美国历史American-History.ppt

Chapter1History,HistoryoftheUnitedStates,IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture,LearningFocus,ColumbusandtheNewWorldAmericanIndiansTheMayflowerTheWarofIndependenceTheAmericanCivilWar,IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture,Warm-up,Thinkaboutthefollowingquestions.1.WhoaretheoriginalAmericanpeople?_2.Doyouknowwherethename“America”camefrom?_3.WhichAmericanholidaysdoyouknow?_,IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture,ColonizationofNorthAmerica,AmericanIndiansTheDiscoveryofAmericaTheFirstPermanentEnglishColonyTheMayflowerTheFoundingoftheThirteenColonies,AmericanHistoryTheEarliestInhabitants,Around20,000yearsago,agroupofAsianpeoplearrivedinCentralandSouthAmericasbywayofNorthAmerica.ThesepeopleweretheancestorsofAmericanIndians.WhenColumbusfoundthenewcontinent,therewereabout20millionIndianslivinginAmericas,amongwhicharoundonemillionpeoplelivedintodaysCanadaandmid-northernpartoftheU.S.MostoftheinhabitantslivedintodaysMexicoandthesouthernpartoftheU.S.Around10,000yearsago,anothergroupofAsianpeoplecametothenorthernpartofNorthAmerica,andtheyweretheancestorsofthelaterEskimos.Aroundtheyear1000,apartyofIcelandicVikingssailedtotheeasterncoastofNorthAmerica.TheyweretheearliestEuropeanstocometothecontinent,buttheydidnotestablishanypermanentsettlementsthere.,AmericanIndians,About25,000yearsagoDescendantsofAsianpeople-MongoloidThename“Indians”wasgivenbyChristopherColumbus.,IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture,AmericanIndians,TheBeringStraitwastiedtogetherItwaspossibletofortheIndianstowalkfromAsiatoAlaska25000yearsago.,IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture,AmericanIndians,WereskilledhuntersandfishermenDevelopedagriculture(cornandothercrops)DevelopedthebrilliantAmericancivilizationsoftheAztecs,theIncasandtheMayas.,IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture,Mayacivilization,ItdominatedMexicoandCentralAmericaAlargesettledpopulation,agriculturalfoodproduction,areligion,writing,Mayacivilization,Mayacivilization,ToltecCivilization,TheToltecCivilizationwasoneofthreegreatempiresoftheBasinofMexico,afterthefallofTeotihuacan(Mayacivilization)andbeforetheriseoftheAztecs.ThecapitalwasatTula,andduringtheToltecheyday(aboutAD900-1200),TulacontrolledmostofcentralMexico,theYucatanpeninsula,theGulfcoast,andperhapsevenChiapasandthePacificcoastaswell.,ToltecCivilization(托尔特克),ToltecCivilization,AztecCivilization(阿兹特克文明)1427-1521,TheAzteccivilizationwasahighlyadvancedandfilledwithuniquecustoms,acomprehensivelanguage,andamazingtechnology.Itbuiltgreatcitiesanddevelopedacomplexsocial,politicalandreligiousstructure.Thecapitalwaslocatedonthesiteofpresent-dayMexicoCity.,AztecCivilization,AztecCivilization,TheDiscoveryoftheNewWorld,ColumbusIn1492,ColumbuslandedatoneoftheCaribbeanislands.ColumbuscalledthelocalpeopleIndians.,IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture,ChristopherColumbusReplicaoftheSantaMaria,ColumbusmapColumbussnotesinLatin,ColumbushadbeenbackandforthacrosstheAtlanticfourtimesbeforehisdeath.,Discovery,Inlate15th-centuryEurope,therewasagreatdemandforspices,textilesanddyesfromAsia.ChristopherColumbus,amarinerfromItaly,mistakenlybelievedthathecouldreachtheFarEastbysailing6,400kilometerswestfromEurope.In1492,ChristopherColumbuspersuadedthekingandqueenofSpaintofinancehisvoyagetoAsia,buthereachedAmericaatlast,whichhethoughttobeIndiainAsia,andcalledthenativepeople“Indians.”TheSpanishestablishedsomesettlementsintodaysFlorida,NewMexicoandCalifornia.ThereasonsofEuropeanscomingtoAmerica:1.Theneedforincreasedtrade;2.ThezealofSpanishprieststoconvertthenativeIndianstoChristianity;3.TheneedofEuropeanreligiousandpoliticaldissentersforrefugefrompersecutionintheirhomelands;4.Thethirstforadventureofsomeindividuals.,AmerigoVespucci亚美瑞格.韦斯普奇,ItaliannavigatorHefirstconfirmedthefactthatanewcontinenthadbeendiscovered.TheNewWorldwasnamedAmericatohonorAmerigoVespucci.,IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture,FoundingofColonies,SpanishexploredFloridain1513.SpanishcompletedtheconquestofMexicoin1522andestablishedsomeoutpostsinthesouthwestUSA.Onewascalled”losAngles”,another“SanFrancisco”.In1855,theEnglishnavysoundlydefeatedSpanishArmada-InvincibleFleet,theSpanishEmpirestartedtodecline,soitfailedtocolonizewhatisnowUSAandCanada.,TheFirstPermanentEnglishColony,In1607ThreeshipscrossedtheAtlanticOceanandlandedbythesideofariver-theJamesRiver.ThefirstEnglishcolonywasfoundedatJamestown,Virginia.Ofthefirst104colonists,52diedofhungeranddiseasewithinsevenmonthsoftheirarrival,bynextspringonly38werestillalive.Growingcornandplantingtobaccotosolvetheproblems.,Indenturedservants契约劳工,PoorpeoplewhohadnomoneytobuyshipticketsandpromisedtoserveforaperiodofusuallysevenyearsinreturnforthepassageacrosstheAtlantic.About90%ofthosewhoimmigratedtoVirginiainthe17thcenturywereindenturedservants.Butmanypeopleweredeadbeforetheyregainedfreedombecauseoftheunfamiliarandstrangeenvironment.Thedeathratewasashighas30%.Tosolvetheproblem,theEnglishplantationcoloniesturnedtoBlackslavery.,TheMayflower,SignificanceAsymbolofearlyEuropeancolonizationoftheAmericasBackgroundPilgrims,inordertoescapereligiouspersecutionandestablishnewcommunitiesbasedupGodslawIn1620102peoplesailedinashipnamedthe“Mayflower”.LandedinPlymouth,Massachusetts,TheMayflower,MayflowercompactSignedbyalladultmalepassengersontheshipTheimportantdecisionsshouldbemadebythemajority.TheprecedentforthedevelopmentofAmericandemocracy.,ThanksgivingDay,The4thThursdayofNovemberOrigin-ThePilgrimssufferedterriblehardshipsduringthefirstwinterandhalfofthemdied.TheIndianstaughttheEnglishmenhowtoplantpumpkins,beansandcorn.Theyreapedagoodharvestinthesummerof1621.AcelebrationwasheldtogivethankstoGod.,Thepuritans,-1630,largenumbersofPuritanssettledinMassachusettsBayColonyaroundBoston.AdvocatedthriftinessandrejectedallchurchritualsRequiredallfollowerstoreadandstudyBiblePlacedgreatimportanceoneducationsFoundedHarvardUniversity,OfPlymouthPlantationin1664thesettlementwascapturedbytheEnglishandrenamedNewYork.,Theearlycoloniesandimmigrants,Theearlycolonieshadsomeuniquecharacteristics:abundantlandresources,theneedoflabor,diverseimmigrants.Typesofimmigrants:TheearlysettlersarefromdifferentEuropeancountries.ThedesiretoenjoyfreedomofconscienceHopetobecomerichintheNewWorldConvicts,LifeintheColonies,Itrequiredcourageanddetermination.Shelter:burrowthemselvesintheearthfortheirfirstshelter,thensimpleone-roomcabinsmadeofheavytimber.Food:vegetables,cornsandplants,fishandgameClothes:Englishstyle,aloose-fittinggarment,longfullskirts,madeofwools,linenandleatherClearingforestforagricultureinthenorthPlantationinthesouth,WarofIndependenceRelationshipbetweencoloniesandEngland,Allthecolonieswerefoundedonthelandgrantedbythemonarch.Eachcolonywasdirectlygovernedbyagovernorappointedbythecrownorproprietors.Butitdevelopedinadifferentdirectionandfolloweditsownplan.,TheFrenchandIndianWar1756-1763法国和印第安人的战争,TheSevenYearsWar,aglobalconflictknowninAmericaastheFrenchandIndianWar,endswiththesigningoftheTreatyofParisbyFrance,GreatBritain,andSpain.Intheearly1750s,FrancesexpansionintotheOhioRivervalleyrepeatedlybroughtthecountryintoarmedconflictwiththeBritishcolonies.In1756,theBritishformallydeclaredwaragainstFrance.Inthefirstyearofthewar,theBritishsufferedaseriesofdefeats.By1760,theFrenchhadbeenexpelledfromCanada,andby1763allofFrancesalliesinEuropehadeithermadeaseparatepeacewithPrussiaorhadbeendefeated.Inaddition,SpanishattemptstoaidFranceintheAmericashadfailed,andFrancealsosuffereddefeatsagainstBritishforcesinIndia.IntheTreatyofParis,FrancelostallclaimstoCanadaandgaveLouisianatoSpain,whileBritainreceivedSpanishFlorida,UpperCanada,andvariousFrenchholdingsoverseas.ThetreatyensuredthecolonialandmaritimesupremacyofBritainandstrengthenedthe13Americancolonies.2.AsaresultoftheWar,theFrenchwascompletelydefeatedandlostallherlandinAmericaandweredrivenoutofIndia.,TheConflictbetweenBritainandtheAmericanColonists,AfterthewarwithFrance,theBritishgovernmenttookfurtheractionstosystematizeandfastenitscontroloverthe13Americancolonies.UnderGeorgetheBritishparliamentpassedmoreacts,whichangeredthecolonists.,TheConflictbetweenBritainandtheAmericanColonists,BackgroundTheBritishgovernmentstartedimposingnewtaxesonsugar,coffeeandtextiles.TheypassedmanylawssuchasthesugarAct食糖法andtheStampAct印花税法.,IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture,ConflictsLeadingtoArmedRevolution,TheBritishgovernmentdeniedthecoloniststherighttosettlewestoftheAppalachianmountainsandchargedtaxesonmanyimportedgoods.In1773,agroupofpatriotsrespondedtotheteataxbystagingthe“BostonTeaParty”:theytossed342cratesofteaintoBostonharbor,whichbecamethefuseoftheWarofIndependence.,BostonMassacre,TheBostonMassacre,alsoknowastheBostonriot,wasanincidentthatledtothedeathsoffiveciviliansatthehandsofBritishtroopsonMarch5,1770,thelegalaftermathofwhichhelpedsparktherebellioninsomeoftheBritishAmericancolonies,whichculminatedintheAmericanRevolutionaryWar.AheavyBritishmilitarypresenceinBostonledtoatensesituationthatboiledoverintoincitementofbrawlsbetweensoldiersandciviliansandeventuallyledtotroopsdischargingtheirmusketsafterbeingattackedbyariotingcrowd.Threecivilianswerekilledatthesceneoftheshooting,elevenwereinjured,andtwodiedaftertheincident,BostonMassacregravemarker,BostonTeaParty波士顿茶党案,BackgroundIn1773,Britishgovernmentpassedanewlaw-theTeaAct.Slogan“Notaxationwithoutrepresentation”TimeDecember16,1773EventAgroupofAmericansthrew342boxesofteaintoBostonHarbour.,IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture,theFirstContinentalCongress,InSeptember1774,theFirstContinentalCongressmetinPhiladelphia.Colonialdelegatesform12colonies,forGeorgiadidnotsenditsdelegates.Issuedacallforaboycottofalltrade,bothimportsandexports,betweenthecoloniesandBritain.DrewuptheDeclarationofRightsandGrievancesBerejectedbytheEnglishParliamentColonistsbegantoorganizemilitias.,thefirstarmedclash,In1775,Boston,700Britishsoldiersconfronted70AmericanmilitiamenatthevillageofLexingtonnearBoston.Shotsbrokefrombothsides.Farmersnearbyheardtheshotsandbegantosupportthemilitiamen,itwasheretheseAmericanfarmersfired“theshotheardroundtheWorld”.,IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture,AmericanHistoryTheWarofIndependence,BattleofLexington,ThePlaceWheretheFirstShotWasFired,ThesecondContinentalCongress,OnApril19,1775,InMay1775,asecondContinentalCongressmetinahouseas“IndependenceHall”,Philadelphia.ItfoundedaContinentalArmyandNavyunderthecommandofGeorgeWashington,aVirginiaplanterandveteranoftheFrenchandIndianWar.ThomasPaine(Americanpatriot)Commonsense常识ArguedforcompleteindependenceTheAmericanCrisisCalledonAmericanstojoininthebattle,IndependenceHallPhiladelphia,TheDeclarationofIndependence,ThomasJefferson,33-yearsoldradicalfromVirginia,draftedaDeclarationofIndependence,whichtheCongressadoptedonJuly4,1776anddeclaredtheindependenceoftheUnitedStates.TheDeclarationofIndependence:thefirstdeclarationofhumanrightsWeholdthesetruthstobeself-evident:thatallmenarecreatedequalItborrowedtheimportantideafromJohnLocke,JohnLocke,anEnglishmaterialistphilosopher,furnishedthecenturywithatheoryaboutreason.Locke,rejectinginnateknowledge,believedthatmansknowledgewasacquiredfromtheexperienceoffivesenses,fromobservationandexperiment,andfromthereflectionbythemind.,Chapter1AmericanBeginningsAmericanHistorypart1TheWarofIndependence,JohnLocke,JohnLockesViewpoints,Civilgovernmentwasinstitutedbymutualagreementforthepurposeofenforcingnaturallaws.Themostimportantnaturallawwasthatnomanshouldtakeawaythelife,liberty,orpropertyofanother.Thepurposetoestablishagovernmentistoprotectthesenaturallaws.,Militarystruggleandfinalvictory,Themilitarypopulation:thecolonies:3millionEngland:10millionManufacturingindustry:Thecolonies:notdevelopedEngland:themostadvancedNavy:Thecolonies:noneatthestartofthewarEngland:Thestrongest,800warshipsOnethingwhichtheEnglishtroopslacked:highmorale,WarofIndependence,.Atfirst,thewarwentbadlyfortheAmericans.TheBritishcapturedNewYorkCityinSeptember1776,andPhiladelphiawascapturedayearlater.ThetideturnedinOctober1777,whenaBritisharmysurrenderedatSaratogainnorthernNewYork.EncouragedbythevictoryinSaratoga,FranceseizedtheopportunitytohumiliateBritain,hertraditionalenemy,andaFranco-AmericanalliancewassignedinwhichtheAmericantroopsreceivedaidfromtheFrenchtreasuryandthepowerfulFrenchNavy.After1778,thefightingshiftedlargelytothesouth.In1781,8,000BritishtroopsunderGeneralGeorgeCornwallisweresurroundedatYorktown,VirginiabyaFrenchfleetandacombinedFrench-AmericanarmyunderGeorgeWashingtonscommand.CornwallissurrenderedandsoonafterwardstheBritishgovernmentaskedforpeace.TheTreatyofPariswassignedinSeptember1783,inwhichBritainrecognizedtheindependenceoftheUnitedStates.,TheWarofIndependence,CompleteaTimeline,1763:TheFrenchandIndianWarended1773:_1774:TheFirstContinentalCongress1775:_1776:_1781:_,BostonTeaParty/TeaAct,TheWarofIndependencebegan,DeclarationofIndependencewasadopted,TheWarofIndependenceended,IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture,Sectionthree,FoundingoftheAmericanConstitutionandtheWashingtonAdministration,AmericaFollowingIndependence,Immediatelyafterindependence,the13stateswerenotcloselyunited.Differentbackgroundsandeconomicconditionmadethemsuspiciousofeachother.AseriesofchallengingproblemssooncompelledAmericanstogiveuptheirwishfulideaabout“independentsovereignstates”.,TheConstitutionalConvention,TheAmericanRevolutionwasbourgeoisincharacter.Itdidnotsolvetheproblemoflanddemandedbythelaboringpeople.Inaddition,theheavycostsofthewarwereplacedontheirshoulders.Therewasgreatdissatisfactionamongpeople.Whenthenwarended,anumberofdemonstrationsanduprisingstookplace.,TheconstitutionalConvention制宪会议,Topreventthefruitofvictoryfromgoingupinsmoke,anumberofprominentpersons,includingWashington,JamesMadisonandthe81-year-oldFranklin,metanddiscussedtheproblemsfacingthenation.TheirconferenceledtotheopeningsessionoftheConstitutionalConventioninPhiladelphia,1787.Fifty-fivedelegatesfromallthestatesexceptRhodeIslandattendedtheConvention.,theConstitutionalConvention,InMay1787,theConstitutionalConventionmetinPhiladelphia,forthepurposeofsettingupastrongcentralgovernment.GeorgeWashington,BenjaminFranklinhadfoundwaystomeetthemanydifficultproblemsofwritingtheConstitution.Anothergreatleader,JamesMadison,didmuchworkonthewritingoftheConstitution.Forthis,hewasknownasthe“FatheroftheConstitution”.,TheNewConstitutionVirginiaPlan,JamesMadison36year-oldlawyerfromVirginiaVirginiaPlanisanewconstitutionFatheroftheU.StheconstitutionAblueprintforanewgovernmentThestructureofthenewgovernmentdividedintothreebranches;executive,legislativeandjudicial,thatwouldcheckandbalanceoneanother.,RatifyingtheConstitution批准宪法,Federalists:supportedtheConstitutionMerchants,planters,craftsmen,speculators,mostofthefrontiersmenAnti-federalists:opposedtotheConstitutionSmallfarmersandpeoplewithdebtsTheFederalistPapers（联邦党人文集）85letterswrittentothenewspapersofNewYorkbyAlexanderHamilton,JamesMadison,andJohnJayThebestexplanationoftheU.SConstitutionaswellasoneofthemostimportantworksonpoliticaltheory.,theBillofRights,In1791tenamendmentstheBillofRightswereaddedtotheConstitution.Thisdocumentguaranteedfreedomofreligion,afreepress,freespeech,therightofcitizenstobeararms,protectionagainstillegalhousesearches,therighttoafairtrialbyjuryandprotectionagainst“cruelandunusualpunishments.”,TheAmericanConstitution,TheU.Sconstitutionwasdesignedtouniteallthepeopleandpreventabuseofpowerbygovernmentofficials.Itadoptedatotallynewsystem-federalismbasedonthedivisionofpowersbetweenthefederalgovernmentthestate.Congressisthelegislativebranch.Itconsistsoftwochambers:theSenateandtheHouseofRepresentatives.TheexecutivebranchisheadedbythepresidentwhosedutyistoprotecttheConstitutionandfaithfullycarryoutthelawspassedbyCongress.TheJudicialbranchreferstotheSupremeCourtandotherfederalcourtscreatedbyCongress.,TheSignificanceofAmericanConstitution,ItwasthefirstconstitutionwritteninmodernsenseItrejectedone-manrule.Itmadeearnesteffortstocarryouttheprinciplethegovernmentshouldservethepeople.ItguaranteedtheunalienablehumanrightswiththeadoptionoftheBillofRight.,ThefirstpresidentGeorgeWashington,AsaFederalist,GeorgeWashingtonwaselectedthefirstU.S.presidentbyunanimousvoteinApril1789.,GeorgeWashington,LeaderoftheAmericanWarofIndependence,chiefcommanderoftheContinentalArmy,andoneofthefoundingfathersoftheUntiedStates.HewasbornintoalargeplanterfamilyinVirginia.DuringtheSevenYearsWarbetweenBritainandFrance,heledthelocalarmedforcesinVirginiaincooperationwiththeBritisharmyanddrovetheFrencharmyoutofNorthAmerica,fromwhichheaccumulatedlargeamountofmilitaryexperienceandbecameawell-knowcharacterinNorthAmerica.ThelawissuedbytheBritishgovernmentaftertheSevenYearsWarmadehimlosethousandsofacresofland,whichpushedhimtotheoppositesideoftheBritishgovernment.HeledtheAmericanpeoplefightagainsttheBritisharmyandwontheWarofIndependenceanddrewtheConstitution.HebecamethefirstU.S.presidentinApril1789andreturnedtohishometownin1797whenhissecondpresidentialtermwasover.Hecouldhavebeenadictatorwithendlesspower;however,hegaveupallthepowerwhenhispresidentialtermended,settingagoodbeginningfortheAmericanbourgeoisdemocracy.HediedofdiseaseinDecember1799.Americanpeoplerespecthimverymuchandcallhim“FatherofOurCountry.”,GeorgeWashington,ThesolemnoathIdosolemnlyswearthatIwillfaithfullyexecutetheofficeofPresidentoftheUnitedStatesandwilltothebestofmyabilitypreserve,protect,anddefendtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.NewYorkwastheprovisionalcapitaloftheUSA.Chosethesite“DistrictofColumbia”,GeorgeWashington,HesetuphisCabinet:ThomasJefferson:theSecretaryofStateAlexanderHamilton:theSecretaryofTreasuryHeachievedremarkablesuccess.Thefirstmaninpeace,thefirstmaninwar.HefirmlyrefusedtoacceptathirdtermandreturnedtohishometowninVirginiawithoutanyretirement.,SectionFour,AmericanDuringtheFirsthalfofthe19thCentury-anEraofExpansion,ThomasJefferson,LeaderoftheAmericanWarofIndependence,oneofthefoundingfathersoftheUnitedStates,oneofthedraftersoftheDeclarationofIndependence,thethirdpresidentoftheUnitedStates(18011809).HewasborninVirginiain1743.HisancestorscamefromWalesin