四级作文段落写作

段落写作,段落的基本结构和写法,段落一般由主题句（topicsentence）,扩展句（supportingsentence）,结论句（concludingsentence）组成。一.主题句主题句是对段落中心思想的概括，是作者主要意图的反映，是段落的核心，其余部分要围绕它展开论述，因此，主题句是整个段落的纲领。,例如：Privatecarsbenefitbothindividualsandnation.Itisveryconvenientforpeopletodrivetowork,studyanddomanyotherthings.Byencouragingpeopletobuycars,thenationcanstimulateconsumptionandthedomesticdemand,andenhancethenationaleconomy.,2.主题句的特点1.）主题句一般位于句首(开门见山)，这与汉语写作中的总结性论述常常谓语段落结尾处不同。2.)主题句一般是简单句。e.g.Peoplesviewontheholidayvariesfrompersontoperson.e.g.Itiswellknownthatholidayareimportantforusandconcerningtheholidayeconomy,differentpeoplehavedifferentopinions.,3.)主题句一般是议论句，表达自己的观点。要有pointtopic.这样我们后面的扩展句才能够展开。1.Privatecarsbenefitbothindividualsandnation.2.Peoplesviewontheholidayeconomyvariesfrompersontoperson.3.Itiswellknownthatholidayareimportantforusandconcerningtheholidayeconomy,differentpeoplehavedifferentopinions.,对比下面两个句子：1.TwentystudentsattendedtheschoolsChristmasparty.2.TheschoolsChristmaspartyisasboreasusual.4.)主题句除了要有topic以外，还要有controllingidea,也就是说要具体，不要大而空。e.g.Bikesareveryimportant.e.g.Bikeshavebroughtalotofconveniencetoourdailylife.,5.)分段式主题句。没有具体的controllingidea.e.g.Peoplehavebeentryingtosolvethisprobleminthefollowingthreeways:,英语提纲式作文中文提纲作文：分析推敲提纲与题目的关系，明确命题要求Eg.TheChangingCriteriaforGoodStudents过去，人们对好学生的看法是现在人们的看法已经发生改变总的来说，该变化是,提纲作文,Analysis:通过提纲分析可见，既要说明人们在过去和现在对好学生的看法是什么，有些什么变化，而且要明确这种变化是随社会的进步而朝好的方向发展，否则就没有使标题升华。要写出每段的主题句-要能说明段落中心思想，确定全段内容重心、范围和叙述、说明的角度-要有体现中心思想的关键词（包括体现主题意义或范围的核心词或短语)-要简洁明了，直截了当,Inthepast,agoodstudentreferstoonewhowasonlygoodatstudies.(举例说明:study-centeredbothathome&inschool)Nowthecriteriaforgoodstsarechanging.(详细叙述:学习好，兴趣广，能力强，身体棒。)Generallyspeaking,criteriaforgoodstsarechangingforthebetter.(举例说明变化的必要和好处),二、扩展句,1.扩展句是以主题句为中心，逐步展开段落，它一般由一组意思连贯的句子组成。扩展句要内容翔实而简明扼要，表达清楚而有较强的说服力。扩展句,MajorSupportingSentence,MinorSupportingSentence,2.扩展句的特点1.）扩展句一般多为长句e.g.Privatecarsbenefitsbothindividualsandthenation.(Topicsentence)Itisveryconvenientforpeopletodrivetowork,studyanddomanyotherthings.Byencouragingpeopletobuycars,thenationcanstimulateconsumptionandthedomesticdemand,andenhancethenationaleconomy.(SupportingSentences),2.）扩展句要能支持主题句的观点，因此要有具体的facts,我们可以运用理论论证、事实论证、举例论证、数据论证或解释说明等各种方式来写扩展句。做到“有话可说”。学生范例“PracticeMakesPerfect”Itiswellknownthat“PracticeMakesPerfect”.Soifyoudonotpracticealot,howcanyougraspaskill?Wehavetopracticeifwewanttodosomethingperfectly.这三个扩展句没有对论点展开具体的阐述。只是翻来覆去地重复表达自己观点，是典型空洞无物的句子。,参考范例PracticeMakesPerfectItiswidelyacceptedthat“PracticeMakesPerfect”,whichmeansthatifyoupracticemore,andthenyoucanbemoreskillfulandexcellent.(提出观点并加以解释)Therefore,wehavetokeeppracticingalotifwewanttobesuccessful.(强调作者的观点),SexEducation1.现在人们越来越重视性教育2.开展性教育的意义3.家庭、学校、社会应该怎么做,作文实例,学生范例SexEducationNow,peoplethinkhighlyoftheeducationaboutsex.Asweallknow,theteenagersarecuriousabouteverythingespeciallythesex.Ifwedontlettheteenagersknowtheknowledgeofsex,theymaydosomethingdangeroustomakethemselvesclear.So,itisnecessarytodosexeducation.空洞无物,Myversion,Asisknowntoall,theConfuciustheorythatstronglyemphasizes“goodmanners”,whichimpliesthatideasandbehaviorsrelatedtosexshouldbeconsideredasobsceneandevil,hasbeenathousand-yearruleroftheChinesementalworld.AlthoughtodaysChinesepeoplearemuchmoreopen,sexstillremainsasensitivetopicinourdailylife.Sexeducationhasalwaysbeenalowpriorityinschools,andparentsareoftenreluctanttotalkaboutthestill-tabooissue.,正面范例2002年6月”StudentUseofComputers”since1990,therehasbeenatremendousgrowthinstudentuseofcomputers.Andinmanyschoolstheaveragenumberofhoursastudentspendsusingcomputersgrewto20hoursperweekin2000.,3.）扩展句在补充说明主题句时要直接，单刀直入，任何与主题无关的句子都应删去,HarmfulnessofFakeCommodities,3.）扩展句在补充说明主题句时要直接，单刀直入，任何与主题无关的句子都应删去。,4.)要正确地使用连接词，做好扩展句和主题句之间的过度和衔接，使句子之间有逻辑性和连贯性。例如：1999年6月真题“ReadingSelectivelyorExtensively?”Somemayproclaimthatselectivereadingisthebestwaytoattainhighefficiency.(主要扩展句1)Theymaintainsuchanideabecausestudentsprecioustimeforreadingisquitelimited.(次要扩展句)Incontrast,theobjectorsthinkthatstudentscannotgetageneralviewabouttheworldwithoutextensivereading.(主要扩展句2)Theyarguethatstudentsshouldabsorballkindsofknowledge.(次要扩展句),三、结尾句结尾句的定义段落的结尾句一般用来总结段落的中心思想，同事在段落中起着段落收尾的工作。例如：AsfarasImconcerned,loveisthemostvaluableandbeautifulthingintheworld.Withoutit,theworldisjustlikeadesert.Therefore,weshouldloveeachotherandmaketheworldabetterplace.,2.结尾句的特点1.）总结全文的作用“HowtoSucceedinaJobInterview”结尾句：“Aboveall,weshouldmakepainstakingeffortstobetruthfulaboutourpersonalinformation.”2.)首尾呼应PracticeMakesPerfectItiswidelyacceptedthat“PracticeMakesPerfect”,whichmeansthatifyoupracticemore,andthenyoucanbemoreskillfulandexcellent.(提出观点并加以解释)therefore,wehavetokeeppracticingalotifwewanttobesuccessful.(强调作者的观点),结尾句：Infact,notonlyintheoreticalstudybutalsoinpracticallearning,wehavetopracticeasmanytimesaswecantoachieveouraims.3.)一般来说，结尾句有两种写法：a.restatementb.summaryInsummary,tosummarize,inshort,inaword,inbrief,inconclusion,toconclude,allinall,ashasbeensaid,tosumup.Toputitdifferently,inotherwords,namely,insimplerterms.,2001年1月四级题“HowtosucceedinaJobInterview”1.)面试在求职过程中的作用2.）取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是,Nowadays,wheneverwewanttogetemployed,wewillhavetogothroughajobinterview.（主题句）Itisreallyimportanttoeveryoneofus.(扩展句1)Sowemusttakestepstodosomethinginpreparation.（扩展句2）,Manystepscanbetakentobesuccessfulinajobinterview.(主题句)Firstofall,weshouldbeneatlydressed,fortherightclotheswornattherighttimecangaintherespectofaswellasleaveafavorableimpressionontheinterviewer.(扩展句1)Inaddition,weshouldbepreparedtotalkreadilyabouttherequirementsoftheposition.(扩展句2)Finally,itisclearthat,tobereallyimpressive,wemustshowsomeself-confidenceandinterestinthejobweareapplyingfor.(扩展句3),Aboveall,weshouldmakepainstakingeffortstobetruthfulaboutourpersonalinformation.(主题句)Andweshouldbecarefulneithertoshowtoomuchconcernforsalarynortocriticizeourformeremployer.(扩展句)文章结尾简洁明了，再次强调了主题，整篇文章一气呵成。,Exercise填出下列句子中所缺的主题句，扩展句和结尾句1._.First,youneedtohaveenoughtimetorequestandthensubmitallthenecessaryacademicrecords.Second,theadmissionsofficemusthaveenoughtimetolookatyouracademicrecordsanddecideifyouwillbeaccepted.Finally,manyuniversitieshaveaquota,orspecialnumber,ofstudentswhomayentereverysemester.,Therearethreeimportantstepstofollowifyouwanttoenterauniversity.,2.Somepeoplethinkthatsportsbenefitsusinmanyrespects.-,Whentakingpartinsports,wegetthechancetotrainalmostallparts,ofourbody.Furthermore,sportscanalsoenrichourlifeandmaintain,ourpsychologicalhealth,whichteachesusaboutconsideration,cooperation,andoptimism,andhowtocopewithdifficulties.,e.g.Therearemanybenefitsofdoingphysicalexercise.Asweknown,doingexcisecanleadourbodyproducelotsofabulencebenefitedtoourhealth,GRwecanresistthediseasetoprotectourbody,sowedoingalotofexcise,GRwecouldhaveastrongbody,andwewillneverhavesomediseasesuchasheadache,feverandcold,else,wecanprotectourselvesandthepoeplewhowecareaboutifwehaveastrongbody.Nowadays,moreandmorepoeplebecomepayattentiontodoingexcise,GRinparticularlytheold,theymaybedidntseetheimportencetoexcisewhenyoungeGR,butwhentheybecomeolderandolderfeeltheycantdomanythingbecauseoftheirbedhealth,GRsoweshouldstartdoingexcisefromnowon,then,wewillnotfeelregretwhenweareold.,范例Therearemanybenefitsofdoingphysicalexercise.Apparently,itcanstrengthenmusclesthroughoutthebody,andmakeourheartpumpefficiently,whichreducetherateofgettingheartdisease.Asmanywomenknow,aerobicexerciseburnsfatintheirbodyandkeepthemslender.Besides,itincreasesthetotalnumberofredbloodcells,facilitatingtransportofoxygen.Asidefromthesebenefitsabove,thereremanyotheradvantagesthatmostpeopledontknow.Itcanreducebloodpressure,improvementalhealth.Inaword,aerobicexercisehasmanybenefits.Sodosomeexercisetobuildastrongbody.,3.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iagreewiththeformeropinion.Finally,readingselectivelyisnotequaltoreadingwithdiscrimination.Secondly,studentswouldhavelesstimereadingrelevantbooks.Lastbutnoleast,readingirrelevantbooksonlywastesourtime.Inaword,_.,readingselectivelyisthebestpolicyinstudy.,写一个段落，阐述你对于SchoolUniforms(校服)的观点,段落写作的一致性和凝聚力,段落的coherenceandcohesion是指段落的一致性和凝聚力。只有当主题句、扩展句和结论句之间有其内在的凝聚力时，文章的结构才能紧凑有效。一、段落写作的一致性（coherence）1.文章内容要围绕一个主题展开，要具有一致性2.句子要保持时态、人称、数的一致性；3.在使用平行结构时要保持语法结构的一致性。,I文章内容的一致性However,wehavefiguredoutmanywaystoreducethepollutionfromcars.(主题句)Firstly,non-pollutingfuelcarscanbeused.（主要扩展句1）Solongaswecanmakeuseofcheapnon-pollutingfuel,pollutionwillbegraduallydecreased.（次要扩展句2）Secondly,peoplehadbetterusecarsaslittleaspossible.（主要扩展句2）Thirdly,scientistsareconductingresearchtoimprovetheengine.（主要扩展句3）注意逻辑的一致性，不要自相矛盾。,II在一个句子或紧邻的两三个句子里要保持时态、人称、数等地一致性。1.WhetheronelikestheInternetornot,weareactuallybombardedbyiteveryday.whetherweliketheInternetornot,weareactuallybombardedbyiteveryday.2.Nowvegetablesandfruitcanbeseeneverywherewhenitisinseason.Nowvegetablesandfruitcanbeseeneverywherewhentheyareinseason.3.Somethoughtitisnotasimportantasbefore.Somethoughtitwasnotasimportantasbefore.不要因为混乱的时态打破文章应有的平滑性。,III.在一个句子或紧邻的几个句子中，在表达相同、或相近的几个意思时，所用的语法要保持一致性。1.Inaword,everyonemusttakeresponsibilityandairpollutionwillgraduallybeeliminated.Inaword,everyonemusttakeresponsibilitytoeliminateairpollution.2.Itwillnotonlybecomeconvenient,butwillalsobemuchcheaper.Itwillnotonlybecomemoreconvenient,butwillalsobemuchcheaper.在notonlybutalso,bothand,whetheror,eitheror,neithernor,aswellas等连接两个成分的连词中，其中两个成分要尽量保持结构上的一致。,3.Makingcitiesgreenerhasalotofadvantages,suchastheimprovementoftheenvironment,contributionstoindustry,andmakingcitiesmorebeautiful.Makingcitiesgreenerhasalotofadvantages,suchastheimprovementoftheenvironment,contributionstoindustry,andbeautificationofcities.,4.Readingextensivelyisgoodforourmentalhealth,andthroughitwecanalsotrainourcharacter.Readingextensivelyisgoodforourmentalhealth,anditisalsobeneficialtothetrainingofourcharacter.同样的道理，在指同一件事情时，要尽量保持结构的平行，尤其是在列举多想内容时。,5.Educationproblemsarecurrentlyofgreatconcerntonations,theworld,andhumanbeingsindividually.Educationproblemsarecurrentlyofgreatconcerntonations,totheworld,andtohumanbeingsindividually.6.Butotherpeoplearguethateveryonehastheresponsibilitytoprotectfreshwaterandwedbetterentitlelawstoregulateit.Butotherpeoplearguethateveryonehastheresponsibilitytoprotectfreshwaterandthatwedbetterentitlelawstoregulateit.上面两个例子分别缺失了to和that,不仅在语法结构上不完整，也破坏了平行结构。,二、段落写作的的连贯性（cohesion）写作时，句子的逻辑安排要具有连贯性，而连贯性就是指句子的前后衔接平滑、流畅、自然、连贯，并且是按逻辑顺序排列。Goodbooks,ontheotherhand,teachandhelpchildrentodogoodthings.Goodbooksarechildrensrealcompanions,andtheyarebothinstructiveandinspiring.Childrenlearnpasteventsfromhistorybooks,studycommunicationbylanguagebooks,andlearnspaceandnumbersthroughmathematicsbooks.Inaword,differentkindsofgoodbookscangivealargeamountofideasandknowledge.,连接词1.表转折：although,despite,atthesametime,eventhough,however,inspiteof,regardlessof,onthecontrary2.举例关系：asfollows,forexample,forinstance,including3.表因果：asaresult,accordingly,becauseof,dueto,thanksto,nowthat,since,hence,therefore4.表递进：additionally,inaddition,besides,thatistosay,inotherwords,whatsmore,lastbutnotleast,II.同义词或近义词段落中句子的表述需要同义词和近义词来解释说明，以避免重复。Itseemssoinfusestrengthintomylimbs,andideasintomybrain.Lifeseemstogoonwithoutefforts,whenIamfilledwithmusic.,III.“起，承，转合”1.Onthewhole,therearemanyreasonstoexplainit.起2.Themainreasonisthatmoreandmorepeoplecometolargecitiestohuntforjobs,whichresultintheoverpopulationinthesecities.承3.Whatsmore,thecostofthehousesriserapidly.承4.Thoughtherearemanyvacanthouses,somepeoplewithlowsalariesstillhavenoplacetolive.转5.Thirdly,theselargecitiesdeveloptheirownbusinessandindustry.承6.Sothelandforbuildinghousesislimited.合1句引起话题：造成房屋紧张的很多原因；2,3句承接逐句，解释了两个原因；4句画风一转，提出尽管空房很多，但是低收入的人住不起；5句承接主句，解释第三个造成房屋紧缺的原因；6句总结本段，与收据呼应。,Exercise1._,Isupporttothelatteridea._,tourismalsoneedstodevelopwththetimes,_itneedstocommunicatewiththeoutsideworld._,_thedevelopmentoftourism,thegovernmentwillearnmoremoneytodevelopthelocaleconomy.,3._,Iwillconcludethatuniversitiesshouldprovidebasictheoreticalcoursesandfocusonteachingpracticalcourses_professionalskillswillbenefitthestudentssfuturecareers,_simpletheoriescanhelpthembemoresuccessful._,veryfewgreatinventorscanbeorganizedthroughclassroomteaching_complicatedtheoriesviaindividualstudies.,2.Foranother,housingreformcanbehelpfultothedevelopmentofthecountryseconomy.Moredemandsofhousingstimulatetherealestatema