区域之间的空间组织

Spatialrecognizationbetweenregions,ThetheoriesofeconomicdevelopmentrelationbetweenregionsTherelationbetweenregionsRegionaleconomicinegualitiesandharmony,SectorThetheoriesofeconomicdevelopmentrelationbetween,一、HirshmanspolarisationtricklingdowntheoryEconomydevelopedregion-northEconomydevelopingregion-south1Polarisationeffect-disadvaneage2Tricklingdowneffect-advaneage3Therelationbetweenpolarisationandtricklingdowneffects,二、梯度推移学说,区域之间经济发展梯度区域之间经济总体水平的差异，而不仅仅是技术水平的差异。1梯度推移说的基本观点2梯度推移学说在我国的发展与梯度推移有关的三种有代表性的观点：反梯度推移论；并存论；主导论。,三、Friedmannscore-peripherytheory1.pre-industrialeconomy:Independentlocalcentresnohierarchy.2.Transitionaleconomy:asinglestrongcentreemerges.thisdominatesthecolonialsocietyasthestageofpre-conditionsbegins.agrowingmanufacturingsectorencouragesconcentrationofinvestmentinonlyafewcentres-henceacoreemergeswithaprimatecity.,3.Industrialeconomy:asinglenationalcentre,strongperipheralsub-centres,increasedregionalinequalitiesbetweencoreandperiphery;upwardspiralintheperiphery(myrdalscumulativecausation).intime,astheeconomyexpands,morebalancednationaldevelopmentoccurs-sub-centresdevelop,formingamoreintegratednationalurbanhierarchy.4.Post-industrialeconomy:afunctionallyinterdependenturbansystem;theperipheryiseliminated.Friedmannbelievedthatstage4hasbeenreachedintheusa,althoughTherearestillperipheralareassuchastheOzarks,Appalachians,andAlaska.,图9.1弗里德曼的经济发展中心外围模型,图9.2欧洲的中心外围箭头表示战后主要移民路径，圆圈内的区域为欧洲核心区,图9.3世界体系的中心、次外围、外围的动态变化(a)1795年;(b)1895年;(c)1995年,四、Regionaltnterdependencytheories(一)DependencytheoryAccordingtodependencytheory,countriesbecomemoredependentuponmorepowerfulcountries,frequentlycolonialpower,asaresultofinteractionanddevelopment.asthemorepowerfulcountryexploitsofitsweakercolony,thecolonybecomesdependentuponthestrongerpower.Goodsflowfromthecolonytosupportconsumersintheoverseascountry.,Andrefrank(1971)describedtheeffectofcapitalistdevelopmentonmanycountriesasthedevelopmentofunderdevelopment.theproblemofpoorcountriesisnotthattheylacktheresources,technicalkmow-how,moderninstitutions,orculturaldevelpmentsthatleadtodevelopment,butthattheyarebeingexploitedbycapitalistcountries.dependencytheoryisaverydifferentapproachmostmodelsofdevelopment:,itincorporatespoliticsandeconomicsinitsexplanationittakesintoaccountthehistoricalprocessesofhowunderdevelopmentcameabout,i.e.howcapitalistdevelopmentbeganinonepartoftheworldandthenexpandedintootherareas(thebourgeoisie)andtheworkingclasses(imperialexpansion)itseesdevelopmentasarevolutionarybreak,aclashofinterestsbetweenrulingclasses(thebourgeoisie)andtheworkingclasses(theproletariat)itstressesthattobedevelopedistobeself-reliantandincontrolofnationalresourcesitbelievesthatmodernisationdoesnotnecessarilymeanwesternisation,andthatunderdevelopedcountriesmustsetgoaloftheirown,appropriatetotheirownresources,needs,andvalues,(二)Brookfieldstnterdependencytheory,布鲁克菲尔德的相互依赖观点：发达国家的经济发展不仅比不发达国家更依赖于资源和资本密集的技术，而且也依赖不发达国家的资源、劳动力和市场。受依赖关系的影响,不发达国家的内部变革也使得它们越来越依赖发达国家的资源和资本。所以，很难区分出它们谁依赖谁，实际上是相互依赖。在世界范围内，没有相互依赖经济和社会的发展就无法进行下去。,西方学术界对相互依赖的理解：世界上的任何国家之间都存在相互依赖关系，只不过程度有所差异。相互依赖意味着依赖是双向的传递和影响，而不是只作用于某一方。相互依赖的内容和程度在不断地发生变化。因此，可以这样来理解相互依赖，即国家之间在经济发展上（包括经济行动和政策）所发生的双向作用、影响的过程或现象。,一、Spatialinteractiontheory(一)spatialinteractionprecondition1mutualsupplementbetweenregions2Accessibilitytoregions3Interferenceopportunity,SectorTherelationbetweenregions,(二)Measuringtospatialinteraction,Qij=AiWiBjWjf(dij)式中：Qiji与j区域之间的空间相互作用力；Wi、Wji、j区域产生作用力的因子（如人口、经济规模等）；diji、j区域之间的距离；f(dij)距离摩擦函数；Ai，BjWi和Wj的权重。,能够使各区域充分发挥资源、要素、区位等方面的优势，进行专业化生产。合理利用资源，推动生产技术的提高和创新，提高产品质量和管理水平。有利于提高各区域的经济效益和国民经济发展的总体效益。,二、Regionaldivisionofproductiontheories(一)Regionaldivisionofproductionsignification,(二)Costtheories1AdamSmithstheoryofabsolutecostofproduction2DavidRicardostheoryofabsolutecostofproduction(三)H-Otheory,(三)要素禀赋学说,区域之间或国家之间存在生产要素的禀赋差异。如果它们都密集地使用丰富的要素生产商品就能获得比较优势，又满足了相互的需求。在自由贸易的条件下，各个区域或国家都应该根据要素禀赋条件，进行分工，开展贸易。,三、Regionalcooperationtheory(一)Regionalcooperationsignification(二)Regionalcooperationbasicprinciples,(二)Regionalcooperationbasicprinciples,1自愿平等，互惠互利2优势互补，相互协调3区域之间在空间上尽量相连,1区域行业合作,(三)Typesofregionalcooperation,2区域全面合作,SectorRegionaleconomicinegualitiesandharmony,一、Regionalinequalities1.Typesofregionalinequalities2.MeasuringregionalinequalitiesAvarietyofeconomic,social,demographic,andenvironmentalindicesareusedtomeasureregionalvariationsindevelopmentandstandardofliving:GrossDomesticProduct,unemploymentrates,labourcosts,incomeperhead,proportionofpopulationemployedinagriculture,typeofindustry,receiptofregionalandstructuralaid,inwardinvestment,ratesofout-migration,levelsofeducation,housingquality,socialserviceprovision,andenvironmentaldereliction.,3.ExamplesofregionalinequalitiesLocal:disparitiesbetweentheinnercityareasandrichsuburbs.National:BritainsNorth-SouthDivide,ItalysMezzogiorno.International:coreandperipheryintheEuropeanUnion,e.g.PortugalspositionintheEUGlobal:thedevelopedwestversusthelessdevelopedcountries.,4.Fingletonspositiveandnegativefeedback(1991)Therearetwoviewsofregionalinequalityandregionalpolicy:Negativefeedback(neoclassical)suggestsmarketforcesareallthatareneedertodrawivvestmenttoperipheryareasandattractlabourfromcoreareas.Positivefeedback(cumulativecausation)suggestscontinualdivergenceduetoaregionscomparativeadvantagewhichcontinuestoattractinvest