商务英语翻译 1ppt课件

.,English-ChineseTranslationforInternationalBusiness,TanXiaomin（谭效敏）ForeignLanguageDept.HenanUniversityofEconomicsandLaw,.,AbouttheTeachingMaterial,TheTextbookYouneedtoreadthetextbookbyyourselfanddothehomeworkafterclass.ThePPTWeusethepptinclass.Thetextbookandthepptarecomplementarytoeachotherandtheyhavealittleincommon.,.,AbouttheAssessmentfortheCourse,平时成绩：占总成绩的30%，计100分，包括考勤，课堂表现，作业等。其中，旷课一次扣2分，早退一次扣2分，请假一次扣1分，一次不完成作业扣3分，一次作业完成不佳扣2分，课堂睡觉、玩手机或讲话，影响他人听课一次扣2分。直到平时成绩扣完为止。期末成绩：占总成绩的70%，计100分，采取出卷考试的方式进行，内容为本学期所讲过的所有内容。,.,ChapterOneIntroductiontotheCourse,Thiscourse,English-ChineseTranslationforInternationalBusiness,isapractical,socialandfunctionaltypeofcourse.Itrequiresthestudentstohavelanguage,communication,managementknowledge,professionalcontentandculturalawareness”.e.g.sub-primelendingcrisis,mortgage,.,WhatisTranslation?,DefinitionsofTranslation：Translationistoexchangethetruthofwordsinonelanguagetothatoftheotherwithoutmissingitsstyleandcharm.Translationisaninternationalcommunication.Sotranslationisarenderingfromonelanguagetoanother,i.e.thefaithfulrepresentationinonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage,.,TwoFamousTranslationTheorists,Chinese:YanFuForeign(American):EugeneA.Nida,.,YanFuandHisCriteriaofTranslation,YanFu,agreatChinesetranslatorandprofessor,whointroducedalargenumberofforeignbookstotheChinesepeoplebymeansoftranslation.Heiswell-knownforhistranslationsincludingThomasHuxleysEvolutionandEthics(天演论）,AdamSmithsWealthofNations（国富论,JohnStuartMillsOnLiberty(论自由）andHerbertSpencersStudyofSociology（社会学研究）.Yancritiqued(批判，评论）theideasofDarwinandothers,offeringhisowninterpretationofthem.Theideasof“naturalselection”and“survivalofthefittest”wereintroducedtoChinesereadersthroughHuxleyswork.Theformerideawasfamouslyrenderedastianze(天择)intoChinesebyYanFu.Hebecamearespectedscholarforhistranslations,andbecamepoliticallyactive.HewasinvolvedintheGongCheShangshumovementin1895.In1912,hebecamethefirstprincipaloftheNationalPekingUniversity(nowPekingUniversity).,.,YanFusCriteriaofTranslation,YanFuadvancedtheprinciplesoftranslation:Faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance（信，达，雅）.InthepastdecadesMr.Yansthree-characterguidanceoftranslationhasbeengenerallyregardedastheprincipleformeasuringthequalityoftranslation.,.,OtherCriteriaofTranslation,Faithfulness,ExpressivenessandNaturalization（信，达，贴）Faithfulness,ExpressivenessandAppropriateness（信，达，切）Faithfulness,AccuracyandSmoothness（信，准，暢）,.,EugeneA.Nida,1.NidawasborninOklahomaCity,Oklahoma，USAin1914.HegraduatedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaasabachelorandreceivedhisPh.D.inLinguisticsfromtheUniversityofMichigan.HediedinMadrid,SpainonAugust25,2011,aged96.2.Nidahasbeenapioneerinthefieldsoftranslationtheoryandlinguistics.HisPh.D.dissertation,ASynopsisofEnglishSyntax,wasthefirstfull-scaleanalysisofamajorlanguage.,.,Nidas“DynamicEquivalence”Theory,HismostnotablecontributiontotranslationtheoryisDynamicEquivalence,alsoknownasFunctionalEquivalence.ThistheoryiselaboratedinhisessayPrinciplesofCorrespondence,whereNidaassertsthatgiventhatnotwolanguagesareidentical,eitherinthemeaningsorinthewaysinwhichsymbolsarearrangedinphrasesandsentences,itstandstoreasonthattherecanbenoabsolutecorrespondencebetweenlanguages.Hence,therecanbenofullyexacttranslations.”Whiletheimpactofatranslationmaybeclosetotheoriginal,therecanbenoidentityindetail.,.,PrinciplesGoverninganF-ETranslationbyNida,ThreeAspects:reproductionofgrammaticalunits;consistencyinwordusage;Consistencyinmeanings.,.,Connotationintranslation,Whatisconnotation?Connotationistheimplicationofmeaningsapartfromitsprimarymeaning.e.g.Theorganizationquicklymushroomed（迅速成长）intoamassmovement.e.g.Therearemanyfactorsweneedtotakeintoconsiderationbeforewecanmakeadefinitecommitmenttogoglobal(国际化）.Wordsandphraseswithconnotations:restroom（厕所）,instructor（讲师）,transcript（副本）,job-hop(跳槽）,competitiveproducts（精品）,illegalincome（黑色收入）,mushroom,millionaire（大富豪）,exclusiveshop（专卖店）,pink-collarworkers（粉领工人）,greenpower（金钱的力量）.,.,Connotationintranslationisespeciallydifficulttofigureout,E.g.1.纽约ECO集团拥有5个控股子公司。错误译文：NewYorkECOGrouphas5share-holdingcompanies.(误译为：5个公司持有纽约ECO集团的股份。）正确译文：NewYorkECOGroupisaholdingcompanyof5subsidiarycompanies.2.中国民生银行有限公司错误译文：ChinaMinshengBankingCorporation,Ltd.Corporation本身就相当于limitedcompany，英译中无需再加“Ltd”。正确译文：ChinaMinshengBankingCorporation.,.,ChapterTwoCriteriaofBusinessEnglishTranslation,Faithfulness,IdiomaticnessandConsistency(忠实，地道，统一）Thatis,befaithfultotheoriginal;usestandardbusinesslanguage;thenames,conceptsandprofessionaltermsareconsistentintranslationallthetime.Faithfulnesstotheoriginalisnecessarywhileaccuracyoridiomaticnessismuchvitalintranslation.,.,TheCharacteristicsofBusinessEnglishTranslation,BusinessEnglishTranslationisquitedifferentfromtheordinaryorliteraryEnglishtranslation,thelatteronlyneedsustoknowbasicEnglishanditsculture,combinedwithskillfultranslationtechniqueswhiletheformerseemsmorecomplicatedandformalthanthelatterbecausethelanguageformation,vocabularyandcontentarecloselyrelatedtobusiness.ThetranslatoroughttobeveryfamiliarwithallaspectsofbusinessknowledgeanditslanguagecharacteristicsandexpressionsinadditiontotheEnglishlanguageandculture.,.,approvalinsteadofapprobationimproveinsteadofamelioratecertifyinsteadofproveexpiryinsteadofendcontinueinsteadofgoonincaseofinsteadofifwithregardtoinsteadofaboutonthegroundsthatinsteadofbecause,sinceWeconfirmourtelexofJuly2nd,2008.insteadofWewishtoconfirmourtelexdispatched(派遣，派发）yesterday.,BusinessEnglishtranslationtendstouseclear,formal,brief,exact,specific,practicalexpressions.Popularwordsarefrequentlyadopted,e.g.,.,ProceduresofTranslation,Theprocessoftranslationincludestwosteps:comprehensionandexpression.1.ComprehensionThefirststepisdeeplyunderstandingthesourcelanguage.Withoutexactcomprehensionofthetruesenseoftheoriginal,therecantbeaccuratetranslation.Itneedstranslatorstoanalyzetheoriginalfromvariousaspects,suchasgrammaticalrelations,idiomaticusages,semanticmeaning,languagestyle,discourse,pragmaticsandculture.2.ExpressionThesecondstepisturningthecomprehensiveinformationintocorrectandaccuratetranslation.Toexpresswell,weneedhighqualitiesinbothnativeandtargetlanguages,flexibletranslationtechniques,abundantinterculturalknowledge,beinggoodatthinking,keenonpracticing,competentatsummarizingothersandhis/herowntranslationexperiences,diligentlearningspiritandstrictworkingspirit.,.,Assignments:,Read,understandandtrytomasterChapterOneandChapterTwoofyourbook;DoQuestionsForConsideration1DoQuestionsForConsideration1RoyalSociety皇家学会GeneralAssembly联合国大会ThePacificOcean太平洋GeorgeWashington乔治华盛顿technicalterms;carbondioxide二氧化碳bankloan银行贷款creditcard信用卡stockholder股东aspirin阿司匹林somecommonthingsindailylife.e.g.individual个人collegescholarship大学奖学金company公司,.,2）PartialequivalenceTheEnglishwordmayhavewidersensethanthatofChinese:OneEnglishwordwithmultipleequivalentsofthesamemeaninginChinese,e.g.wife妻子(爱人，夫人，老婆，媳妇，老伴，堂客，内人）marriage结婚（成亲，娶，嫁）oneEnglishwordwithseveralequivalentsofdifferentmeaningsinChinese,e.g.director经理filmdirector导演DirectorofPublicProsecutions检察官thePresidentsbudgetdirector总统预算局局长Sheisontheboardofdirectors.她是董事会成员。,.,OneChinesewordwithmultipleequivalentsofthesamemeaninginEnglish:人humanbeing,man,people,person,individual犬dog,hound,setter,pointer,mastiff,retriever,terrier副（职）vice,associate,assistant,deputy,lieutenant,（vice-president,associateprofessor,assistantofthechief-manager,deputy-mayor,)oneChinesewordwithseveralequivalentsofdifferentmeaningsinEnglish:国:statesecrets国家机密，state-ownedrailroads国有铁路，Shouldindustrybecontrolledbythestate?工业应该有国家控制吗?HowmanystatesarethereintheUnitedStates?美国有几个州？PresidentsstatevisittoBritain总统对英国的国事访问,.,TheEnglishword“state”inthefollowingphrasesandsentencescannotberenderedintotheChineseword“国”:stateofhealth健康状况ahappystateofmind愉快的心情tolieinstate以供瞻仰thestatecoach礼宾车TheChineseword“国”inthefollowingphrasesandsentencescannotbeputintotheEnglishword“state”:超级大国super-power皇亲国戚theKingsrelative此物生南国Itgrowsinhesouth.他从未出过国门Henevergoesabroad.,.,TheEnglishword“beat”inthefollowingphrasesandsentencescannotbetranslatedintoChineseword“打”:Theproblembeatme.难住Offhisownbeathisopinionswereofnovalue.本行Therainwasbeatingagainstthewindows.敲打Thefirefightersbeatbacktheflame.压下去Themechanicbeatoutthedentingofthecar.把凹痕敲平Thebirdbeatitswingsrapidly.扑打Shehopestobeattheworldrecord.打破Iwishyoudstopbeatingaboutthebushandtellmethetruth.拐弯抹角Hebeathisbrainouttoearnmoney.绞尽脑汁,.,TheEnglishword“float”hasdifferentChinesetranslations:,afloatingexchangerate浮动汇率floatingpolicy统保单alargefloatingpopulation大批流动人口floatingvoters浮动选民,.,3)SemanticblankThetermisusedinasensethatthereisnoequivalentofawordorphraseinonelanguagecomparedwiththeother.Forexample:,babyshower临产妇女的送礼聚clock-watch看钟点等下班braintrust智囊团braindrain人才流失dataphone数据送话机bridalshower新娘送礼聚会brunch早午餐servicestation汽车加油服务站bus-boy餐馆收垃圾工mindlessness思想上的混沌状态togetherness不分彼此的集体感swansong绝唱，辞世之作athrowawaysociety浪费成风的社会redshirt美国大学中体育方面有发展前途的学生,.,SemanticBlank:ChinesephraseswithnoequivalentsinEnglish,胸有成竹haveawell-thoughtplaninmind衙门yamen杀一儆百tokilloneasanexample冰糖葫芦candiedhawsonastick磕头kowtow功夫kungfu上火excessiveinternalheatinyourbody三伏thehottestdaysinsummer三九thecoldestdaysinwinter工字钢H-beam环形圈O-ring三角带v-belt叉形曲线Y-curve交叉支撑X-brace,.,4)Semanticconflict,By“conflict”here,itmeansthatacertainwordrepresentsaconceptinonelanguagethatmaybecompletelyoppositetothatintheother.E.g.:Lady/gentlemencomradecountry-state-citycountry-province-cityMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology麻省理工学院,.,3.Collocation词汇搭配关系,Inthepracticeoftranslation,whatconfusesusmostfrequentlyishowtofindanequivalentinonelanguagetobetranslatedintotheotherastheirmeaningsvarywiththechangeincollocationandcontext.Ontheotherhand,anEnglishwordorphrasemayhaveavarietyofChineseequivalentsaccordingtothedifferentcontexts.1)通过词语的横向搭配选择词义intensedisgust（非常的）intensework（紧张的）intensesorrow（极度的）intensestudy（紧张的）intensediscussion(激烈的）intensecold（严）intenseheat（酷）,.,2)根据上下文词义使用的范围大小不同选择词义,commercialinvoice商业发票TVcommercial商业广告commercialvehicles商用车辆commercialhouse商行，商号commercialcollege商学院，商业专科学校commercialagent商务代理商commercialpractice商业惯例,.,Sales:,salesman推销员，售货员salesliterature销售说明书salesmanager销售经理salesdepartment营销部，业务部salesvolume销售量salestax销售税，营业税salesaccount销货账，销售登记簿Salesroom门市部，收货处,.,3)根据可引申程度不同或引申词义不同选择词义,Shekilledtheflowerbysprayingittoomuch.(浇死）Hekilledthedog.（宰，杀死）Theoldmankillsthetimeeverydaydownatthepark.（消磨）Hekilledhischancesofsuccess.（使失去）Hedrinkstokillthepain.（止）Theeditorkilledthestory.（删掉，枪毙）,.,4)通过引申升华,即边缘类搭配选择词汇,wearacoat（穿）中心类搭配词wearawatch（戴）中间类搭配词wearapairofglasses（戴）中间类搭配词wearaperfume（喷，擦）边缘类搭配词Lookatthedialogueandnoticethedifferenttranslationsoftheword“wear”:A:WasMissLiwearinganythingwhensheenteredtheroom,Sir?B：Yes,shewaswearingaperfume.,.,第四章英汉句子对比ChapterFour：ContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChineseatSentenceLevel,Therearethreeaspects:Syntheticvs.Analytic(综合语与分析语）Compactvs.Diffusive（聚集型与流散型）Hypotacticvs.Paratactic（形合与意合）,.,Syntheticvs.Analytic(综合语与分析语）,Englishisasyntheticlanguage“characterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflected（曲折的，词尾有变化的）formstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships”.英语属于综合语，其特征是用形态变化来表达语法关系。Chineseisananalyticlanguage“characterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords（功能词，如前置词，连词）,auxiliaryverbsandchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelationsratherthanofinflectedforms.汉语属于分析语，其特征是不用形态变化而用词序及虚词来表达语法关系。,.,1）英语有形态变化，汉语没有严格意义的形态变化。,形态变化分以下两种：（）构词形态：即起构词作用的词缀变化（affixation)包括大量的前缀（prefix)和后缀（suffix)。英语词缀多变，常常一缀多义，不仅规模大，而且种类齐全。汉语利用词缀构词无论规模、数量或种类都不及英语。英语通过词形变化改变词性，用这些词灵活组句，可以表达一个几乎相等的意思；汉语没有形态变化，很难用这么多的句式来表达同样的意思。因此，英汉互译时，往往要改变词性，转换词类，才能通顺表达原意。例如：,.,Thebasicmeaningsofthefollowingsentencesarethesame:1.Hemovedastonishinglyrapidly.2.Hemovedwithastonishingrapidity.3.Hismovementswereastonishinglyrapid.4.Hisrapidmovementastonishedus.5.Hismovementastonishedusbytheirrapidity.6.Therapidityofhismovementswasastonishing.7.Heastonishedusbyhisrapidmovements.8.Heastonishedusbytherapidityofhismovements.,.,（）构形形态:即表达语法意义的词形变化。,Igivehimabook.Hehasgivenmethreebooks.Hismotheroftengivehimbooks.汉语中，人称代词“我”“他”，名词“书”，动词“给”等类词没有形式变化。人称代词“我”“他”可以表示主格、宾格和所有格；名词“书”没有单复数；动词“给”没有现在时，过去时，完成时的变化。英语的动词、助动词和情态动词常常结合起来，运用其形态变化表示动词的时态，语态和语气。汉语没有这类变化。有时可借助一些半独立的词语来表示，但多数是隐含在句子中或上下文里。,.,Forexample:Bythistimenextyeartheywillhaveturnedthelandintoaresidentialquarter.Ididntexpectthatyouwouldallbewaitinghere.Heappearedonthestageandwaswarmlyapplaudedbytheaudience.Iftheyhadntsavedthechild,hewouldhavebeendrowninthestormyriver.Modernaircraftsaresoheavythatthewingsmustdevelopaverylargeliftforceinordertosustaintheaircraft.Ahypothesisisaspecificstatementdevelopedbyascientistfromobservations.(P25)Whilepeopleinothercountriesintheworldweretryingtocatchwildanimalsandbirdsandwerestillcollectingseedsandnuts,farmersinChinaweredevelopingthescienceofagriculture.(P28),.,英语的形态变化主要是动词变化（conjugation）和名词、代词、形容词及副词的变化（declension）以及上述的词缀变化,包括：性（gender）,数（number）,格（case)，时（tense），体（aspect),语态（voice），语气（mood），比较级（degreeofcomparison），人称（person）,词性（partsofspeech）。,.,英语形态变化的使用有严格的规则，往往带有强制性。汉语没有形态变化，汉语的数量助词“们”表示复数，动态助词“着，了，过”表示动词的体，结构助词“的，地，得”表示定语，状语和补语。但这些成分的使用在汉语中常常缺乏普遍性。有的场合一定要用，有的场合可用可不用，有的场合甚至不能用。,.,）英语的词序比较灵活；汉语词序相对固定,（）英汉句子的主要成分：主语、谓语动词、宾语或表语的语序基本上相同。一般说来，英、汉语的排列顺序都是主动宾，但与汉语相比，英语词序倒置的现象比较多。Mosttradeisextendedviatheopenaccount.(1)(2)(3)赊销账户使得交易得以扩展。Wewillbeappreciatedifyoucaninformusof(1)(2)thesalessituationofourproductsatyourend.(3)(4)如能告知我们的产品在你处的销售情况，我们将不胜感激。Themoderatepricecoupledwiththesuperiority(1)(2)ofourgoodswillsurelyinduceyoutopassusorders.（3）（4）（5）我们的产品价格公道，质地优良，相信你们会乐于购买。,.,（2）汉语的定语一般在名词的前面；而英语的定语位置比较灵活，在许多情况下，可以通过形态变化或借助连接词置于名词的前面或后面。,英语的定语位置比较灵活averydifficultproblemproblemswithIraqandYemen英语的定语可以远离名词Theelementofuncertaintylentaninteresttotheoccasionwhichitcouldnototherwisehaveattained.英语定语灵活处理Shewasanintelligent,attractiveandsomewhattemperamental（易兴奋的，喜怒无常的）daughterofawell-to-do（富裕的）doctorinPaddington.,.,2.Compactvs.Diffusive（聚集型与流散型）,Englishsentencesarecompact,tightlycombinedwithconnectivesorprepositions,WhileChineseisdiffused,thatis,looseinstructure.英语句子的特点：有严谨的主谓结构，这个结构通常由名词性短语和动词性短语构成。主语不可或缺，谓语动词是句子的中心，两者协调，提纲携领，聚集各种关系网络。因此，英语句子主次分明，层次清楚，前呼后拥，严谨规范，句式呈“聚集型”。汉语句子的特点:汉语不受形态的约束，没有主谓形式协调一致的关系，也没有这种关系可以驾驭全句。汉语主谓结构丰富，具有很大的多样性，复杂性和灵活性，因而句式呈“流散型”。,.,Forexample:Nowtheintegratedcircuithasreducedbymanytimesthesizeofthecomputer,ofwhichitformsapart,thuscreatinganewgenerationofportableminicomputer.现在集成电路成了计算机的组成部分，使计算机的面积大大缩小，从而产生了新一代的便携式微型计算机。Anotionhastakenhold（固定下来）intheUStotheeffectthat（大意是）onlypeoplewhoshouldbeencouragedtobringchildrenintotheworldarethosewhocanaffordthem.在美国有一个根深蒂固的观点，说是只有对那些抚养得起子女的人，才应鼓励其生育。,.,Althoughlonelyinanewland,hewasdescribedbyhisfellowworkersandstudentsascheerful,ofafriendlynature,honest,andmodest.虽然他单身一人，又处在异乡客地，但正如他的同事和学生描述的那样，他为人愉快开朗，温文尔雅，诚实谦虚。,.,英汉句子成份对比ComparisonbetweenE-CSentenceElements,MostEnglishprimarysentencemembersarethesameorsimilartothoseinChinesesuchassubject,predicate,object,attributiveandadverbial.Evenso,therearedifferencesasinthefollowing:（1）英语句子有表语，英语补语的概念与汉语不同，汉语的补语与英语句中的状语或表语等同。例如：Iwenttothehospitaltoseehimthreetimes.(adverbial)我到医院看了他三次。（补语）Todaysfriedriceisverydelicious.(predicative)今天的炒饭好吃极了。（补语）,.,(2)英语句子谓语动词不可缺少；而汉语句子名词和形容词可以作谓语。例如：树叶黄了。Theleavesturnedyellow.天高云淡。Theskyishighandthecloudsarepale.明天是感恩节。TomorrowwillbeThanksgivingDay.这张桌子三条腿。Thistablehasthreelegs.古藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。（元朝散曲作家马致远天净沙秋思）Overoldtreeswreathedwithrottenvineflyeveningcrows;Beneathatinybridgebesideacotaclearstreamflows;Onanancientroadinwesternbreezealeanhorsegoes.Inthewesttheeveningsunissinking,Attheremotestcorneroftheearththeheartbrokenmantravels.,.,英语和汉语的不同语序,（1）不同的定语语序英语的定语短语和从句通常紧跟所修饰的名词，位置或前或后；而汉语的定语短语和从句通常先于所修饰的词。例如：ThesearethebestdictionariesaboutEnglishidiomswhichwehaveinthelibrary.这些是我们图书馆里有关英语成语的最好的词典。,.,Thereisnoschoolinthatmountainvillage,norhavethefarmersanyotherspeciallocalproductsoftheirown.那座山村没有学校，农民也没有自己的任何其他地方性特色产品。,.,当多个定语修饰同一名词，英语的修饰语序与汉语的不同。通常语序如下：,英语：1.限定性定语（冠词，指示代词，不定代词，名词所有格）2.序量词3.时间，地点4.主观判断性定语5.客观描述性定语（大小，长短，高低，形状）6.年龄，新旧7.颜色8.国籍，地区，出处9.质地，材料10.用途11.类别，属性汉语：1.限定性定语2.国别3.时间，地点4.数量5.种类，次第6.主观判断7.颜色8.质地，材料9.客观性描述10.用途,.,E.g.:anancientChinesewriter一位中国古代作家ashortwhitemuslingown一件白洋布的短旗袍acharmingsmallroundoldbrownFrenchoakwritingdesk一个精巧的法国老式棕色橡木做的小圆写字台Thosearefivehugeapartmentbuildingsofourdistrictforcollegeteachers.这是我们区的五座为高校教师建的高层公寓楼。,.,Manyscientistsholdthatmanssocialpracticealoneisthecriterionofthetruthofhisknowledgeoftheexternalworld.许多科学家认为，只有社会实践才是人们对外界认识的真实性的检验标准。ThethreecountiesunderwentthefourthmostseriousnaturaldisasterthatspreadtoseveralprovincesinChinainthe1970s.这三个县经历了那场中国七十年代第四次极为严重的遍及数省的自然灾害。,.,（2）不同的状语语序：,英语和汉语状语的位置很灵活也很复杂。通常，汉语习惯把状语放在所修饰词之前或放在句首，仅少数放在后；而英语习惯把状语放在所修饰词之后或放在句尾，仅少数放在前。例如：Iwenttolivewithmyparentsforamonthortwoeverysummervacationinmyhometown,Shandong.我每年放暑假到老家山东和父母亲住一两个月。（时间-地点-方式状语）,.,Anotherexample:Morerecently,IBMsdominanceofthecomputermarkethasslipped,though.不过，近些年来国际商用机器公司在电脑市场上的统治地位已经下降了。,.,如果一个句子中同时有几个状语成份，通常语序为：,英语：1.条件状语2.目的状语3.程度状语4.方式状语5.频度状语6.地点状语7.时间状语汉语：1.目的状语2.时间状语3.地点状语4.条件状语5.方式状语6.频度状语7.程度状语E.g.Forthisreason,ourcompanynegotiatedwithyourcompanymanytimesthisyear.为此我们公司今年曾多次和贵公司谈判。,.,Withthethirdpartyactingasanintermediary,totaketheinterestofthewholeintoaccount,westronglydemandwithfranknessandsinceritymanytimesattheendofautumnofthesameyearthatyoushouldcompensateallourlosses.我们为了顾全大局于同年秋末在第三方的调停下开诚布公地多次强烈要求赔偿我们的一切损失。,Anotherexample:,.,HewasborninTianjinat2:11A.M.onthe16thofOctober,1985.(钟点、日、月、年）他是1985年10月16日凌晨2点11分在天津出生的。（年、月、日、钟点）HersisteronceworkedinthehospitaloftheHeartoftheNanchangCoal-miningCountry,JiangxiProvince.(英语地点由小到大）他姐姐曾在江西省南昌煤矿中心区医院工作过。（汉语地点由大到小）,(3)英语汉语中时间和地点状语的对比：E.g.,.,3.Hypotacticvs.Paratactic主从结构与并列结构形合与意合,在任何一种语言中，句子的连接主要有三种方法：句法手段、词法手段和语义手段。英语是以形合为特点的语言，它的句子连接主要靠句法手段和词法手段表达词语或分句之间的语法关系和逻辑关系。汉语是以意合为特点的语言，它的句子连接主要靠语义手段。1)英语以形合为特点，注重显性连贯，注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义。英语中的连接手段和形式不仅数量大、种类多，而且使用十分频繁。,.,（1）英语的关系词和连接词,英语的关系词包括关系代词和关系副词，用来连接定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。关系代词:who,whom,whose,that,which,what；关系副词:when,where,why,how。英语的连接词包括并列连词和从属连词：并列连词用来连接词、词组、分句，如:and,or,but,yet,so,however,aswellas,neithernor,asas等；从属连词用来连接各种状语从句，如When,while,since,because,although,until,unless,lest,sothat等。英语句子几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词，而汉语则少