【精品】汉语专题(1)形成性考核册答案(最 ..93

,Tatiana KuznetsovaUniversity of Leuven, Belgium,The InGenious HyperCare European Network Excellence in phenotyping: Assessment of left ventricular function,Outline,Systolic functionDiastolic function Echocardiographic protocol (JRP A3),Systolic function,Conventional echocardiography enables the assessment of LV dimensions, volumes, sphericity index, and severity of mitral regurgitation; HF due to systolic dysfunction is relatively easy to diagnose by echocardiography. (dilated left ventricle with a reduced ejection fraction),Radial function Longitudinal Circumferential,Components of regional function,Without the longitudinal component, sarcomere shortening would lead to an EF 30%.,Tissue Doppler imaging,Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) makes it possible to specifically evaluate the longitudinal and radial components of regional LV systolic function.Measurements of myocardial deformation with the Doppler technique have been validated using microcrystals and MRI (Urheim S, Circulation 2000; Edvardsen T, Circulation 2002).,Basal segments of inferior and infero-lateral walls,AVC,MVO,Timeintegration,Peak systolic SR,End-systolic S,Strain,Strain rate,AVC,MVO,Off-line analysis,SPEQLE: Software Package for Echocardiographic Quantification, Leuven; version 4.06,Inter-observer differences in percent versus average of two readings,Bland and Altman, 1986,Mean of 2 readings,Longitudinal S and SR by RWT,Mean values are adjusted; * P 0.05 *P0.001,Regional LV geometry,Wall stress related to:Pressure Shape, cavity size Wall thickness , = P x R / 2WT,Since R curvature is larger in longitudinal direction, the stress on longitudinal fibres is higher, they show decreased deformation first.,Systolic function,TDI, compared with conventional echocardiography, is a more sensitive method for the detection of LV systolic dysfunction, particularly in subjects with LV remodelling and normal EF.Our observations underscore the importance of normal long axis function in maintaining a coordinated ventricular contraction. The clinical utility of strain and strain rate in risk stratification or as therapeutic target remains to be established.,Diastolic function,About 50% of patients with new onset of HF do have a normal EF (HF with preserved EF). HF with preserved EF is associated with a high mortality rate, comparable to that of patients with reduced EF. (Bhatia R.S., N Engl J Med 2006; Bursi F., JAMA 2006)Assessment of diastolic function requires conventional and Tissue Doppler Imaging,Transmitral blood flow vs pulsed Tissue Doppler Imaging,E,A,Ea,Aa,Mean of 2 readings,Inter-observer differences in percent versus average of two readings,Bland and Altman, 1986,Determinants of TDI velocities,Stepwise analysis: Ea: age, BMI, DBP, LVMI; LV length, EF; Aa: age, HR, DBP, LV length, EF;Ea/Aa: age, BMI, HR, DBP. Intrafamilial correlation coefficients (P0.0001 for all) were: Ea: 0.43; Aa: 0.41; Ea/Aa: 0.46.,Echocardiographic performance protocol,A single observer performs all echocardiographic examinations by means of Vivid 7 ultrasound scanner (GE Vingmed, Horten, Norway)Standardized echocardiography scanning sequence (about 40 min, page 76-77 MOP JRP A3)Correct orientation of the ultrasound beam and imaging planes to LV structure and blood flow is essentialAll echocardiographic examinations in a digital format are stored on a local network for off-line reading by two independent observers (EchoPack, GE and SPEQLE, University of Leuven),Methods to limit echocardiographic measurement variability,Use echocardiography central reading laboratory: a. Minimize number of readers,b. Monitor reader variability,c. Rapid communication with study sites on study quality.Standardized “hands-on” training of sonographers onsite.Monitoring of sonographers for technical quality; encode study quality in database.,American Society of Echocardiography Recommendations for Use of Echocardiography in Clinical Trials. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004;17:1086-1119,Methods to limit echocardiographic measurement variability,Reading off-line strategies: Batch read when possible to minimize systematic temporal drifts;Average multiple beats (minimum of 3);Single reader preferable. Establish acquisition and reader variability:Test-retest of small sample of participants, ie, same participant repeated over small interval, same machine, same sonographer, same reader; Blind duplicates for inter-reader and intra-reader variability assessment.,Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B JA Staessen, T Kuznetsova, T RichartJagiellonian University Cracow, PL K Kawecka-Jaszcz, K Stolarz, M LosterMedical Universi