Research-into-Population-GeneticsPPT课件

,Book4Unit7,ResearchintoPopulationGenetics,ResearchintoPopulationGenetics,WatchandDiscussBackgroundInformationStructureAnalysisDetailedStudyoftheTextExercises,ColumbusChristopherColumbus,anItalian-bornmasternavigator(borninGenoa,Italyin1451anddiedatValladolid,Spainin1506)whosailedintheserviceofSpain,iscommonlydescribedasthediscovereroftheNewWorldAmerica.Hisfourtransatlanticvoyages(14921493,14931496,14981500,and15021504)openedthewayforEuropeanexplorationandcolonizationoftheAmericas.,ItisastheresultofColumbuss“discovery”thattheNewWorldbecamepartoftheEuropeanworld.,ColumbussrealgreatnessliesinthefactthathavingfoundtheWestIndiesmakingmajorerrorsinhisnavigationalcomputationsandlocationindoingsohewasabletofindhiswaybacktoEuropeandreturntotheIndies.,Ourbodiesarecomprisedoftrillionsofmicroscopicunitscalledcells.Cellsinturnarebuiltupfrommanyspecifictypesofmolecules,bothlargeandsmall.Thelargemoleculesormacromoleculesincludepolysaccharides,nucleicacidsandproteins.TheflowofgeneticinformationisfromDNAtoRNAtoProtein.Eachproteinisalinearpolymerofaspecificsequenceof20differentaminoacids.,humangeneticmap,DNAisalsoalinearpolymercomprisedof4typesofnucleotides.ThesequenceofaminoacidsineachproteinisencodedbyasegmentofDNAcalledagene.Threeconsecutivenucleotidesinageneencodeasingleaminoacidinthecorrespondingprotein.Thegeneticcodeisuniversalamongalllivingthings.,人类的基因决定了人的生老病死，它存在于人体每一个细胞内的脱氧核糖核酸分子即DNA分子。DNA分子在细胞核内的染色体上，由两条相互盘绕的链组成，每一条链都是由单一成分首尾相接纵向排列而成，这种单一成分被称为碱基（因为这些化合物溶于水中能形成碱性溶液）。碱基有4种，分别简写为A、T、G、C。它们排列组合构成了基因。,Basques（巴斯克人）TheBasquesareapeoplewholiveinasmallregionthatstraddlestheborderofSpainandFrancefromtheseainthewestintothePyrenees（比利牛斯山）intheeast.TheBasquepopulationisdistinguishedphysicallybyahighincidenceofRhNegativefactorintheblood.NooneknowsexactlywheretheBasquescamefrom.,SomesaytheyhavelivedinthatareasinceCro-MagnonmanfirstroamedEurope.Estimatesofhowlongtheyhavelivedtherevaryfrom10,000to75,000years.SomesaytheyaredescendedfromtheoriginalIberians（古利比里亚人）.Morefancifultheoriesexist,aswell.OneisthattheBasquesarethedescendentsofthesurvivorsofAtlantis.,Khoisan(南非科伊桑人)alsospelledKhoesaan,KhoesanorKhoeSan)isaunifyingnamefortwogroupsofpeoplesofSouthernAfrica,whosharephysicalandputativelinguisticcharacteristicsdistinctfromtheBantu（班图人）majorityoftheregion.Culturally,theKhoisanaredividedintotheforagingSan,orBushmen（布希曼人）,andthepastoralKhoi,ormorespecificallyKhoikhoi,previouslyknownasHottentots（霍屯督人）.,Cro-Magnon(克罗马努人)属于新人，身材高大，头大，有明显的下颌，眉弓不发达。与现代人比较，四肢粗壮。另外尚发现同时代的与克罗马努人有些差异的格里马迪人和尚塞拉德人，表明了在玉木冰期末期的欧洲，已经有人种存在。在克罗马努人的遗物堆积中不仅有石器，而且还有骨器。骨器易于成形(如做成鱼钩)这一点显然是以前的人所没有认识到的。有些工具做成了各种不同的特殊形状，就像现代的工具一样，有针，有锥子，有雕刻工具，还有其他等等，对它们的功用我们全都一目了然。,Whatdecidesthedifference?,AComparisonbetweentheBlackandtheWhite,VS,WarmingUp,Apparentlytheyarephysicallydifferent.Dotheyhaveanythingincommonbiologically?Nowmakealist.1._.2._.3._.,Tips,WarmingUp,Similarities:betweentheblackgirlandthewhitegirl,Theirbloodisred.Theirteetharewhite.Theyownthesamekindsoforgans.Theyfeelhappywhentheyeatdeliciousfood.Theymaycrywithfrustration.Theywillsmileforsureifyouarefriendlytothem.Theyhaveactivethoughts.Theymaysharethesimilargenes.,WarmingUp,The“races”areremarkablyalikeundertheskin.,Conclusion:,WarmingUp,Infact,thereisnoscientificbasisfortheoriesadvocatingthegeneticsuperiorityofanyonepopulationoveranother.,实际上，那种认为某一种群比另一种群的基因更为优越的理论是毫无科学依据的。,Mainideaofthetext?Thepassagefocusesonthelatestresearchdevelopmentinpopulationgenetics.,Thereisnoscientificbasisfortheoriespushingthegeneticsuperiorityofanyonepopulationoveranother.,PartI(para.1),PartII(para.2),PartIII(paras.3-4),Thecreationofthefirstgeneticmapoftheworld.,Thecreativeresultscamefromthehardworkovertheyears.,Part(paras.5-9),Part(para.10),Therearefourmajorcontributionsofthefirstgeneticmapoftheworld.,Theresearchmissionisnotjustscientificbutsocialaswell.,extensive,1)largeinarea,extendingfar广大的，广阔的,theextensivegroundsofacitypark,城市公园的宽阔场地,1.themostextensivesurvey(Para.1),e.g.,e.g.Thegirlwasputthroughextensivetestsduringa5-daystaybuttheyfailedtofindanysignsofthefits.,他们让这个女孩住院5天接受了全面的检查，但是没有发现任何突发病的症状。,2)includingordealingwithawiderangeofinformation全面的，广泛的,2.skincolorandheightarediscounted,(Para.1),discount,v.thinkorsaythatsth.isnotimportantornottrue打折扣,e.g.Muchofwhatshesaysmustbediscounted;sheimaginesthings.,她说的许多话都是要打折扣的，她喜欢想像。,e.g.WecandiscountDaliantheyhavetwoinjuredplayers.,我们可以不理会大连队他们有两名伤员。,n.anamountofmoneythatistakenofftheusualcostofsth.折扣,e.g.Studentsgeta30%discountonsomemuseumtickets.,一些博物馆的门票，学生可以打七折。,3.ismuchmorethananargument(Para.2),morethan,1)“morethan”followedbyanounphrase,e.g.Hesmorethanateacher;hesafriend.,他不只是一个教师，他更是一位朋友。,2)“morethan”followedbyaverbalphrase,e.g.Theymorethanwaitedfrommorningtillnight;theywereworried.,e.g.Theymorethansufferedfromthedisease;theywerepenniless.,他们不只是从早一直等到晚，还担惊受怕。,他们不仅仅是饱受疾病之苦，而且穷得身无分文。,3)“morethan”followedbyanadjectivephrase,e.g.Hishouseismorethanlargeandbeautiful.,e.g.IwasmorethanfrightenedwhenIsawtheterribleman.,他的房子非常大也非常漂亮。,当我看见那个可怕的人时，感到极度害怕。,feature,v.1)includeaparticularpersonorthingasaspecialfeature以为特色,e.g.Thisweeksprogramfeaturesareportonvictimsofdomesticviolence.,本周节目将对家庭暴力受害者进行一个特别报道。,4.Thebookfeaturesmorethan500maps(Para.2),2)haveanimportantpartinsth.占重要地位,e.g.Self-esteemfeatureshighestonherlistofwhatshewantsfromajob.,自我价值是她最想从工作中得到的东西。,5.variousproteinsthatserveasmarkers(Para.3),serveas,fulfilthepurposeof(sth.)作为,Thefinewouldserveasawarningtoothermotoristswhodrovewithoutduecareandattention.,罚款会是对其他疏忽、冒失的驾驶者的一种警告。,e.g.,6.theauthorsassembledprofiles(Para.3),assemble,v.1)bringpeopleorthingstogetherasagroup集合,e.g.Themembersofthetourgroupassembledatthestationfordeparture.,旅行团的成员们在火车站集合准备出发。,2)fittogetheralltheseparatepartsofsth.装配,e.g.Theshelvesareeasytoassemble.,e.g.Itsoneofthosebedsthatyouhavetoassembleyourself.,这些架子很容易装配。,这种床需要你自己来装配。,7.thestudywasconfinedtogroups(Para.3),beconfinedto,berestrictedorkeptwithincertainlimitsortime限于,e.g.Sofar,fightinghasbeenconfinedtothemountainarea.,e.g.Disastersofthissortwereconfinedtoneithertraditionallyfloodedlandnorthewintermonths.,到目前为止，战斗仍没有超出山区的范围。,这种灾难不只发生在洪水泛滥的地区，也不只发生在冬季。,8.hewasconfrontedbyanangryfarmerwavinganaxe.(Para.4),confront,v.facesb.orsth.,esp.inanunfriendlyordangeroussituation面对,e.g.Whenhedconfrontedherwithproofofhercriminalactivities,sheknewthatshehadtotellthetruth.,当他拿出她的犯罪证据与她当面对质时，她知道她不得不说真话了。,e.g.IpreparedforthequestionsIexpectedtoconfrontduringtheinterview.,e.g.Openingthedoor,hefoundhimselfconfrontedbytwostrangerswithguns.,我为这次访谈中可能要面对的问题作了准备。,一打开门，他发现两个陌生人正用枪对着他。,9.theywerewidelyassumedtobecloselyrelated.(Para.5),assume,Iftheparentsarerudetootherpeople,thechildwillassumethatthiskindofbehaviorisacceptable.,v.1)thinkoracceptthatsth.istruewithoutproof认为,e.g.,如果父母对别人不礼貌，孩子就会认为这样做是可行的。,v.2)(fml.)pretend假装,Whensocializingwithherco-workersshewouldassumeaheartymanner.,e.g.,和她的同事相处时，她会装出一副真诚的态度。,e.g.Inmanyacademicareasitisassumedthattheteacherknowsmorethanthestudent.,在很多学术领域，人们都想当然地认为老师总是比学生知道的多。,10.mostcloselyresembletheirneighbors,(Para.5),resemble,v.looklikeorbesimilarto像，相似,e.g.Campusessometimesresembledmarket-placesratherthaninstitutionsofhigherlearning.,校园有时更像个集市而不是高等教育机构。,WhatIsawinthemirrorwasthefaceofastrangerwhoresembledme:mouthpulledoutofshape,skinwhite,hairwithoutcolor.,在镜中我看见一张很像我的陌生人的脸,嘴巴拉扯得变了形，肤色苍白，头发没有光泽。,e.g.,11.incombinationwithancienthumanbones,confirmsthat(Para.6),confirm,v.1)stateorshowthatsth.isdefinitelytrueorcorrect证实,e.g.Assoonashelookedattheaccountshisworstfearswereconfirmedtheywereheavilyindebt.,他一看账目，就知道他最担心的事确实发生了他们已负债累累。,v.2)establishsth.firmly确认,e.g.Letmeconfirmthatthemoneyhasarrivedinmyaccount.,让我核实一下钱是否已进入了我的户头。,12.shednewlightontheoriginsofpopulations(Para.7),shedlighton,makeaproblem,etc.easiertounderstand帮助弄清,e.g.Abetterunderstandingofhowitworkscouldalsoshedlightonotherquestionsconcerningthedevelopmentofsensorynervecells.,但是更好地理解它的运作也能帮助我们弄清有关感官神经细胞发育的其他问题。,Inaddition,theresearchisexpectedtoshedlightonthesocialconsequencesofcitiesconstantlyrisingpopulation.,另外，这一研究也希望弄清城市不断增长的人口所带来的社会影响。,e.g.,13.Themostdistinctivemembers(Para.8),distinctive,a.havingaqualitythatmakessth.different独特的,Thelampsmostdistinctivefeatureisitsdome-shapedshade.,这盏灯的特色是它那圆形的灯顶。,e.g.,扩展,distinct:a.clearlynoticeable明显的,e.g.Thereisadistinctivesmellinthislittlerestaurant.,这个小餐厅里有一种特殊的气味。,e.g.Thereisadistinctsmellofperfumeeverytimeshecomesintotheroom.,她每次进房间，就明显有一股香水味。,14.thescientistscouldexploitthesepeoples(Para.9),exploit,1)treatapersonorsituationasanopportunitytogain利用，剥削,Theycouldexploititspositionasamajoroilproducertopushupworldoilprices.,e.g.,作为主要的石油生产商，他们可以其优势推动世界石油价格。,Themainbanksexploitedyesterdaysthinmarkettolaunchanotherassaultonthedollar.,几家主要的银行利用昨天疲软的市场对美元发起了又一轮攻击。,v.2)usesth.wellinordertogainasmuchfromitaspossible利用，开发,e.g.,15.thathismissionisnotjustscientificbutsocialaswell.(Para.10),notjustbutaswell,notonlybutalso不仅而且,Iamnotonlyconcernedwithsafetybutskepticaloftheeducationalvalueofsuchstripsaswell.,我不仅关心这些连环画的安全性，还对它们的教育价值表示怀疑。,e.g.,16.Thestudysultimateaim,(Para.10),ultimate,Hastheultimatediamondbeenfound?,a.1)mostextremeorimportant,fundamental最极端的,e.g.,那颗最大的钻石找到了吗？,Idaresaythisistheultimateinsultintheworld.,我敢说这是世界上最恶毒的侮辱。,e.g.,e.g.,Thedebateshouldnot,however,centeroninstantprofit,butshouldhingeontheultimatebenefittothecompany.,辩论不应该集中在短期利润问题上，而应该围绕公司的最终收益进行。,a.final最终的,读写教程:Ex.,p.178,读写教程:Ex.,p.178,读写教程:Ex.,p.179,读写教程:Ex.,p.179,读写教程:Ex.,p.180,读写教程:Ex.,p.182,读写教程:Ex.,p.181,读写教程:Ex.,p.182,读写教程:Ex.,p.182,.Answerthefollowingquestions.,1.WhatdoesTheHistoryandGeographyofHumanGenesconclude?,Thebookconcludesthatdespitesurfacefeatures,the“races”areremarkablyalikeundertheskin.,LucaCavalli-Sforza,aStanfordprofessor,andhiscolleagues.,Inhumanblood:variousproteinsthatserveasmarkerstorevealapersonsgeneticmakeup.,2.Whocreatedthefirstgeneticmapoftheworld?,3.Wheredidthescientistsfindtheinformationtodrawaglobalfamilytree?,Becausetheysharesuchsuperficialcharacteristicsasskincolorandbodyshape.ButthediscoveriesindicatethatAustraliansaremostdistantfromtheAfricansandmostcloselyresembletheSoutheastAsians.,4.WhydidpeopleassumethatAustraliasnativepeoplewerecloselyrelatedtoblackAfricans?Whatdothediscoveriesmadebythescientistsshow?,ItconfirmsthatAfricawasthebirthplaceofhumanityandthusthestartingpointoftheoriginalhumanmovements.,5.WhatelsedoesthegeneticmapoftheworldshowusaboutAfrica?,TheirgenesshowtheKhoisanmaybeaveryancientmixofwestAsiansandblackAfricans,ratherthanbeingdirectlydescendedfromthemostprimitivehumanancestors.,6.HowdoesthegeneticmapprovemanyguessesabouttheKhoisanpeoplewrong?,AllEuropeansarethoughttobeamixedpopulation,with65%Asianand35%Africangenes.,7.Accordingtogeneticinformation,areEuropeanspureormixed?,Itisthelatestrawmaterialofthemedicalindustry.Andinaddition,itcanbeusedtoweakenconventionalnotionsofracethatcauseracialprejudice.,8.Apartfromthehumanorigins,whatelsedoesgeneticinformationcontributetohumanbeings?,SomemedicalexpertsbelievethechancesofanexplosivespreadofthediseasetoEurope,includingBritain,cannotbe_.,.Fillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenecessary.,discounted,2.Thereportwas_becauseitswriterheldtheconventionalnotionsofracethatcausedracialprejudice.,biased,3.Perhapsitisagoodideatoplantdifferentkindsofrosesandthatwouldsurelyadd_andinteresttoyourgarden.,variation,4.Butsomebooksaredesignedspecificallyto_informationaboutthesocial,culturalorprofessionallifeofthecountry.,feature,5._withtheevidence,theyadmittedthat,ofallhumans,AustraliansaremostdistantfromtheAfricansgenetically.,Confronted,6.ThewomeninthisbookfallessentiallyintotwogroupsthosewhocomedirectlyfromcertainpeasantsocietiesofIndiaandPakistanandthosewhosefamilies_fromthesamepeasantbackgroundsfirsttoEastAfricaandthentoBritain.,migrated,7.Wheretheinformationisavailable,itshowsthateachmodernnationis_fromawidediversityofpeoples,leavingasideallthosewhohaveleftdowntheyears.,descended,8.Theyareafraidsomeorganizationsare_localpeopleinthenameofscientificresearch:theyaremakinguseofgeneticmaterialtheycollectforcommercialpurpose.,exploiting,.Rewriteeachofthefollowingsentences,usingtheexpressionsgiveninparentheses.,1.Thescientistsannouncedlastyearthatoneofthegenesthatplayedapartindeterminingtheintelligencehadbeenidentified,butsofartheresultshaveyettobeconfirmed.(todate),Thescientistsannouncedlastyearthatoneofthegenesthatplayedapartindeterminingintelligencehadbeenidentified,buttodatetheresultshaveyettobeconfirmed.,2.Theyseemtothinkthatbuildinganewroadwillimprovethetrafficproblem,butinfact,itwillmakeitworse.(ineffect),Theyseemtothinkthatbuildinganewroadwillimprovethetrafficproblem,butineffect,itwillmakeitworse.,3.Itsamazingthatthescientistscreatedthefirstgeneticmapoftheworld.(nothinglessthan),Thescientistscreatednothinglessthanthefirstgeneticmapoftheworld.,4.FromtodayonDr.Careywillbeinchargeofalong-termstudyofchildrenwhoareunusuallygoodatmath.(asof),AsoftodayDr.Careywillbeinchargeofalong-termstudyofchildrenwhoareunusuallygoodatmath.,5.Thebestwaytoloseweightisproperdietandregularexerciseaswell.(incombinationwith),Thebestwaytoloseweightisproperdietincombinationwithregularexercise.,6.Manywomeninthecityhavetakenlow-paid,so-calledpart-timeworkbesidestheirchild-rearingandcommunitycareactivities.(inadditionto),Manywomeninthecityhavetakenlow-paid,so-calledpart-timeworkinadditiontotheirchild-rearingandcommunitycareactivities.,7.Theirresearchintobetterparentingandeducationaltechniquesprovidesanexplanationforthefactthatmoreboyshaveunusualmathematicalabilitiesthangirls.(shednewlighton),Theirresearchintobetterparentingandeducationaltechniquesshedsnewlightonthefactthatmoreboyshaveunusualmathematicalabilitiesthangirls.,8.Itisnowknownthatthisillnessdoesnotonlyexistinanyonegroupinsociety.(beconfinedto),Itisnowknownthatthisillnessisnotconfinedtoanyonegroupinsociety.,.Lookatthefollowingsentencetakenfromyourreadingpassage.Justthinkaboutwhatelseyoucan“share”andfillinthesentenceswiththerightwords.,e.g.BecauseAustraliasnativepeopleandblackAfricanssharesuchsuperficialcharacteristicsasskincolorandbodyshape,theywerewidelyassumedtobecloselyrelated.,Hersmilewasstrangeasifshewassharingasec_withoneoftheveryfewpeopleshecouldtrust.Andtheykeptitfromme!,rets,Thosewhojoinareabletoshareexp_andkeepuptodatewiththelatestinformationonlungconditions,treatmentsandtheservicesavailable.Theymight,therefore,reasonablybeexpectedtosharecha_thatwerealsopossessedbythosecommonancestors,eveniftheyhaveuniquecharacteristicsaswell.,eriences,racteristics,Theysimplysharetheid_thatitisnotgoingtobepossibletoexplainbehavioradequately.Thereluctancetoshareinfor_issaidtohaveledtoseveraldisasterswhereinformationwasnotpassedtotherightpeopleintime.,eas,mation,Withthenewmanagementsystemputintoeffect,theinvestorsagreetosharesuc_withthemanagement.SomepeopleoncearguedthatthefactofsomenativeAmericanssharingthesamepre_againstforeignimmigrantsanddifferentreligiousbeliefsgaverisetotheKu-Klux-Klan(KKK)inthe1920s.,cess,judice,Thepurposeofhelping“backward”peoplesmustbebasedonagenuinedesiretosharetheequ_ofhumanrightsenjoyedbyeveryone.,ality,VI.Thesuffixcycanbeaddedtoadjectivesandoccasionallynounstoformnounswiththemeaningofthestateorqualityofbeing.Forexample:,pregnancy(thestateofbeingpregnant),accuracy(thequalityofbeingaccurate),pregnant,accurate,Noteafinal“t”or“te”is,inmostcases,replacedby“-cy”.,Nowstudythemeaningofthefollowingwordsandthencompletethesentenceswithsomeofthesewords.,Customizablewebsitesarefun,butalsoapainintheneckbecauseyouhavetosacrificeyour_tocheckoutthesesites.,2.Thoughtheystandwellapart,thereisan_offriendshipandclearunderstanding.,privacy,intimacy,3.The_ofterroristattacksseemstohaveincreasedrecentlyinthecountry.,4.Oneoftherequirementsofthejobis_intwoormoreAfricanlanguages.,frequency,fluency,5.Theprisonerswereheldintotal_,withoutanycontactatallwiththeoutsideworld.,6.Thescientistbelievesthatitisamatterof_toweakenconventionalnotionsofracethatcauseracialprejudice.,secrecy,urgency,7.Itsnotgoodenoughtoproducealotofworkonedayandnonethenextweneedsome_.,8.Increasingdisabilitywithagemeansagrowing_onothers,asmadeclearinthearticle.,consistency,dependency,.Thesuffixologyoccursinnounswiththemeaningofanareaofstudyorsystem.Forexample:,biology:thestudyoflivingthingssuchasplantsandanimals,methodology:asystemofmethodsorprinciplesfordoingaparticularthing,Thesuffixicsoccursinnounswiththemeaningofasubjectoranareaofstudy.Forexample:,physics:thescientificstudyofthebehaviorofmatterandenergy,politics:thestudyofpoliticalpowerandsystemofgovernment,Nowstudythemeaningofthewordsgivenbelowandthencompletethefollowingsentenceswithsomeofthem.,1.Shewasveryradicalinherviewpointsandwasbannedfrom_between1980and1990,andspent10yearsunderhousearrest.,politics,2.Shewasextremelyaccomplishedinthe_,speakingbothGreekandLatinfluently.,3.Indeed,thereisverylittleintherealworldof_whichdoesntinvolvedigitaltechniquesandcomputing.,classics,electronics,4.Eurolandgovernmentstressedthecurrencywasaboutmorethanjust_.“FromLisbontoHelsinki,fromParistoVienna,theeuroisaremarkablesymbolofourcommonidentity,”saidFrenchFinanceMinisterDominiqueStrauss-Kahn.,economics,5.Hewasinterestedinthestudyofthewaythehumanmindworkedandhowitinfluencedbehaviorandsohedecidedtomajorin_whenheentereduniversity.,psychology,6.Unlikethenaturalsciences,wherediscussionoftenstartswiththeresultsandignoresthe_oftheresearch,thesocialscienceshavedevelopedandelaborateargumentaboutthepracticesofdoingresearch.,methodology,7.Wearetakingeverycaretoprovidethelatest_andaqualityenvironment.,8.Thescienceof_,therefore,hashadaprofoundeffectonhowweunderstandtheevolutionofhumanbeings.,technology,biology,VIII.Pleasepayattentiontothesentencesstructurewith“morethan”.When“morethan”isnotusedwithacomparativeclaus