美国浪漫主义文学-American-Romanticism-.ppt

thePoetsCornerofWestminsterAbbey,HistoricalBackground,ThisisaperiodofrapidgrowthandrapidexpansionThisisaperiodofthediscussionofsocialissuesThisisaperiodofthepursuitofnewbeliefThisisaperiodofthedevelopmentofeducationThisisaperiodofforeigninfluences,Growthandexpansion,increasingPopulation,In1810,thepopulationtotaled7,000,000.Fifty-yearslater,atthebeginningofCivilWar,thepopulationreached31,000,000.Anewnationalismemergedasaresultofthissuddeninfluxofimmigration.Spreadingindustrializationfilledpeoplewithoptimism.Pushingfrontier,Growthandexpansion,1803,TheLouisianaPurchase1830s,aseriesofwarsagainstnativeAmericans18461848,waragainstMexico1848,discoveryofgoldinCalifornia,thustheGoldRushThediscoveryofgoldinCaliforniain1848broughtaboutaGoldRush,whichfurtherpushedthefrontiertotheend.Asaresult,anunprecedentedoptimisticattitudewasprevailingamongpeople.,Thelargestgroupofforty-ninersin1849wereAmericans,FORTY-NINERSINTHEGOLDRUSH,theLouisianaPurchasetransfers,socialissues,Thewomansissue.Somewomenaskedfortheirrightstovoteandtoownproperty.In1837,thefirstwomenscollegewasestablishedinMassachusetts.Theslaveryissue.Slaveryexistedtogetherwiththeanti-slaveryconceptions.Itwaswiththehelpofthousandsofslavesthattheexpansionoftheeconomybecamepossible.In1833,theAmericanAnti-SlaverySocietywasestablished.,socialissues,Thenewlifestyle.Thepursuitofsimplicity,utilityandperfectionremainedanAmericancharacteristic.,Pursuitofnewbelief,Democracyandpoliticalequalitybecametheidealsofthenewnation.TheageofCommonman,theegalitarianbelief,Education,Widedistributionofperiodicals,moreandmorenativeAmericanwriters:Poe,Melville,Hawthorne,Thoreau,Emerson,andWhitman,EarlyRomanticPeriod,WhatisRomanticism?Itisacomplexartistic,literaryandintellectualmovementthatoriginatedinthesecondhalfofthe18thcenturyinEurope.ThemovementredefinedthefundamentalwaysinwhichpeopleinWesternculturesthoughtaboutthemselvesandabouttheirworld.,WhatisRomanticism?IntellectuallyitmarkedaviolentreactiontotheAgeofEnlightenment.PoliticallyitwasinspiredbytherevolutionsinAmericaandFranceandwarsofindependenceinPoland,Spain,Greece,andelsewhere.Emotionallyitexpressedanextremeassertionoftheselfandthevalueofindividualexperience.Sociallyitchampionedprogressivecauses.TheGermanpoetFriedrichSchlegel(1772-1829),whoisgivencreditforfirstusingthetermromantictodescribeliterature,defineditas“literaturedepictingemotionalmatterinanimaginativeform.”Thisisasaccurateageneraldefinitionascanbeaccomplished.,SubjectivityRomanticismwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.Theromanticspiritwasoneofsubjectivityofinwardfeelings.Romanticsplacedmuchemphasisuponthecreativefunctionofimagination,andsawartasaformulationofintuitiveandimaginativeperceptionsthattendtospeakanoblertruththanthatoffact.,SubjectivityForromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.Thecontroversywasonebetweenheadthinkingandheartfeeling.Therewasamuchgreaterstressonemotionsinthewritingoftheromanticperiod.Romanticsheldthatonecouldfindtruththroughonesfeelings.,SubjectivityRomanticsemphasizedindividualism,placingtheindividualagainstthegroup,againstauthority.Theysawtheindividualattheverycenteroflifeandart.Theyemphasizedpersonalfreedom.Theydelightedinself-analysis,intricateexaminationandfullexposureofthesoul.Theycherishednohero-worship,yetbelievedintheperfectibilityofhumanity.Romanticsbelievedinthenaturalgoodnessofhumanbeings.,BacktonatureRomanticsdidnotthinkoftheworldasatickingwatchmadebyGod.Theythoughtoftheworldasabreathing,livingthing(Rousseau,1712-1778).Theystressedthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature.RomanticismfocusesonNature;aplacefreefromsocietysjudgementandrestrictions.,AlthoughtherewasnodenyingofthestrongEuropeaninfluencesonAmericanromanticwriters,Americanromanticismhaddistinctfeaturesofitsown.1.DifferentfromtheirEuropeancounterparts,Americanromanticstendedtomoralize,toedifyratherthantoentertain.ThisisbecausethereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsiderintheirwritings.,2.AmericanromanticismpresentedanentirelynewexperiencealientoEuropeanculture:thefrontierandtheIndians,theHudsonvalley,thewildwestprairie,limitlessforestsandbroadblueinlandlakes,etc.3.Americanromanticismproducedafeelingof“newness”whichinspiredtheromanticimagination:individualism,politicalequalityandthedreamofAmericaasaGardenofEden.4.Hence,asalogicresultoftheforeignandnativefactors,Americanromanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.,EarlyAmericanromanticismwasbestrepresentedbyNewEnglandpoetsWilliamCullenBryant(1794-1878)andHenryWadsworthLongfellow(1807-1882)inpoetry,andJamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)andWashingtonIrving(1783-1859)infiction.Thelater/peakperiodisrepresentedbyRalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)andHenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862).,Cooperssignature,Lifestory,A.borninarichfamilyB.attendedYalebutexpelledC.fiveyearsatseaD.inheritedfortunethenacomfortablelifeE.wrotelotsofnovelsbecauseheonedaywasdisgustedbyonenovel,Works:,Precaution(1820,hisfirstnovel,imitatingAustensPrideandPrejudice)TheSpy(hissecondnovelandgreatsuccess)间谍ThePilot领航者,(3)LeatherstockingTales(hismasterpiece,aseriesoffivenovels)ThePioneer拓荒者TheLastofMohicans最后的莫希干人ThePrairie大草原ThePathfinder探路者TheDeerslayer杀鹿者,LeatherstockingTales(aseriesoffivenovelsaboutthefrontierlife):Centralcharacter:NattyBumppo(severalnamesforsamecharacter:Hawk-eye,thePathfinder,theDeerslayer,Leatherstocking)(atypicalfrontierman:honest,simple,innocent,generous)(representsbrotherhoodofman,natureandfreedom)Theme:moderncivilizationadvancingonthewildernessandthecontradictionbetweenthem,FromtheDeerslayer:,LunchBreakDuringtheFilmingofTheDeerslayerin1911,WatchingDeerslayerPaddleAwayfromCouncilRock,DeerslayerKillsHisFirstIndian,MuskratCastle,theHuttersHomeonSunkenIsland,AtCouncilRock,Contributions,FindingtheWestandthefrontierlifeasmaterialsforliteraryworksIntroducingWesterntraditionintoAmericanliterature,NewEnglandPoets:FiresidePoetsorSchoolroomPoetsBryantandLongfellowbelongedtotheNewEnglandpoetswhorepresentedtheeliteeducatedsocietyinNewEngland.Theywereconventional,wealthy,highlycultured,interestedintheadvancedEuropeanartformsinliterature,andtheyalsohadstrongsenseofmorality.TheysetthetoneforVictoriancultureinAmerica.ThesepoetswerealsocalledtheFiresidePoetsorSchoolroomPoetsbecauseduringthe19thcenturyandthefirsthalfofthe20thcenturythesewerethemostpopularpoetsforteacherstotalkaboutinclasswiththeirgradeschoolandhighschoolstudents.Theirpictureswereoftenplacedonthewallsinclassroomsoftheschools.,ThefirstAmericanManofLetters,thefatherofAmericanLiterature,WashingtonIrving(1783-1859),Irvingwasalwaysfondofvisitingnewscenes,andobservingstrangecharactersandmanners.Evenwhenamerechildhebeganhistravels,andmademanytoursofdiscoveryintoforeignpartsandunknownregionsofhisnativecity,tothefrequentalarmofhisparents,andtheemolumentofthetown-crier.Ashegrewintoboyhoodheextendedhisrangeofobservations.Hisholidayafternoonswerespentinrambleaboutsurroundingcountryhemadehimselffamiliarwithallitsplacesfamousinhistoryoffable.Hekneweveryspotwhereamurderorrobberyhadbeencommitted,oraghostseen.Hevisitedtheneighboringvillages,anaddedgreatlytohisstockofknowledge,bynotingtheirhabitsandcustoms,andconversingwiththeirsagesandgreatmen.,AHistoryofNewYorkfromtheBeginningoftheworldtotheEndoftheDutchDynasty(1809)underthenameofDiedrichKnickerbockerwasagreatsuccessandwonhimwidepopularity.以迪德里奇尼克博克的笔名出版了纽约外史：从殖民地开始到荷兰统治时代的结束,1.FatherofAmericanLiterature2.TheSketchBook(见闻札记)containstheearliestshortstoriesinAmericanliterature.IrvingperfectedtheAmericanshortstory,andwasthefirstAmericanwritertoplacehisstoriesfirmlyintheUnitedStates.3.TheSketchBookisoftenseenasmarkingthebeginningofRomanticisminAmerica.,WiththepublicationofTheSketchBook,hewonameasureofinternationalrecognition.,Knickerbocker,RipVanWinkle,IrvingsmostfamousbookwasTheSketchBookcontainingtwoofthebest-lovedstoriesfromAmericanliterature:RipVanWinkleandTheLegendofSleepyHollow.TheplotofTheLegendofSleepyHollowandRipVanWinklearebsedontwooldGermanfolktalesbutfilledwithlocalcolourofNewYork.,Humorous:Heintendedtoamusereadersinsteadofteachingandinstructingthem.Hetriedtoavoidmoralizingbecausehebelievedthatthepurposeofliteraturewastoentertainreaders.Thecharactersinhisworkarebothvividandtruesothattheytendtolingerinthemindofthereaderbecausehewasgoodatenvelopinghisstoriesinanatmosphere,therichnessofwhichisoftenmorethancompensationfortheslimnessoftheplot.Heisaptatfinished,refinedandmusicallanguage.ItissaidthathemodeledhislanguageonthatofOliverGoldsmith(1728-1744).,Whenandwheredoesthestorytakeplace?,“Wheneverhewentdodgingaboutthevillage,hewassurroundedbyatroopofthem,hangingonhisskirts,clamberingonhisbackandplayingathousandtricksonhimwithimpunity.”,Whoarethemeninthispicture?,“Foralongwhileheusedtoconsolehimselfbyfrequentingakindofperpetualclubofthesages,philosophersandotheridlepersonagesofthevillage.”,HowdoesDameRipVanWinklerespondtoRipsidleness?Whatdoeshehabituallydowhenscoldedbyhiswife?,WhenRipcannomoregototheinn,whatishisonlyalternative?Andwhomdoeshemeetonedayinthemountains?,Andwhathappensthen?,WhatdoesRipfindafterhewakesup?,WhatdoesRipfindwhenhereturnstohisnativevillage?,“Hecaughthisdaughterandherchildinhisarms.Iamyourfather!criedhe,YoungRipVanWinkleonceOldRipVanWinklenow!DoesnobodyknowpoorRipVanWinkle?”,DoesRipfindanyofhisfolks?Whoarethey?,“Itwasdetermined,however,totaketheopinionofoldPeterVanderdonk,whowasseenslowlyadvancinguptheroad.”,HowisRipsidentityfinallyconfirmed?,WhatkindoflifedoesRipleadafterhisunusualexperience?Canheadapttoallthechanges?,“Rippreferredmakingfriendsamongtherisinggeneration,withwhomhesoongrewintofavor.”,Questions(1)HowdoesIrvingcreatethemoodofmagicandfantasytohelppreparethereaderforRipsstrangeexperienceinthemountains?Infiction,thesettingincludesthetime,locationandcircumstancesinwhichastorytakesplace.Sometimesitisreferredtoasmilieu,toincludeacontext,suchascultureorsociety.Broadlyspeaking,thesettingprovidesthemainbackdropforthestory.Inmanycases,thesettingbecomesacharacteritselfandcansetthemoodofastory.In“RipVanWinkle,”IrvingplaceshisstoryintheKaatskillMountainswhichare“adismemberedbranchofthegreatAppalachianfamily.”,TheheroRipVanWinklelivedatthefootofthesemountains,ina“littlevillageofgreatantiquity”thathadbeenfoundedbysometheDutchcolonists;andhelivedthere“whilethecountrywasyetaprovinceofGreatBritain.”Theremotenessandantiquityofthesetting,whicharecommonlyseeninfairytalesandotherfantasiesinvolvinghighlyfancifulorsupernaturalelements,createaverymysteriousatmosphereforthestoryandthuswellpreparethereaderforRipsstrangeencountersinthemountains.,(2)WhatcontrastingvaluesdoRipandDameRipVanWinklerepresent?OnthesurfacetheconflictbetweenRipandhiswifeisacommonsightinmanyahousehold:ashrewishwifecontinuouslynagsatalazy,good-for-nothinghusband.However,itcouldalsobeviewedasaconflictbetweendifferentvalues.DameRipVanWinkle,whoalwayskeepsherhouse“inneatorder”andisconcernedabouttheruinthatRipmightbringonthefamily,representstheprinciplesoforder,temperanceanddiligence.ThesewerePuritanprinciples,characterizedbypragmatismandmaterialism.,RipVanWinkle,however,lovesfreedomandnature,giveshimselftoidleness,andhas“aninsuperableaversiontoallkindsofprofitablelabor.”Hisviewoflife,romanticinnature,istotallydifferentfromthatofhiswife.IfDameRipVanWinklesymbolizestheculturalheritagehandeddownfromtheverybeginningofAmericanhistorythroughtheeighteenthcentury,RipVanWinklepresentsanewoutlookoflifeinninetieth-centuryAmericawhichstressesindividualfreedomandlovefornature.,Ripwantedtoescapefromhisshrewishwifestepsoutsidethemainstreamoflife.Actually,whathereallymeansistobedivorcedfromtheutilitariansocietyandtheresponsibilitiesanddutiesonemustfulfillasitsmember.EscapismisthedominantfeatureofRipscharacter.Awholenightssleepmeanstwentyyearsflashesby.YoungastheAmericannationis,twentyyearsmeansageneration.Facedwiththegreatchanges,poorRiphasnotimetocelebratehispersonalliberationbutimmediatelyandkeenlyfeelperplexityandloneliness.Heevendoubtshismemoryandidentitywhenheisaskedthesimplestquestionsas“Whoareyou?”or“Whatisyouname?”Herespondsindespair:“Imnotmyself;Imsomebodyelse.Iwasmyselflastnight,butIfellasleeponthemountain,andtheyvechangedmygun,andeverythingschanged,andImchanged,andIcanttellmynameorwhoIam.”Aheart-feltnostalgiafortheoldtimeswellsupinhismind.,1.Superficially,theconflictbetweenhusbandandwifewaspresentedinthestory.Infact,thewritertriestoexpresshisidea:theconflictbetweendifferentideasofvalue.ThewifeisthefollowerofFranklin,whilethehusbandhasaromanticpointofviewrepresentedbyWashingtonIrving.2.searchforonesidentityIrvingthinksapersonshouldremainfaithfultohimselfandattainhisself-identity.Theoldgenerationusuallyisconservativeduringagreatchangeandcannotadaptthemselvestothechanges.Theyarenostalgic.Theyalwaysthinktheoldsystemisanidealone.Theyknowwheretheyareeventhoughtheyleadapoorlife.AftertheWarofIndependenceaStateofdemocracyisastateofdisorderinRipseye(passiveromanticschool).,ItissagetosaythattheimageofRipistheproductofIrvingsphilosophicalcontemplationoverthepasthistoryofAmerica.Withsuchatenderandsentimentalpenthathedescribestheimpactandpressureanindividualhasborneinthedifficultpioneeringyearsaswellasthepsychologicalsetbackandresponseanindividualhasexperiencedinadrasticallydevelopingworld.Ononehand,Ripdoesnotwanttoundertaketheresponsibilitypressedbythecrudereality.Ontheotherhand,heiscontentwiththeexistingstateofaffairsandeven,tosomedegree,disgustedwithnewlyemergingthings.HiscontradictorycharacteroftheAmericanpioneers,thatis,theirbraverywithsomecowardliness,theirfearinfaceofdifficultiesandthebitternessintheiroverwhelmingsuccess.Ripsperplexityreflectsthepainedheartsoftheearlypioneersintheirfightagainstboththehardsurroundingsandtheirself.,ElementsofFiction,CharacterizationSettingThemePlotPointofviewStyle,Characterization,referstothewayanauthordevelopsthepersonalitiesofthecharacters.Inashortstory,thereisusuallyonlyonecharacterwhosepersonalityisfullydeveloped;Therearetwotypesofchracters:roundandflat.Theformerusuallyhasmorethanonequality,andgrowsinthecourseofthestorydevelopment;thelatterisconstructedaroundasingleideaorqualityanddoesnotdevelopinthecourseofnarration.Themaincharacterisusuallyaroundcharacter,andcalledprotagonist.,Setting,Referstothehistoricalperiodandthegeogra