研究生综合英语B2U

U8,AdditionallnformationfortheTeachersReference,TextTheAntofpleasingALettertoHisSon,Warm-upActivities,FurtherReading,WritingSkills,AdditionalWork,Warm-upActivities,1.BothLordChesterfieldandSamuelJohnsonarerememberedfromtheirtimeasmenofletters.ReadtheLettertoLordChesterfieldbyDr.Johnsonandcommentontheirpersonalitiesrespectively.,LettertoLordChesterfieldFebruary7th,1755MYLORD,Ihavebeenlatelyinformed,bytheproprietoroftheWorld,thattwopapers,inwhichmyDictionaryisrecommendedtothepublic,werewrittenbyyourLordship.Tobesodistinguished,Warm-up1.1,Warm-up1.2,isanhonour,which,beingverylittleaccustomedtofavoursfromthegreat,Iknownotwellhowtoreceive,orinwhattermstoacknowledge.When,uponsomeslightencouragement,IfirstvisitedyourLordship,Iwasoverpowered,liketherestofmankind,bytheenchantmentofyouraddress;andcouldnotforbeartowishthatImightboastmyselfLevainqueurduvainqueurdelaterre（theconqueroroftheconquerorsoftheearth）;thatImightobtainthatregardforwhichIsawtheworldcontending;butIfoundmyattendancesolittleencouraged,thatneitherpridenormodestywouldsuffermetocontinueit.WhenIhadonceaddressedyourLordshipinpublic,Ihadexhaustedalltheart,Warm-up1.3,ofpleasingwhicharetiredanduncourtlyscholarcanpossess.IhaddoneallthatIcould;andnomaniswellpleasedtohavehisallneglected,beiteversolittle.Sevenyears,myLord,havenowpassed,sinceIwaitedinyouroutwardrooms,orwasrepulsedfromyourdoor;duringwhichtimeIhavebeenpushingonmyworkthroughdifficulties,ofwhichitisuselesstocomplain,andhavebroughtit,atlast,tothevergeofpublication,withoutoneactofassistance,onewordofencouragement,oronesmileoffavour.SuchtreatmentIdidnotexpect,forIneverhadaPatronbefore.TheshepherdinVirgilgrewatlastacquaintedwithLove,andfoundhimanativeoftherocks.,Warm-up1.4,IsnotaPatron,myLord,onewholookswithunconcernonamanstrugglingforlifeinthewater,and,whenhehasreachedground,encumbershimwithhelp?Thenoticewhichyouhavebeenpleasedtotakeofmylabours,haditbeenearly,hadbeenkind;butithasbeendelayedtillIamindifferent,andcannotenjoyit;tillIamsolitary,andcannotimpartit;tillIamknown,anddonotwantit.Ihopeitisnoverycynicalasperity,nottoconfessobligationswherenobenefithasbeenreceived,ortobeunwillingthatthePublicshouldconsidermeasowingthattoaPatron,whichProvidencehasenabledmetodoformyself.,Warm-up1.5,Havingcarriedonmyworkthusfarwithsolittleobligationtoanyfavoureroflearning,IshallnotbedisappointedthoughIshouldconcludeit,iflessbepossible,withless;forIhavebeenlongwakenedfromthatdreamofhope,inwhichIonceboastedmyselfwithsomuchexultation,myLord.YourLordshipsmosthumble,Mostobedientservant,SamuelJohnson,Warm-up2.1,2.ChesterfieldsliteraryfamerestsuponhisLetterstoHisSon.TheLettersarewritteninEnglish,LatinandFrench,andcontainalargeamountofvaluableinformationonhistory,geographyandthemoralityoftheage.ReadTheArtofPleasing,andtrytoappreciatethestyleofLordChesterfieldsletter-writing.FindmorematerialsonLordChesterfield,andgiveyourunderstandingofhisliteraryabilities.,2.AbouttheArtofPleasingAdmittedly,theartofpleasingistogiveotherspleasure,enjoymentorsatisfaction,causingagreeableemotionsamongthepeopleinvolved.Theword“pleasing”hassynonymssuchas“gratifying”,“delightful”and“agreeable”.Likemostarts,thatrequirelongstudyandapplication,themostusefulartofall,thatofpleasing,requiresthedesireofaperson.Somepeoplethinknegativelyofthosewhomakeapointofpleasingeverybody,criticizingthemforhavingnotrueheartforanyonebutthemselves,believingtheirdesiretopleaseothersmakesthemfickleandinsincere.PerhapstheessenceoftheartofpleasingiswellillustratedbythefamousEnglishnovelistCharlesReade(1814-1884),whostatedthat“Ifyouwishtopleasepeople,youmustbeginbyunderstandingthem.”AsanotherfamousEnglishcriticandauthorWilliamHazlitt(1778-1830)putsit:“Theartofpleasingconsistsinbeingpleased.Tobeamiableistobesatisfiedwithonesselfandother.”Theartofpleasingdemandsrefinedsocialskillsyetincreasesourhappinessinoursociallifeontheother.,Warm-up2.2,Warm-up3.1,3.LordChesterfieldbeganwritinglettersofadvicetohisillegitimatesonPhilipStanhope,whenthechildwasonlyfiveyearsold.WhenyoungPhilipStanhopewascensuredforbadwriting,badspellingandforinattention,LordChesterfieldtoldhimthatnothingwastoosmallforattentiveconsiderationandthatconcentratedattentionononesubjectatatimewasofparamountimportance:“Thereistimeenoughforeverythinginthecourseofthedayifyoudoonethingatonce,butthereisnottimeenoughintheyearifyouwilldotwothingsatonce.”ThisepisoderevealsanotheraspectofLordChesterfieldspersonality.Giveyourviewsonit.,3.QuotationsfromLordChesterfield1)Dispatchisthesoulofbusiness.2)Youfoolishman,youdontevenknowyourownfoolishbusiness.3)Whateverisworthdoingatallisworthdoingwell.4)Thedewsoftheeveningmostcarefullyshunthosetearsoftheskyforthelossofthesun.5)Ifyouareinvitedtodrinkatanymanshousemorethanyouthinkiswholesome,youmaysayyouwishyoucould,butsolittlemakesyoubothdrunkandsick;thatyoushouldonlybebadcompanybydoingso.6)Agentlemanisoftenseen,butveryseldomheardtolaugh.,Warm-up3.2,7)8)9)10),Warm-up3.3,Thevulgaronlylaugh,butneversmile;whereaswell-bredpeopleoftensmile,butseldomlaugh.Styleisthedressofthoughts.Iknewonceaverycovetous,sordidfellowwhousedtosay,“Takecareofthepence,forthepoundswilltakecareofthemselves.”Nothingissosecureasthatmoneywillnotdefeatit.,Warm-up4.1,4.What,inyourview,isthebestwayofpleasing?Inthisletter,LordChesterfieldwittilyandquiteamusinglygavehissonalotofadviceontheartofpleasing.Whatdoyouthinkofthatadvice?Whatideasdoyoulikeanddislike?Discussandillustrateyourinsightsontheartofpleasinginourpresent-daysociallife.,4.,OnthePeople-PleasingPersonalityCharactersofPeople-pleasingpersonsmightincludethefollowing:,VeryorganizedFriendly,outgoing,gregariousHelpful,supportive,CourteousandconsiderateofothersAlwayssmilingInterestedinotherswelfareCooperative;real“teamplayer”GenerouswithowntimeandenergyReadytovolunteer“Companyman”;veryloyalReadytotakeonanynewchallengethatcomesalongWorkshardatpleasingothersTalented,skillful,andcreativeApleasuretospendtimewithHappy,joyful,fulloffunEncouragingandreassuring,Warm-up4.2,Warm-up4.3,GoesalongwithrequestsmadebyothersPeoplemixerAssetinanyconversation“Together”,warm,andcaringpersonPersonsoughtoutforfriendship;popularsociallyNegativeConsequencesofPeople-PleasingBehaviormightlistasfollows:Lowself-esteemLossofpersonalidentityBeingtakenadvantageofLossofpersonaltimeIneffectivenessinmanagingwork,Warm-up4.4,InabilitytodirectorsuperviseothersInabilitytoachievepersonalgoalsInabilitytotakealeadershiprolePoorproblem-solvingabilitiesBurn-outonthejoborathomeChronicstateofbeingunappreciatedImmobilizedbyirrationalbeliefsGuiltovernotaccomplishingenoughornotbeingpleasingenoughtoothersInabilitytomaintainhealthyinterpersonalrelationshipsLossofappreciationforattributesofselfInabilitytoacceptkindnessesfromothers,Warm-up4.5,Chronicstateofself-deprecationLackoftrustinotherssincerityChronicstateofinsecurityininteractingwithothersDoesnotknowhowtorelaxAdditionalInformationfortheTeachersReference,PhilipDormerStanhope,the4thEarlofChesterfield,wasanEnglishstatesman,oratorandmanofletters.Asasuaveandwittystatesman,heisrememberedmostlyforletterstohisson.HewaseducatedatCambridgeandhesucceededhisfather,LordStanhope,totheearldomuponhisfathersdeathin1726,becomingEarlofChesterfield.AsanaccomplishedoratorintheHouseofLords,andbecauseofhisexperienceoftheContinent,ChesterfieldwassentasambassadortotheHaguetonegotiatewiththeDutchwithaviewtotheirjoininginthewaroftheAustrianSuccession.His,AIFTTR1.1,AdditionallnformationfortheTeachersReference,1.LordChesterfield(1694-1773),AIFTTR1.2,missionwassuccessful,andhewasawardedthelord-lieutenancyofIreland.ItwasonhisbrilliantadministrationofIrelandthathisreputationasastatesmanrested.LaterheheldthepositionofSecretaryofStatein1746.LordChesterfieldwasalsoregardedasaclever,wittyessayistandepigrammatist,mostfamousforhisLetterstoHisSonandLetterstoHisGodson.Hehadnochildrenbyhiswife,MelusinavonSchulemberg,butMademoiselleduBouchetborehimason,PhilipStanhope,towhomthefamousletterswerewritten.Whenhisillegitimatesonreachedtheageoffive,LordChesterfieldbegantowritetirelesslyanddevotedlytohimabouthismanners,habitsandconduct,allofwhichgivesvividandoftenamusinginsightsintothemoralityoftheage.However,AIFTTR1.3,Philippre-deceasedhisfatherin1768,dyingattheageofthirty-six,alossthatwasasourceofanoverwhelminggrieftoLordChesterfield.,AIFTTR2.1,2.LordChesterfieldsFamousDisputewithSamuelJohnson,SamuelJohnsonBynameDr.Johnson,isregardedasoneofthemostoutstandingfiguresof18th-centuryEnglishpoets,essayistsandcritics.In1747,headdressedtoLordChesterfield,whowasthenSecretaryofState,hisplanforaDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,whichwasacknowledgedbyasubscriptionof10pounds.LordChesterfieldapparentlytooknofurtherinterestintheenterprise,andrefusedtosupportJohnsonwhilehewasatworkonhisdictionary.Apparently,JohnsonwasevenkeptwaitinginChesterfieldsanteroomwhenhecalled.SamuelJohnsonreturnedhomeandworkedindependentlyforsevenyearswiththeproject.Whenthe,AIFTTR2.2,Dictionarywasabouttoappear,LordChesterfieldwrotetwoessaysinTheWorldinpraiseofit.Inturn,SamuelJohnsonrespondedtotheEarlwithhisfamousletterindefenseofmenofletters,andthusoccurredthefamousdisputebetweenLordChesterfieldandSamuelJohnsonoverthededicationtotheEnglishDictionaryin1755.LaterJohnsonwrote：“ThismanIthoughthadbeenaLordamongwits;butIfind,heisonlyawitamongLords.”Interestingly,perhapsinreactiontohisdisillusionmentwithLordChesterfield,aprofessedpatronofliterature,JohnsondefinesapatroninhisDictionaryas“onewhocountenances,supportsorprotects.Commonlyawretchwhosupportswithinsolence,andispaidwithflattery.”,AIFTTR3.1,3.SirRobertWalpole(1676-1745),RobertWalpole,alsocalledSirRobertWalpole,wasafamousBritishstatesman(inpower1721-1742),generallyregardedasthefirstBritishPrimeMinister.Itissaidthathedeliberatelycultivatedafrank,heartymanner,buthispoliticalsubtletyhasscarcelybeenequaled.TheinfluenceofWalpoleslongministryonthestructureof18th-centurypoliticswasprofound.AlthoughWalpolerejectedthetitleofprimeminister,whichheregardedasatermofabuse,hiscontrolofthetreasury,hismanagementoftheHouseofCommons,andtheconfidencethatheenjoyedofthetwosovereignswhomheserveddemonstratesthekind,AIFTTR3.2,ofleadershipthatwasrequiredtogivestabilityandorderto18th-centurypolitics.HeusedhispowertomaintainthesupremacyoftheWhigPartywhiletheToryPartyfadedintoinsignificance;tobeaWhigevenbecameanecessityforthepoliticallyambitious.,AIFTTR4,4.LordChesterfieldsRelationshipwithSirRobertWalpole,LordChesterfield,asanaccomplishedoratorintheHouseofLords,firstbecameafriendofWalpole.ButWalpolesExciseBill,thegreatpremiersfavoritemeasure,wasvehementlyopposedbyhimintheLords.Walpolebentbeforethestormandabandonedthemeasure;butChesterfieldwassummarilydismissedfromhisstewardship.Forthenexttwoyears,LordChesterfieldtriedtobringaboutWalpolesdownfallandheledtheoppositionintheUpperHouse,leavingnostoneunturnedtoaffectWalpolesdownfall.In1741,LordChesterfieldsignedtheprotestforWalpolesdismissalandwentabroadonaccountofhishealth.,Text,TheArtofPleasingALettertoHisSon,Notes,IntroductiontotheAuthorandtheArticle,PhrasesandExpressions,Exercises,MainIdeaoftheText,MainIdeaoftheText1,MainIdeaoftheText,Inthetext,LordChesterfieldpreachestohisillegitimatesonPhilipontheartofpleasing,tellinghimhowtoingratiateoneselfintotheaffectionsofothers.ThistextistakenfromLordChesterfieldsmostfamousLetterstoHisSon(1747),amonographoutliningtheidealconductofan18th-centurygentleman.Asapoliticianandstatesman,ChesterfieldsfamerestsonhisshortbutbrilliantadministrationofIrelandatthattime.Andasanauthor,theletter-writingfullydisplayshistalentsasacleveressayistandepigrammatist.Likemostofhisletters,TheArtofPleasingisalsobrilliantlywritten,fullofexquisiteobservation,keenwitandelegantwisdom.Intheletter,LordChesterfieldinstructshissonuponaseriesof“dos”and,MainIdeaoftheText2,“donts”,which,heclaims,havebeenacquiredbypersonalexperienceoverthe53yearsofhisownlife.Theartofpleasing,intheLordsopinion,isagradualprocessofknowingandunderstandingmoreaboutothers.Inhisadvicetohissonaboutproperbehaviortowardothers,LordChesterfieldveryinterestinglyputsforwardtheideaof“doingjusticetoonesweaknessforthesakeofpleasing,”whichiscertainlyapracticeverydifferentfromourculture.Hefurtherpointsoutthatflatteryintheartofpleasingisnotunconditionalandwarnstheyoungagainsttheviceofoverdoingflattery.Eventoday,overtwohundredyearslater,itisstillaverydelightfulandenlighteningexperiencetoreadthisletter,whichgivesinsightintothissocialaspectlifeeveninthemodernworld.,LordChesterfield(PhilipDormerStanhope,FourthEarlofChesterfield,1694-1773)wasanEnglishstatesman,diplomat,wit,andorator.Heischieflyrememberedforhisletterstohisillegitimateson,PhilipStanhope,whichgiveavividandoftenamusinginsightintothemoralityoftheage.HeisalsorememberedinconnectionwithJohnsonsDictionary.Inthefollowingletter,LordChesterfieldwritesalecturetohissonabouthowtoingratiateoneselfintotheaffectionsofothers.Itisaseriesof“dos”and“donts”which,theLordclaims,havebeenacquiredthroughpersonalexperienceoverthe53yearsofhisownlife.,IntroductiontotheAuthorandthearticle,IntroductiontotheAuthorandtheArticle,DearBoy:Theartofpleasingisaverynecessaryonetopossess,butaverydifficultonetoacquire.Itcanhardlybereducedtorules;andyourowngoodsenseandobservationwillteachyoumoreofitthanIcan.“Doasyouwouldbedoneby,”isthesurestmethodthatIknowofpleasing.Observecarefullywhatpleasesyouinothers,andprobablythesamethingsinyouwillpleaseothers.,Part2_T1,LordChesterfieldLondon,October16,1747,TheArtofPleasingALettertoHisSon,Text,Ifyouarepleasedwiththecomplaisanceandattentionofotherstoyourhumors,yourtastes,oryourweaknesses,dependuponit,thesamecomplaisanceandattentiononyourparttotheirswillequallypleasethem.Takethetoneofthecompanythatyouarein,anddonotpretendtogiveit;beserious,gay,oreventrifling,asyoufindthepresenthumorofthecompany;thisisanattentionduefromeveryindividualtothemajority.Donottellstoriesincompany;thereisnothingmoretediousanddisagreeable;ifbychanceyouknowaveryshortstory,andexceedinglyapplicabletothepresentsubjectofconversation,tellitinasfewwordsaspossible;andeventhen,throwoutthatyoudonotlovetotellstories,butthattheshortnessofittemptedyou.,Part2_T2,Part2_T3,Ofallthingsbanishtheegotismoutofyourconversation,andneverthinkofentertainingpeoplewithyourownpersonalconcernsorprivateaffairs;thoughtheyareinterestingtoyou,theyaretediousandimpertinenttoeverybodyelse;besidesthat,onecannotkeeponesownprivateaffairstoosecret.Whateveryouthinkyourownexcellenciesmaybe,donotaffectedlydisplaythemincompany;norlabor,asmanypeopledo,togivethatturntotheconversation,whichmaysupplyyouwithanopportunityofexhibitingthem.Iftheyarereal,theywillinfalliblybediscovered,withoutyourpointingthemoutyourself,andwithmuchmoreadvantage.Nevermaintainanargumentwithheatandclamor,thoughyouthinkorknowyourselftobeintheright;butgiveyouropinionmodestlyandcoolly,whichis,Part2_T4,theonlywaytoconvince;and,ifthatdoesnotdo,trytochangetheconversation,bysaying,withgood-humor,“Weshallhardlyconvinceoneanother;norisitnecessarythatweshould,soletustalkofsomethingelse.”Rememberthatthereisalocalproprietytobeobservedinallcompanies;andthatwhatisextremelyproperinonecompanymaybe,andoftenis,highlyimproperinanother.Thejokes,thebon-mots,thelittleadventures,whichmaydoverywellinonecompany,willseemflatandtedious,whenrelatedinanother.Theparticularcharacters,thehabits,thecantofonecompanymaygivemerittoaword,oragesture,whichwouldhavenoneatallifdivestedofthoseaccidentalcircumstances.Herepeopleverycommonlyerr;andfondof,somethingthathasentertainedtheminonecompany,andincertaincircumstances,repeatitwithemphasisinanother,whereitiseitherinsipid,or,itmaybe,offensive,bybeingill-timedormisplaced.Nay,theyoftendoitwiththissillypreamble:“Iwilltellyouanexcellentthing,”or,“Iwilltellyouthebestthingintheworld.”Thisraisesexpectations,which,whenabsolutelydisappointed,maketherelatorofthisexcellentthinglook,verydeservedly,likeafool.Ifyouwouldparticularlygaintheaffectionandfriendshipofparticularpeople,whethermenorwomen,endeavortofindouttheirpredominantexcellency,iftheyhaveone,andtheirprevailingweakness,whicheverybodyhas;anddojusticetothe,Part2_T5,one,andsomethingmorethanjusticetotheother.Menhavevariousobjectsinwhichtheymayexcel,oratleastwouldbethoughttoexcel;and,thoughtheylovetohearjusticedonetothem,wheretheyknowthattheyexcel,yettheyaremostandbestflattereduponthosepointswheretheywishtoexcel,andyetaredoubtfulwhethertheydoornot.Asforexample:CardinalRichelieu,whowasundoubtedlytheableststatesmanofhistime,orperhapsofanyother,hadtheidlevanityofbeingthoughtthebestpoettoo;heenviedthegreatCorneillehisreputation,andorderedacriticismtobewrittenupontheCid.Those,therefore,whoflatteredskillfully,saidlittletohimofhisabilitiesinstateaffairs,oratleastbutenpassant,andasitmightnaturallyoccur.,Part2_T6,Buttheincensewhichtheygavehim,thesmokeofwhichtheyknewwouldturnhisheadintheirfavor,wasasabelespritandapoet.Why?Becausehewassureofoneexcellency,anddistrustfulastotheother.Youwilleasilydiscovereverymansprevailingvanitybyobservinghisfavoritetopicofconversation;foreverymantalksmostofwhathehasmostamindtobethoughttoexcelin.Touchhimbutthere,andyoutouchhimtothequick.ThelateSirRobertWalpole(whowascertainlyanableman)waslittleopentoflatteryuponthathead,forhewasinnodoubthimselfaboutit;buthisprevailingweaknesswas,tobethoughttohaveapoliteandhappyturntogallantryofwhichhehadundoubtedlyless,Part2_T7,Part2_T8,thananymanliving.Itwashisfavoriteandfrequentsubjectofconversation,whichprovedtothosewhohadanypenetrationthatitwashisprevailingweakness,andtheyappliedtoitwithsuccess.Womenhave,ingeneral,butoneobject,whichistheirbeauty;uponwhichscarceanyflatteryistoogrossforthemtofollow.Naturehashardlyformedawomanuglyenoughtobeinsensibletoflatteryuponherperson;ifherfaceissoshockingthatshemust,insomedegree,beconsciousofit,herfigureandair,shetrusts,makeampleamendsforit.Ifherfigureisdeformed,herface,shethinks,counterbalancesit.Iftheyarebothbad,shecomfortsherselfthatshehasgraces,acertainmanner,ajenesaisquoistillmoreengagingthanbeauty.,Thistruthisevidentfromthestudiedandelaboratedressoftheugliestwomanintheworld.Anundoubted,uncontested,consciousbeautyis,ofallwomen,theleastsensibleofflatteryuponthathead;sheknowsitisherdue,andisthereforeoblige