyhistamine,itcallstimulatethesecretionofgastricacid.H2antagonistcandecreasegastricacidsecretionandtreatpepticulcer消化性溃疡.,Antihypertensives,lowerbloodpressurebyreducingcardiacoutput心脏输出,dilatingvessels扩张血管,orpromotingexcretion排泄ofwaterbythekidneys,e.g.clonidineandcaptopril卡托普利(ACEinhibitor)血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂angiotensinconvertingenzyme,anti-infectiveagents:killorpreventthegrowthofinfectiousorganisms抗感染药,antibacterials抗菌药:effectiveagainstbacteria,examplesareerythromycin,tetracyclineandpenicillin.antifungals抗真菌剂:effectiveagainstfungi,e.g.amphotericinBantiparasitics抗寄生虫药:effectiveagainstparasites,protozoa,wormsantivirals抗病毒药:effectiveagainstviruses,e.g.zidovudine叠氮胸苷(HIV),Mechanismofactionofzidovudine,Zidovudineisanucleosideanalogreversetranscriptase逆转录酶inhibitor(NRTI),atypeofantiretroviraldrug.ItwasthefirstapprovedtreatmentforHIV.AZTworksbyinhibitingtheactionofreversetranscriptase,theenzymethatHIVusestomakeaDNAcopyofitsRNA.Reversetranscriptionisnecessaryforproductionoftheviraldouble-strandedDNA,whichissubsequentlyintegratedintothegeneticmaterialoftheinfectedcell.AZTalsohassomeabilitytoinhibitcellularDNApolymerase聚合酶,whichisusedbynormalcellsaspartofcelldivision.However,AZThasa100-foldgreateraffinityfortheHIVreversetranscriptasethanforthehumanDNApolymerase,accountingforitsselectiveantiviralactivity.,Antineoplastics抗肿瘤药,destroycancercells;theyaretoxicforallcellsbuthavegreatereffectoncellsthatareactivelygrowinganddividing;hormonesandhormoneinhibitorsalsoareusedtoslowtumorgrowth.,estrogen雌激素(雌的)乳腺癌需要雌激素的供应,gastrointestinaldrugs,Antidiarrheals止泻药:treatorpreventdiarrheabyreducingintestinalmotilityorabsorbingirritantsandsoothingtheintestinalliningLaxatives泻药，缓泻药:promoteeliminationfromthelargeintestinebyretainingwater(hyperosmotics),promotingintestineperistalsisandsofteningstools,hypnotics:inducesleepordullthesenses;musclerelaxants:肌肉松弛药depressnervoussystemstimulation