化学专业英语有机化合物中英文命名一.ppt

1,有机化合物的命名,系统命名iupacnames(systematicnames)俗名法trivialnames(popularnames)国际纯粹化学和应用化学联合会iupac:internationalunionofpureandappliedchemistry,nomenclatureoforganiccompounds,2,有机化合物的命名,系统命名iupacnames(systematicnames)ccs命名法-中文系统命名法ccs-chinesechemicalsociety,ccs以iupac基本原则为准则，结合中文特点稍有不同.,3,不含官能团化合物nonfunctionalcompounds1烃类-（烷烃alkane烯烃alkene炔烃alkyne）2单环化合物（monocycliccompounds）官能团化合物functionalcompounds,有机化合物的命名,4,1烃类-（烷烃alkane烯烃alkene炔烃alkyne）,alkane烷烃，链烷alkene烯烃，链烯alkyne炔烃,5,烷烃命名,alkane,希腊前缀prefix,6,链烷烃命名(thenamesoflinearalkanes),namesofcontinuous-chainalkanes(c1-c20),后缀suffix-ane,7,烯烃的命名（alkene）,-ene（suffix）iupacnames：ethenepropenebutenetrivialname:ethylenepropylenebutylene如果不是端烯烃则需要给出双键在碳链中的位置givepositionofc=c,8,烯烃的命名（alkene）,namesofcontinuous-chainalkenes(c1-c20),9,炔烃的命名（alkyne）,-yne（suffix）iupacnames：ethynepropynebutyneicosynetrivialname:acetylene如果不是端烯烃则需要给出叁键的位置givepositionofcc,10,直链烃基取代基(substituents)的命名,烷基alkyl-alkanerule:omitthesuffix“ane”andadd“yl”totheendofthename(去掉后缀“ane”,加上“yl”)methylnonadecylicosyl,11,直链烃基取代基的命名,烯基alkenyl-alkenerule:omitthelastletter“e”andadd“yl”totheendofthename(去掉最后一个字母“e”，加上后缀“yl”)ethenyl乙烯基）1-propenyl(丙烯基)trivialnames:vinyl,allyl(烯丙基),12,直链烃基取代基的命名,炔基alkynylalkynerule:omitthelastletter“e”andadd“yl”totheendofthename(去掉最后一个字母“e”，加上后缀“yl”)1-propynyl（丙炔基）,1-pentynyl（戊炔基）苯基benzene=phenephenyl（苯基）-benzyl（苯甲基，苄基）,13,如果相同的烷基（简单的烷基）在一个分子中超过一个，用前缀来表示：di-,tri-,tetra-如果相同的烷基（复杂的烷基）在一个分子中超过一个，用前缀来表示：bis-,tris-,tetrakis-,pentakis-bi-:biphenyl（联苯）,binuclear-（双核）,烃基取代基的命名,14,支链烃的命名（branched-alkylgroup）,rulei.choosethelongestcontinuouschainwiththegreatestnumberofsubstituentsastheparentbody.规则1.选择最长、取代基最多的碳链作为主链.,15,支链烃的命名,3-methylheptane（3-甲基庚烷）,2,3,5-trimethyl-4-propylheptane,ruleii.givethelowestpositionnumbersforsubstituents.规则2.取代基的位置数目总和最小。,16,支链烃的命名,2,3,3-trimethylpentane,2,2,4-trimethylpentane,2,3,5-trimethylhexane,17,ruleiii.givethefirstlistedsubstituentalowerpositionnumber;thesumofthepositionnumbersforallsbustituentsshouldbeaslowaspossible.规则3.数字较小的取代基排在前面，表示取代基位置的数字总和尽可能小。,支链烃的命名,18,支链烃的命名（branched-alkylgroup）,thenamesofthesubstituentsaregiveninalphabeticalorderinthesystematicnamesoforganiccompounds.excepttheprefixesiso-andneo-,theotherprefixes,suchasdi-,tri-,sec-,tert-arenotinvolvedinalphabeticallisting.,19,支链烃的命名,2,3,5-trichlorohexanenot2,4,5-trichlorohexane,2,7,8-trimethyldecanenot3,4,9-trimethyldecane,20,烃基取代基的命名,如果是枝状的烷基，用前缀iso-,neo-,sec-,tert-表示,n-normal(正）iso-isomeric(异）tert-tertiary(叔）,21,烃基取代基的命名,neo-neos(新),sec-secondary(仲）,22,烃基取代基的命名,sec-（仲）,tert-（叔）只用于丁基：sec-butyl,tert-butyliso-（异）,neo-（新）既可以用于化合物的命名，又可以用于取代基的命名。isobutyl,isobutane,isohexyl,neopentyl,neopentane,23,烃基取代基的命名,exercises:,2-methylpentane,5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyloctane,2,2-dimethyl-5-ethyloctane,4-sec-butyl-3-methylnonane（壬烷）,3-methyl-4-sec-butylnonane,5-isopropyl-4-propyldecane（癸烷）,4-propyl-5-isopropyldecane,24,3-propyl-1,3,5-hexatriene,4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-2-methyloctane（叔丁基）,5-sec-butylnonane仲丁基5-(2-butyl)nonane5-2-butylnonane,2-methyl-4,4-bis(tert-butyl)octane,4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-2-methyloctane（叔丁基）,25,4-vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne,3-acetylenyl-1,5-hexadiene,3-vinyl-4-propyl-1,3-hexadien-5-yne,26,2单环化合物（monocycliccompounds）的命名,命名规则：环烷烃cyclo+alkanecyclo+alkyl环烯烃cyclo+alkenecyclo+alkenyl环炔烃cyclo+alkynecyclo+alkynyl,cyclohexane,cyclohexene,27,monocycliccompounds,cyclo+thenameofalkanecyclopropanecyclopentanecyclohexanemonosubstituted:chlorocyclohexanemethylcyclopentane,28,multisubstituted:givethefunctionalgroupthelowestpositionnumber.thesumofpositionnumbersforallsubstituentsshouldbeaslowaspossible.,29,cyclopentylcyclohexane,trans-1-ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane,5-cyclopentyl-2-methylheptane,环烷烃,30,环烯烃,1,3cyclohexadiene,3-ethyl-1,4,5-trimethylcyclohexene支链取代基的命名,31,xyleneo,m,p-,benzene,toluene,芳香化合物arometiccompounds,邻位-ortho间位-meta对位-para,32,mesitylene,styrene,33,单取代苯monosubstitutedbenzenes,nitrobenzene,ethylbenzene,chlorobenzene,34,aniline,cyanobenzene,phenol,35,一些重要的取代基otherimportantsubstituents,hydroxy-,alkoxy-(c1-c4methoxy,ethoxy,propoxy,butoxy;c5pentyloxydecyloxy),phenoxy,mercapto(巯基）,alkylthio,amino,36,formyl,cyano,nitro,nitrosyl,acetyl,oxo,alkanoyl(acyl，hexanoyl）,37,c1-c5酰基（acyl）俗名:formyl,acetyl,propionyl,butyrylvaleryl,benzoyl,3-oxobutyricacid,38,benzoicacid,o-(ethylthio)phenol,39,多取代的芳香化合物multisubstituentedaro