Chapter three making correct and effective sentences.ppt

A,1,Chapter3,Makingcorrectandeffectivesentences,A,2,I.CorrectSentences,A,3,requirementsofacorrectsentence,1)Itshouldbestructurallycomplete;2)Itshouldbeginwithacapitalletter;3)Itshouldendwithafullstop,oraquestionmark,oranexclamationmark;4)Itshouldexpressasinglecompleteidea.,A,4,A,5,1CompletenessinstructureExamplesofIncorrectsentences,1)Howtooperatethiscomputer?2)Havelostmykey.3)Becausehehadntfinishedhisassignment,sohecontinuedworkingintheclassroom.4)Theoldmanreturninghomeaftereightyearsabsencetofindthattheneighborshehadknownwerenolongerthere.5)MarkTwainwhoseexperienceasasailorontheMississippiprovidedhimwithabundantmaterialforthenovelshewastowrite.letusrememberthatanormalsentencemustcontainasubjectandapredicateverb.,A,6,2.Therightsubject,Whatswrongwiththefollowingsentence?Towritetheproposal,researchmustbedone.悬垂修饰语（DanglingModifiers）悬垂修饰语是与句子的主语不能构成逻辑关系的修饰语。悬垂修饰语可以出现在句中的任意位置，但大多在句首。（正）Towritetheproposal,theprofessormustfirstdosomeresearch.,A,7,1)悬垂分词(Danglingparticiple)（误）Lookingupatthesky,thesunwentunderacloud.（正）Lookingupatthesky,hesawthesungounderacloud.2)悬垂动名词（Danglinggerund）（误）Afterfinishingtheresearch,thepaperwaseasytowrite.（正）Afterfinishingtheresearch,Ifoundthatthepaperwaseasytowrite.,A,8,3)悬垂动词不定式(Danglinginfinitive)（误）Towritewell,goodbooksmustberead.（正）Towritewell,Imustreadgoodbooks.4)悬垂省略从句(Danglingellipticalclause)（误）Whenonlyasmallboy,myfathertookmewithhimtoChicago.（正）WhenIwasonlyasmallboy,myfathertookmewithhimtoChicago.Subjectofasentenceshouldbeproperlyrelatedtothenonfiniteverbsbeforeit.,A,9,2TheRightSubjectExamples:P46,1)Onenteringtheclassroom,thestudentsstoodupandsaid,“Goodmorning!”2)Afterfinishinghercomposition,thetranslationexercisewastakenup.3)Hurryingtotheconferenceroom,noonewasthere.4)Returninghomeafterwork,supperwaswaitingforhiminthekitchen.5)Tolookatamap,theimportanceofthisnewrailwaywillbeseen.,A,10,3AgreementBetweenSubjectandPredicateVerb,thepredicateverbofasentencehastoagreewiththesubjectinpersonandnumber.1)Collectivenounslikefamilyandaudiencemaybeneithersingularorplural,dependingonthemeaninginwhichtheyareused.2)Words,likenewsandnamesofbranchesoflearning,areuncountable,andthereforearealwayssingular;somewords,likepeopleandpolice,alwaysplural.,A,11,3)Whentwosubjectsrefertodifferentpersonsoraredifferentinnumber,theverbshouldagreewiththesubjectclosetoit.4)Wordstogetherwith,inadditionto,besides,etc.,areobjectsofprepositions;theydonotaffectthenumberofthesubject.5)Asubjectclausegenerallytakesasingularverb,butawhat-clausewhichclearlyreferstomanythingscantakeapluralverb.,A,12,4AgreementBetweenPronounandAntecedent,Examples:1)Theownerandthecaptainrefusedtoleavetheirdistressedship.2)Theownerandcaptainrefusedtoleavehisdistressedship.,A,13,Attention!,1)Afteracompoundantecedentwithor,nor,eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso,apronounagreeswiththenearerpartoftheantecedent.Examples:NeithertheCEOnorhisassistantwasinhisoffice.NeithertheCEOnorhisassistantswereintheiroffice.,A,14,2)Asingularpronounfollowsacollectivenounantecedentwhenthemembersofthegroupareconsideredasaunit;apluralpronoun,whentheyarethoughtofindividually.Examples:p50,A,15,5.Clearpronounreference,Sentenceswithambiguouspronounreference:1)Imgoingtotalkonjazzmusicforheisawell-knowncomposer.2)Leaveoutthewordinthatsentencebecauseitistoodifficult.3)Shetoldmysisterthatherideawaspracticable.4)HeisthemanrecommendedbyMr.Smithwhoknowshowtofixcars.whenweusepersonalandrelativepronouns,weshouldmakesurethattheirreferenceisclear.,A,16,6EndingSentenceswithFullStops,Whatswrongwiththefollowingsentence?Isetoutforthebiggestbookstoreintown,attheschoolgateIsawagirlofmyclass,shewasgoingthere,too,wedecidedtogotogether,wewalked,thebookstorewasnotfaraway.(commafaultorcommasplice)Whenasentenceisstructurallycomplete,whetherlongorshort,itshouldendwithafullstop.,A,17,7JoiningClausewithConjunctions,Whentwoormoresentencesarecloselyconnectedinmeaning,itmaybebettertoputthemintoonesentencethanseparatethem.Example:P52,A,18,distinguishbetweenconjunctionsandadverbs,1)Conjunctions:and,but,for,yet,so,or(coordinating)When,while,because,as,if(subordinating)2)adverbs:however,therefore,nevertheless,A,19,Joincoordinateclauseinthreeways,acommaandaconjunction,2)asemicolon,3)asemicolonandanadverb.,A,20,Exercises,1.Sheenjoyslisteningtopopmusic,hersisterlikesclassicalmusicbetter.2.ShespeaksEnglishfluently,shespeaksFrenchquitewell.3.Theplanesforthebuildingarenotyetready,theconstructioncantstartverysoon.,A,21,8.Amainclauseinacomplexsentence,Note:Inacomplexsentence,theremustbeamainclause,whetheritisatthebeginningorattheendofthesentence.1)Hewouldcometoseemewheneverhewasinthiscity.2)Whensheheardtheexplosion,shecalledmeimmediatelytoaskwhathadhappened.3)Notuntilthemeetinghadcometoanenddidtheyrealizetheseriousnessoftheproblemdiscussed.,A,22,Whatswronginthefollowing?,1)Becausehehadnotheardaboutthatimportantdecision.2)Whateverthedirectorsaidattheconference.3)Themanwecouldfindforthejob.Incompletesentences,A,23,9.Properuseofcomparison,Incorrectcomparison:1)Heisabetterstudent.(Heisagoodstudent/afairlygoodstudent.)2)Thetextiseasier.(Thetextisfairlyeasy/quiteeasy.)3)HerEnglishismuchbetterthanI.()4)ThelanguageofHenryJamesismoreelaboratethanErnestHemingway.,mine,(thatof),A,24,Attention!,1)Adjectivesoradverbsofthecomparativedegreeshouldbeusedonlywhenthereiscomparison2)onlythingsofthesamekindcanbecompared.,A,25,10.Correctuseofthetenses,Whatswrongwiththefollowing?1)Wehaverevisedourworkplanlastnight.2)Theychangedtheirtimetableandtheyareworkingaccordingtoit.3)Thisishislatestnovel.Didyoureadit?4)WearegoingtotheGreatWall.Didyouevergothere?5)Hehasdonetheworkaloneandisstilldoingit.6)Hevisitedallthehistoricalmonumentshewantedtoseeforalongtime.,A,26,Attention!,1)Wheneverwemakeasentence,weshouldaskourselveswhenthethingmentionedinthesentencehappens.2)Whenwetalkaboutsomethingthathappenedinthepast,butitsresultremainsatpresent,weshouldusethepresentperfect.,A,27,2CoordinationandSubordination,1)coordinationWhenwementiontwoormorethingsorideasofequalimportance,weoftenusecoordinationclausejoinedwithacoordinatingconjunction(and,but,or,nor,yet,so,or,for).,A,28,2)subordination.Whenweexpressanimportantideainamainclauseandoneormorelessimportantideasinsubordinateclauses,weareusingmethodofsubordination.thechoiceofcoordinationorsubordinationismainlydecidedbytherelationshipbetweentheideastobeexpressed.,A,29,Attention!,theuseofconjunctiveverbssuchashowever,therefore,nevertheless,moreover,andbesides.Thesewordarenotconjunctions,theyareusedafteraconjunctionorasemicolontojoinclauses.,A,30,Heisaneloquentspeaker;however,helacksdepth.Neithermanpowernorrawmaterialwassufficient,andthereforetheprogressoftheworkwasslowerthanexpected.,A,31,Focus3EffectiveSentences,Correctsentencesalonecannotnecessarilymakegoodwriting.EffectiveSentencesandparagraphsneedthefollowingqualities:1Unity2Coherence3Conciseness4Emphasis5Variety,A,32,1Unity,Unityreferstotwoqualities:1)thereisonlyonemainideainasentence,2)thatideaiscomplete.Itdoesnotcontainideasthatarenotcloselyrelated,nordoesitexpressathoughtthatisnotcompletebyitself.,A,33,Examples:P61,1)BorninSichanProvince,helaterbecameafamouswriter.2)Hevisitedallthefamoushistoricalmonumentsofthisancientcity,andhealsofoundoutthatthepeopleofthecityhadtopayheavytaxes.3)DreamoftheRedMansionsisthebest-knownnovel.,A,34,2Coherence,(Coherencemeansclearandcorrectarrangementofthepartsofasentence.)SincethemeaningofEnglishsentencesmainlydependsonwordorder,thearrangementofthepartsofasentenceisespeciallyimportanttoaccurateexpressionofideas.,A,35,Rulesofthumbwhichmayhelptopreventincoherence,(1)Donotseparatewordsthatarecloselyrelatedunlessitisnecessary.EveryoneisstudyingEnglishinthisschool.(2)DontuseapronounwithambiguousreferenceMrs.Greensaidtohersisterthatshehaddonetherightthing.,A,36,(3)Dontuseadanglingmodifierorputamodifierfarfromtheworditmodifies.Examples:1)Lookingoutofthewindow,onlydullgraybuildingscanbeseen.2)Thedoctorpromisedonthewaytoherhospitaltocomeandseeme.3)Thefunnycartoonattractsthereaderseyeonthecoverofthemagazine.,A,37,(4)DontmakeunnecessaryorconfusingshiftsinpersonornumberExamples:1)Thosewhowanttojointhechorusshouldsignyournameonthissheetofpaper.2)Helooksupdifficultwordsinhisdictionaries,anditisveryhelpful.,A,38,(5)Dontmakeunnecessarychangesinthevoice,tenseormoodofverbsExamples:1)Theexplosiondestroyedthebuildingandanumberofpeoplewereinjured.2)Alotofhighhouseswerebuiltaroundhersinthepastfewyearsandshegetsnomoresunlight.,A,39,(6)Dontusedifferentformstoexpressparallelideas.Examples:1)Itisgenerallybelievedthatonesactionismoreimportantthanwhatonesays.2)Theyoungmanishonestandhardworking,andisaveryreliableworker.3)Thiscompositionisquitegoodasfarastheuseoflanguageisconcerned,butitscontentispoor.,A,40,Attention!,Inshort,coherenceisessentialtotheaccurateandclearexpressionofideas.Soitisagoodhabittorereadthesentenceswehavewrittentoseewhethertheyarecoherence,andmakenecessarychangesiftheyarenot.,A,41,3.Conciseness,oneoftherulesofsentence-makingistouseonlythenecessarywords,orasfewwordsaspossiblesolongasthemeaningisfullyexpressed.,A,42,hintsformakingconciseandclearsentences;,(1)Useapronouninsteadofrepeatinganoun(2)Useawordinsteadofaphrasewiththesamemeaning,anduseaphraseinsteadofaclausewiththesamemeaning(3)Dontrepeatwordsofphrases,ifpossible,inasentenceorinonethatfollows.(4)Dontusedifferentwordsorphraseswithsimilarmeaninginthesamesentence(5)Dontrepeatthesameideaindifferentsentencesexceptforemphasis.,A,43,Examples:,1)InthemonthofMaypeopleofdifferentprofessionsfromallcirclesinthiscitywillholdmeetingstoelectrepresentatives,andtheserepresentativeswillgotoBeijing,thecapital,inOctobertoattendanationalcongressofmodelworkersfromthewholecountry.Moreexamples:P66,A,44,4Emphasis,Whenwetalk,weemphasizeanimportantideabyraisingourvoicesormakingagesture.Whenwewrite,wealsohavewaystolayemphasisoncertainwordsorphrases.,A,45,1)Placing,Theendandthebeginningofasentenceusuallyattractthereadersattention,soimportantelementsofasentenceshouldbeputatthesetwoplaces,especiallytheend.Examples:P67-68,A,46,2)Climaticsequence:,(Inenumeratingthingsorideas,weshouldstartfromtheleastimportantandendwiththemostimportant)Examples:Abiologistoncesaidtheantisasymbolofwisdom,industryandefficiency.ThistouristgroupvisitedtheGreatWall,theSummerPalace,thePalacemuseum,andtheZoowhiletheywereinBeijing.Hesaidhehadlostinterestinlife,fame,positionandmoneyafterthattragedy.,A,47,3)Theuseofverbsintheactivevoice,Verbsaregenerallymoreemphaticthannounsoranyotherpartofspeech.Examples:Shemadeadecisionthatshewouldnottakethejob.Shedecidednottotakethejob.,A,48,4)SubordinationSubordinatingapartofasentenceisawayofgivingemphasistothemainideainthesentence.5)RepeatingimportantwordsRepetitionasaruleshouldbeavoided,butoccasionallyimportantwordscanberepeatedforthesakeofemphasis.6)ShortsentencesShortsentencesareoftenemphatic,especiallyafterlongerones.,A,49,7)BalancedsentencesAbalancedsentenceisonethatconsistsoftwopartsofthesamestructureandroughlythes