HPUX系统备份及恢复策略

HP-UX系统备份及恢复策略,用户利益,最大程度减小数据恢复给业务带来的影响;使您的备份与恢复策略更为有效;减少您听到“我们恢复不了您的数据”的机会;提供改进您的备份与恢复流程的建议;图形表达备份与恢复流程;,备份数据策略,恢复数据策略,灾难恢复流程,故障报警,备份系统高可用性,数据库联机备份,备份管理,制定完善的备份管理流程,数据备份的忠告,选用适当的备份设备和备份软件尽可能使用多于一个的物理设备经常有规律的作备份至少保存两份最新的备份定义备份进度：方式、频率、时序和保管备份权限的设定备份步骤信息的记录定时清洁和维护设备数据恢复和故障预演,映像备份备份整个磁盘作为一个映像限制：恢复时要求作为一个映像，不可依据文件类型限制卷的大小适合灾难恢复基于文件的备份逐个文件的备份支持各种备份方式全备分增量备份差分备份备份和恢复的灵活性更慢，独立于文件存取的速度,数据备份的类型,level0全备份Fullbackup,level2差分备份Differentialbackup,level1增量备份Incrementalbackup,备份方式,恢复过程,仅需一盘磁盘,tape1+xtape,tape1+(x-1)tapes,level0全备份Fullbackup,level2差分备份Differentialbackup,level1增量备份Incrementalbackup,BackupandRecoveryProcedures,Step1拜访用户对备份技术进行讲解,主要介绍备份与恢复的重要性和必要性,以及备份与恢复的内容,方法和策略。,BackupandRecoveryProcedures1,ObjectivesofBackup/RecoveryScopeofBackup/RecoveryTypeofBackupSolutionSystemBackup/RecoveryUtilitiesSystemRecoveryToolsTypicalSystemBackupSolutionBackupWindow,BackupandRecoveryonHP-UXSystem,WhyBackup?,Hardware(Disk)FailureDatabase/ApplicationCorruptionAdministratorErrorUserErrorSiteDisaster,“Therearetwotypeofcomputerusers,thosethathavelostdataandthosethatwill”,Whatshouldbebackedup?,OperatingSystemfilesandconfigurationDisklayoutinformationUserprofilesandhomedirectoriesApplicationanddatabasebinariesandfilesThedatafromtheapplication,Thedataincludes:,TypeofBackupSolution,OS/DatabaseBackupIncremental/FullBackupOnline/OfflineBackupLocal/NetworkBackup,SystemBackup/RecoveryUtilities,StandardUNIXUtilitiestar,cpio,dump/restore,vxdump/vxrestore,dd,mtHP-UXUtilites(HP_UXonly)fbackup/frecoverSAMUtilitiesCOPYUTILmake_recovery,backuputilitiesintroduce,fbackupRecommendedsystembackuputility.Foreachfiletransferred,thefilescontentsandallrelevantinformationnecessarytorestoreittoanequivalentstatearecopiedtooutputdevice,whichcanberawmagnetictapedrive,thestandardoutput,DDS-formattape,rewritablemagneto-opticaldiskorafile.frecoverReadsmediawrittenbyfbackup,andcopiesspecifiedfilesfromthismediatospecifiedlocation.fbackupandfrecoverareproprietaryutilitiesusableonlyonHP-UXsystems.SAMusesfbackupandfrecoverasitsbackupprograms.tarSavesandrestoresfilesonmagnetictape,flexibledisk,orregularfile.cpioSavesandrestoresarchivesoffilesonmagnetictape,otherdevices,oraregularfile,andcopiesfilesfromonedirectorytoanotherwhilereplicatingthedirectorytreestructure.ddAll-purposeutilitythatcopiesto/fromrawdevices.Dataconversionispossible.Itisoftenusedtosaveorrestoreinformationdisk-to-disk.Copiesspecifiedinputfiletospecifiedoutput;usually,bothinputandoutputfilesaredevicefiles.,tar-tapearchive,Backupadirectory:#cd/data#tarcvf/dev/rmt/0m.Restoreallfilesfromatape:#cd/datatarxvf/dev/rmt/0mRestoreonefilefromatape:#cd/data#tarxvf/dev/rmt/0m./file1.txtCreateaindexofthefilelistonthetape:#tartvf/dev/rmt/0m/tmp/index.txt,/data,/data,tarsyntax,$tarkeyarg.file|-CdirectoryKeys:cxvfmutrwhCommonkeys:cCreatearchive.xExtractarchive.tListnamesofallfilesinarchive.rAppendfile(s)toendofexistingarchive.If-Cdirectoryisspecified,tarwillchangetodirectoryandcontinuesaveorrestore.,对系统全备份#tarcvf/dev/rmt/0m/备份某目录#tarcvf/dev/rmt/0m/tmp改变文件的备份路径#tarcvf/dev/rmt/0m-C/tmp.Note:路径/tmp在磁带上的备份路径变为./#cd/tmp#tarcvf/dev/rmt/0m./*恢复数据#tarxvf/dev/rmt/0m(磁带上所有数据)#tarxvf/dev/rmt/0m/tmp(恢复目录/tmp)查看磁带上的数据#tartvf/dev/rmt/0m,tar命令应用,ddexample,Tocopyanentirediskdrivetoanotheridentically-sizeddevice:#ddif=/dev/rdsk/c0t1d0of=/dev/rdsk/c3t3d0bs=4096,ddsyntax,#ddif=input_fileof=output_filebs=block_sizeWarning:Datawillbedestroyedontheoutputfilelocation.Ensurethatthecorrectoutputfileisdesignatedtopreventunintentionaldatadestruction.,cpioexample,Tousewiththefindcommandtobackupallfilesandsub-directoriesofthe/homedirectory:$find/home-print|cpio-ocB/dev/rmt/0mToprintalistingoffilesstoredonabackupcreatedbycpio:$cpio-itBv/dev/rmt/0m,cpiosyntax,$cpio-o-eextargachvxABC$cpio-ibodfmrstuvxBPRSU6pattern$cpio-p-eextargadlmruvxUdirectoryCommonoptions:oCopyout(export)specifiedfilestoarchiveiCopyin(import)specifiedfilesfromarchivepDuplicatedirectorytree(passthrough)cWriteorreadheaderinformationinASCIIcharacterformatforportabilitydCreatedirectoriesasneededtPrinttableofcontentsonly.BBlockinput/outputat5120bytestorecord.Useonlywithdatadirectedtoorfromdevicesthatsupportvariable-lengthrecords.vPrintfilecharacteristics(numeric-mode,owner,blocks,date,filename)patternOnlyfilesthatmatchpatternaresaved/restoreddirectoryDestinationdirectorytree,fbackup/frecover,Backupadirectory:#fbackup-f/dev/rmt/0m-i/dataRestoreallfilesfromatape:#frecover-orf/dev/rmt/0mRestoreonefilefromatape:#frecover-oxf/dev/rmt/0m-i/data/file1.txtCreateaindexofthefilelistonthetape:#frecover-f/dev/rmt/0m-I/tmp/index.txt,/data,/data,fbackupsyntax,#fbackup-fdevicefile-0-9optionsWhere:-fdevicefileIdentifiesbackupdevice-0-9Backuplevel(0=fullbackup;1-9indicatesincremental)Commonoptions:-ifilenameInformsfbackuptoincludefilefilename.-efilenameInformsfbackuptoexcludefilefilename.-IfilenameCreatesanindexinfilename.-gfilenameThefilenamespecifiesanASCIIfilewhichcontainsfiletreestoincludeorexclude.,fbackup命令应用一,1进入单用户#shutdown-y0#/etc/mount-a2系统全备份#fbackupf/dev/rmt/0m-0iv/-I/tmp/sysbk.index-f:设备文件名(suchasDDStapedriver)-i:要包含的目录-e:不包含的目录-I:备份内容检索目录-v:备份内容详细列表-0:零级备份#fbackupf/dev/rmt/0m-i/-e/home备份除了目录/home的所有目录3说明1)该命令方式对系统当前”mounted“的文件系统进行备份2)备份级别说明备份级别有09个级别，如果当前系统采用零级备份，当下一次采用5级备份时，系统仅将会对有变化的文件进行备份,1#mkdir-p/tmp/fbackupfiles/index#mkdir-p/tmp/fbackupfiles/log2#touch/tmp/fbackupfiles/index/full.date+%y%m%d.%H:%M3进入单用户#shutdowny0#/etc/mount-a4对系统进行全备份#fbackup0vi/-f/dev/rmt/0m-I/tmp/fbackupfiles/index/full.date+%y%m%d.%H:%M2/tmp/fbackupfiles/log/full.date+%y%m%d.%H:%M5说明通过该方式可以知到系统备份需要的时间,fbackup命令应用二,fbackup命令应用三,1进入单用户#shutdowny0#/etc/mount-a2对系统进行全备份#fbackup0uv/-f/dev/rmt/0m-g/tmp/fbackupfiles/mygraph-I/tmp/fbackupfiles/index/full.date+%y%m%d.%H:%M2/tmp/fbackupfiles/log/full.date+%y%m%d.%H:%M3说明a.文件mygraph:包含需要备份的目录，格式如下：i/users/datai/home/appe/oracle/sqlb.参数u:当备份系统成功时，系统将更新/var/adm/fbackupfiles/dates.,fbackup命令应用四,备份远程系统1登录在本地系统时#remshbackup_sysname”fbackupfDDS_sysname:/dev/rmt/0m-0vi/”2登录在远程系统时#fbackupfbackup_sysname:/dev/rmt/0m0vi/,fbackup命令应用五,压缩方式备份(不建议使用、影响系统性能)1压缩方式备份#fbackup0vi/dir-f-|compress|ddof=/dev/rmt/0mobs=10k“”:指向标准输出2查看备份内容#ddif=/dev/rmt/0mibs=10k|uncompress|frecoverI-f-,frecoversyntax,#frecover-r-hmosvyAFNOX-fdevice-cconfig-Sskip-Eextarg#frecover-x-hmosvyAFNOX-fdevice-cconfig-Sskip-Eextarg-epath-ipath-ggraph#frecover-Ipathvy-fdevice-cconfig#frecover-Vpathvy-fdevice-cconfigCommonoptions:-rRecoverallfilesonbackuptape.-xFilesidentifiedby-i(include),-e(exclude)org(graphfile)areextracted/notextracted.-VpathWritevolumeheadertopath.-oRecoverfilesregardlessofage.-XRecoverfilesrelativetocurrentworkingdirectory.,恢复磁带机上所有内容：1进入单用户:#shutdown-y0#/etc/mount-a2恢复数据#frecoverrf/dev/rmt/0m恢复磁带上的所有数据-f:设备文件名-r:恢复磁带上的所有数据-I:将磁带上文件索引存到指定的文件中#frecoverI/tmp/index.txt-f/dev/rmt/0m,frecover命令应用一,frecover命令应用二,恢复某一目录：#frecover-xi/directory#frecoverx-i/dir1-i/dir2#frecover-xoi/dir-o:覆盖/dir下已有的、相同名称的文件#frecover-xvXi/dir-X:按磁带上目录恢复数据#cd/tmp/local;frecoverxvYi/dir-Y:按磁带上文件名恢复数据例如：#cd/tmp/local#frecoverxvF-i/home/filename恢复结果/tmp/local/filename不是/home/filename,frecover命令应用三,从远程磁带机上恢复数据到本地：#frecoverxi/dirfremote_name:/dev/rmt/0m,frecover命令应用四,从本地磁带机上恢复数据到远地系统：#remshremote_name”frecoverxi/dir-flocal_name:/dev/rmt/0m”,Internaloffbackup,/data,.,fbackuprdr,fbackuprdr,fbackuprdr,fbackupwtr,fbackup,In-MemoryArea,SAM-BackupandRecovery,AutomatedBackupsproduceslogandindexfilesE-MailresultstospecifieduserInteractiveBackupandRestoreincrementalfilesystembackupandrestore,1.RunSAM.2.SelectSAMareaBackupandRecovery.3.SelectareaAutomatedBackups.4.SelectmenuoptionActions.AddanAutomatedBackup.5.Choosewhetheritisalocalorremotebackup.The“AddanAutomatedBackup”windoworscreendisplays.6.ChooseSelectBackupScope.The“SelectBackupScope”windoworscreendisplays.7.Specifywhichareincludedfiles(filestobackup)andwhichareexcludedfiles(optionalwhichfilesnottobackup).SelectBackupScopeof:oSpecifiedFiles,whichmustbetypedinbyfileordirectorynameexplicitly.oLocalFileSystemsOnly(NoNFS)oAllFileSystems(IncludesNFS),whichincludesallfilesystemsrecognizedbythesystem,nomatterwhattype.8.ChooseSpecifyBackupDevicefromoptions.9.Selectthebackupdevicefromlist.Itmaybenecessarytoindicatetapedeviceoptions,also.,setupautomatedbackupusingSAM,10.ChooseSelectBackupTimefromoptions.The“SelectBackupTime”windoworscreendisplays,asinthisexample:oEnterthetimeandday(s)forthefullandincremental(ifenabled)backupstobeperformed.oThetimemustbeenteredinHH:MMformat.Therefore,2:00isunacceptable,but02:00isacceptable.oNotethatdayisenteredbyeitherdayofweekordayofmonth(whichliststhenumbers1-31forselection).Youcanselectmorethanonedayforthebackuptobeperformed.11.Optionally,selectSetAdditionalParameters.Specifyemailaddressofusertonotifyofbackups,forexample.12.Whenthe“AddanAutomatedBackup”windoworscreennextdisplays,selectOK,andthe“BackupandRecovery”windoworscreendisplays.Itlistsallconfiguredautomaticbackupsforthesystem,forviewingandverification,asnecessary.,setupautomatedbackupusingSAM,SAM备份方法,1)备份数据#sam-Select“BackupandRecovery“-Select“InteractiveBackupandRecovery“-Select“BackupDevice“-Select“BackupFilesInteractively“(FromActionmenus)-SelectBackupScope-SelectLocalFileSystemsOnly(noNFS)-Select“OK“2)检查备份的数据1检查文件/var/sam/log/br_log-Fullbackupstartedonhost1:Wedoct1615:10:09EAT1998(ScheduledBackup)fbackup0uvg/etc/sam/br/graphDCAa04366I/var/sam/log/br_indext.full-c/etc/sam/br/fbackup_configd/var/adm/fbackupfiles/datesf/dev/rmt/c1td0d0BEST2&1Fullbackupcompletedonhost1:WedOct1616:44:01EAT1998Exitcode=0-Notes:ifExitcode=2,thereisproblemonbackupprocedure.2查看磁带上有那些文件#frecoverrNsvf/dev/rmt/0m,backupdiskusingCOPYUTIL,1.BoottoISL.2.RuntheCopyUtility.ISLodecopyutilODEcopyrightmessageandCOPYUTILcopyrightmessagedisplay.Itthenscansthedevicebussesanddisplaysinformationaboutthestoragedevicesithasdetectedonthesystem.Example:TyIndxPathProductIDBusSizeRev-D02/0/1.0.0QUANTUMLPS270SdiscdriveSCSI258MB5909D12/0/1.1.0SEAGATEST3600NdiscdriveSCSI499MB9686D22/0/1.3.0HPC2244discdriveSCSI1.0GB0B04T32/0/1.5.0HPC1504X/HPC1521BDDStapeSCSIN/A1009D42/0/1.6.0QUANTUMLPS270SdiscdriveSCSI258MB59093.Runbackup.COPYUTILbackup4.Specifythediskindexnumberfromwhichthebackupwillcome,andthenthetapeindexnumbertowhichthebackupwillgo.Example:TocopydataoffthelastQuantumdiskdrive(diskindex4)ontotheDDStapedrive(tapeindex3).EntertheDiskIndex(q/?):4EntertheTapeIndex(q/?):35.Followinstructionstoloadthetapeintothetapedrive,ifnotalreadydone,andenter“y”tocontinue.Thebackupbeginstothetape,withscreenoutputindicatingwhatpercentagehasbeenbackeduptothetape.Thismaytakeanhourormore.6.ExitCOPYUTIL.,COPYUTIL备份方法,1)如何启动“Copyutil“1从CDboot,进入ISLBOOT_ADMINbootscsi.n.m(pathofCDROMdrive-suchasscsi.4.0)2ISLodecopyutilTypehelpforcommandinformation3ISL_CMDcopyutilpleasewaitwhilescandevicebussessTYIndxPathProductIDBusSizeRevD016/5.6.0SEAGATEST31230NdiskdriveSCSI1.0GBHPM4D116/5.5.0SEAGATEST31230NdiskdriveSCSI1.0GBHPM4T216/5.0.0HPC1504X/HPC1521BDDStapeSCSIn/a10092)备份系统硬盘上的所有数据COPYUTILbackupEnterthediskindex(q/?):0EntertheTapeindex(q/?):2Usedatacompression?(y/n)?YWhenbackupfinished,systemwillshow:DONE!COPYUTILexit3)恢复数据到指定的系统硬盘上COPYUTILrestoreEntertheTapeindex(q/?):2Enterthediskindex(q/?):0Usedatacompression?(y/n)?YAftersystemdisplay:RestoredSuccessful,thatmeansrestoreisfinished!COPYUTILexit4)注意：当用copyutil备份RootDisk到相应的磁带时，该磁带可以作为bootable磁带使用,NeedsforSystemRecovery,Failedboot/rootdiskCorruptOS(ie:nonbootable)BackoutpathfromupgradeDisasterRecovery,HP-UX11.00,HP-UX10.20,SystemSetupforEasierRecovery,Howasystemissetupcangreatlyeffecteaseandabilitytorecover:SINGLEdiskinrootVolumeGroup,mirroredifpossible.DedicatedtoOperatingSystem.,VG00,Onlyneedtorecoveronedisk!,PossibleRootDiskLayouts,/stand48MBprimaryswap=memory/100MBsecondaryswap+dump?/usr400MB/opt200MB/var300MB/tmp100MB/home?Sparespacerestofdisk,MethodstoRecoverSystem,ReinstallationCOPYUTILmake_recovery,Whatis“make_recovery”?,Restoreanon-bootablesystemwithlittleornomanualinterventionRestoreasystemafterreplacethecorruptedrootdiskClonethesoftwarefromonesystemtoanother-migration,disasterrecoveryConvertfromhfstovxfsfilesystemsModifyrootfilesystemorprimaryswapspacesize,AneasytousesystemadministrationtooltocreateaSystemRecoveryTape.PartofIgnite-UX.Canbeusedto:,Howtousemake_recovery?-backup,/opt/ignite/bin/make_recovery-AprvC-ddestination-bboot_destination-AIncludetheentirerootdiskvolumegroup-pPreviewmode/createsfilesbutdoesntwritetape-rResumecreationaftereditingfilestoinclude/excludelist-vVerbosemode-dTapedrivedevicefile(defaultis/dev/rmt/0m)-bLocationtoassemblefiles32MBneeded(defaultis/var/tmp)-CCreatestatusfileforlatercomparisonwithcheck_recoverytoolTypicalUsage:#make_recovery-A-C#make_recovery-A-v-d/dev/rmt/1m,Howtousemake_recovery?-Recovery,InserttheSystemRecoveryTapeintothetapedrivebootthesysteminterrupttheauto-bootsequenceandbootfromthetapedrive(ThetapedrivealwaysistheAlternateBootPath)ChoosenointeractivewithISLAllowtherecoverprocesstocomplete.Rebootfromtherootdisk(PrimaryBootPath).,1)安装1从“HP-UXApplicationCD-ROM“上安装1)#swinstall2)“Mark”A.1.53HP-UXInstallationUtility(Ignite-uxfor10.20)3)“Analysis”4)“Install”2从WebSite下载并安装:1)Select:“Network&Systemadministration”Download:“ignite-ux_10.20.tar”(10.20为OS版本)2)从硬盘上安装：#cd/tmp#tarxvf/dev/rmt/0m./ignite-ux_10.20.tar#swinstalls/tmp/ignite-ux_10.20.tar3)从磁带上安装：#ddif=/tmp/ignite-ux_10.20.tarof=/dev/rmt/0mbk=2#swinstalls/dev/rmt/0m2)make_recovery语法#/opt/ignite/binmake_recovery-AprvC-ddestination-bboot_destination-A:指定要备份整个Rootdisk/VolumeGroup-p:预览备份过程，并不创建BootableDDSTapea.确认/var/opt/ignite/recovery/mkrec.append文件b.创建/var/opt/ignite/recovery/arch.include文件-r:使用p选项后，可以用该选项创建BootableDDSTapea.该选项可以识别/var/opt/ignite/recovery/arch.include文件-v:用于显示备份过程的提示信息-d:指定DDS的设备文件名(default:/dev/rmt/0mn)-b:指定系统备份过程中，用到的临时文件(default:/var/tmp/uxinstlf.recovery)该文件大小为32M,对系统进行make_recovery时，要注意/var文件系统的大小，当/var文件系统大小不足时，可用如下命令对系统进行备份：#make_recoveryA-C-b/tmp/uxinstlf.recovery-C:创建反映系统当前状态的文件：/var/opt/ignite/recovery/makrec.last如果该文件存在，那么可以用check_recovery命令注意：make_recovery备份的磁带是bootable磁带，用它可以安装OS。,make_recovery应用,备份系统根盘,1创建“最小”OS的bootableDDStape(default设备文件:/dev/rmt/0mn)#make_recovery2创建“最小”OS的bootableDDStape(设备文件:/dev/rmt/c0t1d1BESTn)#make_recoveryd/dev/rmt/c0t1d1BESTn3先预览，再创建bootableDDStape#make_recovery-p#vi/var/opt/ignite/recovery/arch.include#make_recovery-r4复制整个RootDisk#make_recovery-A5复制整个RootDisk,且生成反映系统当前状态的文件:(/var/opt/ignite/recovery/makrec.last)#make_recovery-C-A,(1)系统文件系统：Filesystemkbytesusedavail%usedMountedon/dev/vg01/osdepot262144025308388487297%/osdepot/dev/vg01/lvol14803415869637361014%/var/dev/vg01/lvol73789652975214354787%/usr/dev/vg01/lvol658864324554028423846%/opt/dev/vg00/lvol3107669385775832540%/dev/vg00/lvol167733124094855020%/stand/dev/vg00/lvol43059719275180%/tmp/dev/vg00/lvol5198611416164588%/home(2)分析：amake_recovery:vg00:/stand,/sbin,/dev,/etc,/tmp,/homevg01:partsof/optand/var(seeCore-OSlist)/usr/bin,/usr/lib/usr/obam,/usr/sam,/usr/share,/usr/ccs,/usr/conf,/usr/lbin,/usr/contrib,/usr/local,/usr/newconfigbmake_recovery-A:vg00:备份RootVolumeGroup上的所有数据vg01:备份non-RootvolumeGroup上的所有数据只有当/usr位于non-rootvolumegroup时，该non-rootvolumegroup上的所有数据也将被备份到磁带上。,make_recovery实例分析,非交互式恢复系统数据,1在磁带机中，插入系统恢复带2Boot系统3中断Boot流程，进入Boot_admin提示下4Boot_adminbo8/16.0.08/16.0.0:磁带机的hardwarepath5选取“non-interactive”6等待系统恢复完毕,交互式恢复系统数据,1在磁带机中，插入系统恢复带2Boot系统3中断Boot流程，进入Boot_admin提示下4Boot_adminbo8/16.0.08/16.0.0:磁带机的hardwarepath5不选取“non-interactive”6选取a.InstallHP-UXb.AdvancedInstallationc.配置或改变如下选项：disks,filesystems,hostname,IPddress,timezone,rootpassword,DNSserver,andgateway7选取installcontinue,直到系统恢复完毕,TapeTransferRate,ThespeedofthetapedriveiscriticalfactorofBackup/Recoveryperformance.TapeDrivedatatransferspeed:Ultrium40.0MB/sec80.0MBDLT80006.0MB/sec12.0MBDLT70005.0MB/sec10.0MBDLT40001.5MB/secDDS31.0MB/secDDS20.5MB/secDDS1183KB/sec,TypicalSystemBackupSolution,SystemRecoveryTools:make_recovery,copyutil,fbackup/frecover,tar,DatabaseAdministrationTools:(PleasecontactDatabaseVendorforassistant),BackupSolutionTriangle,BackupSolution,CostofSolution,BackupTimeandComplexi