法律英语CONTRACTLAW合同法PPT课件

.,1,CONTRACTLAW,.,2,CONTRACTLAW,LessonOneIntroductionLessonTwoPerformanceandNon-PerformanceLessonThreeContractRemediesandComputationofDamagesLessonFourRightsofThirdParties,.,3,LessonOneIntroduction,Case:theCottonCasesof1973“Thecriticalissueiswhethertherewasanenforceablepromisetobuyforeachpromisetosell.Webelievetherewas.”,.,4,contracts,I.ContractNatureContractandcontractlawAcontractisapromiseorasetofpromiseswhichthelawwillprotectandenforce.Thecommonlawcountriesstressthecontractasakindof“promise,”thecivillawcountriesconcernonthe“agreementbetweentheparties.”,.,5,Apromiseorsetofpromiseswherethelawgivesaremedywhenbreached,andtheperformanceofwhichthelawrecognizesasaduty.,.,6,Contractlaw,Contractlawismostobviouslythelawrelatingtoagreementsorpromises.ThebulkofAmericancontractlawisjudge-madecaselaw.,.,7,TheUniformCommercialCodeTheRestatementofContracts合同法注释汇编合同法重述,.,8,2.FormationofContractofferandacceptanceOfferorandOffereeMeetingofthemindsMutualassentManifestationofwillingness“mirrorimage”“mailboxrule”,.,9,OfferandAcceptanceConsiderationNoDefensestoFormation,.,10,OfferandAcceptance,Whyimportanttohaveofferandacceptancerules?HelpscourtdecidewhethernegotiationsoranactualbargainEnsurespartiesagreedonaminimumquantityoftermsGivescourtareliablemethodtodeterminecontentofdeal,.,11,LegalSignificanceofOffer,CreatespowerofacceptanceinoffereeOffereecanconcludeadealandbindofferorbyproperassent,.,12,TerminationofOffer,TerminationbyOffereeRejectionNotterminatedbyinquiriesorrequestfordifferenttermsCounter-offerExpirationoftimeperiodIfnotimeforacceptance,theofferisdeemedareasonabletimedependingoncircumstances,.,13,Acceptance,Whomayaccept?PersontowhomofferwasaddressedorifintheclassofpersonstowhomaddressedAcceptancemustbeunequivocal.CommonLaw:MirrorimageruleacceptancemustmirrortermsofofferCommercialLaw:AnyacceptanceindicatingintentiontoentercontractisvalidUNLESSmadeconditionedonacceptanceofnewterms,.,14,3.NecessaryElementsofaContract(1)Theremustbeanagreementbetweentheparties;(2)Theremustbeconsiderationtosupportacontractualclaim;(3)Theremustbetwoormorepartieswhohavethelegalcapacitytocontract;(4)Subjectmatterofthecontractmustbelawful;(5)Theremustbeproperformforacontract.,.,15,Consideration,ConsiderationAbenefitoflegalvaluewhichmustbebargainedforbetweentheparties.,.,16,ElementsofConsideration1.BargainmustexchangesomethingGiftnobargain,noconsideration,.,17,2.LegalValuea.Generalruleadequacyorfairnessofconsiderationnotexaminedb.Majorityviewpartymustincurdetrimentbydoingsomethingnotlegallyobligatedtodoorrefrainingtorefrainingfromsomethinghehasarighttodo.,.,18,4.ClassificationofaContract-forms(1)bilateralcontract(2)unilateralcontract-expression(1)anexpresscontract(2)implied-inlawcontract(quasi-contracts)-legaleffects(1)validcontract(2)voidcontract(3)voidablecontract,.,19,ExpressorImplied1.Expresswritten2.Impliedfromconduct,pastrelationshipsBilateralorUnilateral1.Bilateral-exchangeofpromises2.Unilateralexchangeofanactforapromise,.,20,VoidorVoidableandUnenforceable1.Voidnolegaleffectfrombeginning2.Voidablepartymayelecttoavoidorratify3.Unenforceableotherwisevalidbutforwhichadefenseexists,.,21,EnforceablecontractUnenforceablecontractdefense,.,22,5.GroundsforNonperformanceofContracts,(1)Mistake(2)Fraud(3)LackofCapacity:MinorsandMentalIncapacity(4)DuressandUndueInfluence,.,23,(5)Misrepresentation(6)Unconscionability(7)IllegalContractsandContractsAgainstPublicPolicy,.,24,Summary,Tokeeptwopointsinmind:(1)acontractcontainsapresentundertakingorcommitmentconcerningfutureconductoftheparties,and(2)thelawsanctionsthecommitmentbyputtingitslegalmachinerybehindit.,.,25,LessonTwoPerformanceandNon-Performance,1.Rules:Whenpartiesmakeabilateralcontract,theyexchangepromisesintheexpectationofasubsequentexchangeofperformanceTheprincipalgoaloftherulesapplicabletotheperformancestageofsuchcontractsistoprotectthatexpectationagainstapossiblefailureoftheotherpartytoperform.,.,26,2.Problems:1)Refuseoperform2)Performinanunsatisfactorymanner3.Todeveloprulestotheinjuredparty,Inadditiontoanclaimfordamages,therighttosuspenditsownperformanceandultimatelytorefusetoperformiftheotherpartyfailstoperform.,.,27,4.ConditionsTwodistincteffects:(1)tosuspendperformance(2)toterminatethecontract,.,28,Conditions-bytimeConditionsprecedent(先决条件）Concurrentconditions（共时条件）Conditionssubsequent（后续条件）,.,29,Conditions-bythewaytheyarecreatedA.ExpressconditionsB.ConstructiveconditionsActualfailureofanexpressorconstructiveconditions1)hindrance,preventionornoncooperation2)waiverorestoppel3)impossibilityorcommercialfrustration,.,30,禁止反言原则”(equitableestoppel),是英美法系国家的一般契约理论，其基本内涵是“Mywordismybond”言行一致，不得出尔反尔。英美法系国家传统的契约理论是：合同成立、变更均须有对价(consideration)，才能产生强制执行之效力。可是实践中大量存在着这样的现象，某人许诺赠与他人物品或答应他人无偿为其做某事，但不久又反悔而使受诺人遭受损失。受诺人受到损失后却无法律依据阻却权利人权利的行使。,.,31,20世纪40年代以前，英美法系国家的法官解决这一问题的方法，使法律天平平衡的砝码，一是在衡平法上采用禁反言，再是尽其所能寻找有效的约因。这种方法往往产生牵强附会，徒增了人们对法律公正性的怀疑。1877年英国法官卡恩斯勋爵(LordCairns)审理HughesV.MetropolitanRailwayCo.案时就提出了禁止反言的观念，但并未引起人们的重视。直至1947年，卡恩斯勋爵的观念被英国大法官丹宁(LordDenning)传承，并将其确立为一个法律原则。,.,32,ParolEvidenceRule,Evidenceofpriororcontemporaneousnegotiationsoragreementsthatcontradictorvarytermsisinadmissibleifwrittencontractisintendedascompleteandfinalexpressionoftheparties.,.,33,LessonThreeContractRemediesandComputationofDamages,I.theAmericansystemofcontractremediesNottocompelpromisorstoperformtheirpromisesTorelyonthepromisesofothersandproviderelieftothemincaseofabrokenpromise.,.,34,II.Howdocourtsencouragepromiseestorelyonpromises?1.byprotectingtheexpectationtheexpectationinterest2.byprotectingthepromiseesreliancetherelianceinterest3.bygrantingrestitutiontherestitutioninterest,.,35,III.Typesofremedies1.RemedyLegalremediesA.compensatorydamagesB.consequentialdamagesC.punitivedamagesD.nominaldamages2.EquitableremediesA.specificperformanceB.rescissionC.restitution,.,36,LessonFourRightsofThirdParties,I.ThirdPartyBeneficiaryContractsII.AssignmentIII.Delegation,.,37,.,38,TheUniformCommercialCode统一商法典,salesandleasingTransferoffundsCommercialpaperBankdepositsandcollectionsLettersofcreditBulktransfersWarehousereceiptsBillsofladingInvestmentsecuritiesSecuredtransactions,etc.,.,39,TypingtheContract,Acontractmustcontainthefollowinginformation:1.softheparties3.purposesofthecontract4.dutiesandresponsibilitiesofeachparty5.considerationforthecontract6.duration7.signaturesofallparties8.witnessesornotarizaton,ifapplicable,.,40,EnglishContractStructure,封面目录正文附录,.,41,正文,1.约首1）导言2）鉴于条款3）过渡条款2.本文1）通用条款2）专有条款3.约尾1）签名2）盖章,.,42,通用条款,定义及解释条款责任及义务条款违约条款声明及保证条款保密条款转让条款知识产权条款,.,43,赔偿条款税收条款期限与终止条款保险条款不可抗力条款管辖法与争议条款完整协议与可分割性条款,.,44,LICENSEAGREEMENT,THISAGREEMENT,enteredinto(place)onthe1stdayofJanuary,1998bybetweenABCCORPORATION,aof_,andhavingitsprincipalofficeat_,corporationorganizedandexistingunderthelawof_,andhavingitsprincipalofficeat_,(hereinafterreferredtoasXYZ)(Introduction),.,45,WITNESSTH(RECITAL),WHEREASXYZHasdevelopedcertainprocesses,methodsandtechniquesappliedinmanufacturingtheLicensedProductshereinafterdefined;andWHEREAS_,.,46,NOW,THEREFORE,inconsiderationofthepremisesandthemutualconveniences,theLicenseeandLicensor,throughconsultation,agreetoenterintothiscontractunderthetermsandconditionssetforthasfollows:(operativepart),.,47,NOWITISHEREBYAGREEDasfollows:,1._,2._,3._.,.,48,INWINESSWHEROFthepartiesheretohaveonthedayandyearfirstabovewrittencausedthesepresentstobeexecutedanddeliveredintheirbehalfandintheircorporatenamesrespectivelybytheirproperofficershereunderdulyauthorizedandtheirrespectivecorporatesealstobeheretoattachedbylikeauthority.,.,49,SIGNEDbyCONTRACTORInthepresenceof:SIGNEDbyForandbehalfofABCCORPORATIONInthepresenceof:,.,50,Here-,Hereafter(今后或将来的某一时间）Herein（在本文件中）Hereinabove（在上文）Hereinafter（在下文）Hereof（在本文件中）Hereto（在本文件中）Hereunder（在下文）Hereby(特此，因此）,.,51,Where-,Whereby(借以）Whereof（关于）Whereas（鉴于）Whereupon（此后立即）,.,52,法律英语经典表达,1.inaccordancewith（按照规定）ThearbitrationistobeadministeredbytheAmericanArbitrationAssociationandistobeconductedinaccordancewiththeCommercialArbitrationRulesoftheAmericanArbitrationAssociation.,.,53,2.SAVE（除非,除外）SaveasotherwiseprovidedinthisContract,eachPartyshallbearitsownlegalandotherprofessionalcostsinrelationtothepreparation,negotiationandentryintoofthisContract.,.,54,3.NOTWITHSTANDING（尽管有的规定）Notwithstandingclauses(a)and(b)ofthisArticle5.6above,theAssigningPartymaytransferallorpartofitsamountoftheregisteredcapitaloftheCompanytoanAffiliate(the“AffiliateAssignee”)oftheAssigningPartyonthefollowingconditions.,.,55,4.PROVIDEDTHAT但（前提）是ProvidedthatifanyrepresentationandwarrantyofaPartyunderArticleB.1isnottrueandcorrectinallmaterialrespectswhenmade,orifthereisabreachofArticleE,thenthereshallbenoCurePeriod.,.,56,5.SUBJECTTO(根据的规定，在不抵触的前提下，在符合的情况下）Subjecttothissection,anappealshallbebroughtinsuchmannerandshallbesubjecttosuchconditionsasareprescribedbyrulesmadeundersubsection,.,57,6.WHERE(如果,凡)Whereadefendantisfinedandthesameisnotforthwithpaid,themagistratemayorderthedefendanttobesearched.,.,58,Exercises:CaseAnalysis,Ms.WilliamsmadeaseriesofpurchasesofhouseholdgoodsfromtheWalkerThomasFurnitureCo.from1957to1962.Thesepurchasesincludesheets,curtains,rugs,chairs,beds,mattresses,awashingmachineandmostrecentlystereoset.,.,59,EachoftheitemswaspurchasedonaninstallmentplanagreementwhichMs.Williamssigned.Herlastpurchaseswasstereounitfor$514.Shefailedtomaketherequiredpaymentsandasaresult,thefurniturecompanysoughttotakebackeverythingshepreviouslypurchased,eventhoughhertotaloutstandingbalancebeforepurchasingtheStereowasjust$164.,.,60,Discussion,Topic:Williamsv.Walker-ThomasFurnitureCo.Referenceinformationaboutthecase:A.Ms.Williamshas7childrenandisseparatedfromherhusband.Shehasalimitedformaleducationandmaintainsherhouseholdwiththeassistanceofpublicfunds.B.Theinstallmentplanagreementincluded14contractsandeachcontainedalongparagraphinextremelyfineprint.Partofthesectionprovidedthateachpaymentmadebythepurchaserwouldbeappliedtotheentireoutstandingbalancedue.Soeachpaymentwouldactuallypayalittlebitofeach,.,61,Purchaseditemsbalanceremaining.Thefurniturestoreretainedtherightsof