英美司法制度criminal lawPPT课件.ppt

.,1,Lecture6CriminalLaw,TheOutline1.Definingcrimes2.SourcesofCriminalLaw3.CategoriesofCriminalLaw4.Elementsofacrime1)wrongfulact(actusreus)2)culpablestateofmind(mensrea)3)causation5.InchoateCrimes6.Defenses7.CriminalSanctions,.,2,DefiningCrimes,AccordingtoWilliamBlackstone,anEnglishjudgeandauthorofCommentariesontheLawsofEngland,acrimeisawrongcommittedagainstthepublicthatispunishablebyimprisonmentorfine(orboth).awrong-anactthatviolatesthelawasapposedtoviolatingcustoms,religiousstandards.againstthepublicanillegalactagainsttheinterestsofthepublicasawholeasopposedtoanillegalactonlyagainsttheindividualvictim.,.,3,DefiningCrimes,ThedefiningofcrimesarechangingAsasocietyadvances,itsjudgmentsaboutcrimeandpunishmentchange.e.g.beforetheenactmentofSuicideLaw(1961),Committingasuicideisacrime.maluminsev.s.malumprohibitum,.,4,ClassifyingCrimes,Variouscriteriaareappliedtoclassifyingcrimes,.,5,ClassifyingCrimes,IntheU.K.:Accordingtothemodesoftrial,theCriminalLawAct(1977)classifiesthecrimes/offencesinto:(1)summaryoffences;(2)indictableonlyoffences(seriousoffencestriableonlyattheCrownCourt);(3)offencesthataretriableeitherway,thatissummarilyorindictment.,.,6,ClassifyingCrimes,IntheU.S.felonies(2)theculpablestateofmind(mensrea);(3)causation.1.Thewrongfulact:anunlawfulvoluntaryactavoluntaryactoccurswhentheaccusedcauseshisorherbodytomoveinamannerthatproducesprohibitedconduct.notvoluntaryacts:e.g.(1)areflexorconvulsion(2)abodilymovementduringunconsciousnessorsleep;(3)conductduringhypnosisorresultingfromhypnoticsuggestion.,.,14,ElementsofaCrime,2.TheCulpableStateofMindanallegedcriminaloffendershouldpossessaguiltymindatthetimeofthecommissionofthewrongfulact.Itisoftendifficulttoprovethatpersonactedwithaguiltymind,andprosecutorsoftenhavetoproveitindirectlyandcircumstantially.TheModelPenalCoderecognizesfourmodesofculpability:(1)purpose,(2)knowledge,(3)recklessness,and(4)negligence.,.,15,Wrongfulact,Wrongfulact1.crimesofcommission2.crimesofomission,.,16,ElementsofaCrime,2.TheModesofCulpabilityPurpose:Apersonshehasaconsciousdesiretoengageincertainconductorachieveaparticularresult.Knowledge:Apersonisawarethataprohibitedresultorharmisverylikelytooccur,butdoesnothaveaconsciousdesiretoproducesucharesultorharm.Recklessness:Apersonconsciouslydisregardsthewelfareofothersandcreatesasignificantrisk.(nolaw-abidingpersonwouldhaveconsciouslycreated).Negligence:Apersonunconsciouslydisregardthewelfareofothersandcreatesasignificantriskwhichhe/sheshouldhavebeenaware.,.,17,ElementsofaCrime,LiabilitywithoutfaultOn3conditions,anactcouldconstitutecrimewithouttheelementoffault:1)publicwelfareoffenses2)vicariousliability(eg.employment)3)corporateliability,.,18,ElementsofaCrime,TwoexamplesforyouIfapersonsetsabuildingonfire,thepersonmaybeawarethatitisverylikelythatpeopleinsidewillbeinjured,andyethopesthatpersonescapeandthatonlythebuildingisburned.Whenadriverisdrivingonthehighway,sheconsciouslytakehereyesofftheroadtotakecareofacryinginfant.Sheisawarethatthisconductcreatesrisksforotherdriversandpedestrians,andiswillingtoexposeotherstodanger.,.,19,InchoateCrime,TheCriminallawrecognizessocietysneedtoprotectitselffromdangerouspeoplewhohavenotyetcompletedtheirintendedcriminalacts.Thelawdefinesthepreparatoryactivitiesofsolicitation,attemptandconspiracyasinchoatecrimes.,.,20,InchoateCrime,SomequestionsonsolicitationSolicitationisaspecificintentcrimecommittedbyapersonwhoasks,hires,orencouragesanothertocommitacrime.Itmakesnodifferencewhetherthesolicitedpersonacceptstheofferornot.Ifapersonsolicitaminortocommitacrime?,.,21,InchoateCrime,Thecrimeofattemptiscommittedbyaperson(1)whohastheintenttocommitacrime;(2)Whohasdoneanactthattendstorealizetheintent;(3)Undersomecircumstancestheactdoesnotresultinthecompletionofthecrime.,.,22,InchoateCrime,Thecrimeofconspiracyiscommittedwhentwoormorepeoplecombinetocommitacriminalact.Theessentialofconspiracyistheagreementtocommitacriminalact,coupledwiththecommissionofsomeactsbyoneormoreco-conspiratorsthattendstoimplementtheagreement.Thecrimeofconspiracyisdesignedtoprotectsocietyfromgroupcriminality.,.,23,Defenses,DefensesThelawrecognizesthatspecialcircumstancesmayexistthatshouldmitigateoreliminatecriminalresponsibility.Defensescouldbebroadlydividedinto2categories:Failure-of-ProofDefenses(举证失败抗辩),AffirmativeDefenses(确认抗辩)2.Defensesusuallyincludeinsanity,intoxication,entrapment,defenseofpersonsandproperty,andduress.,.,24,Defenses,Failure-of-ProofDefensesinclude:1)mistakeoffact2)mistakeoflaw3)diminishedcapacity4)intoxication,.,25,Defenses,AffirmativeDefensesinclude:1)self-defense,defenseofothers,defenseofpoverty2)insanity3)Duress,Necessity,.,26,Defenses,Intoxication(bydrinkordrug)Itisrecognizedasadefenseinlimitedcircumstances.Thereisadivisionbetweenvoluntaryintoxicationandinvoluntaryintoxication.Voluntaryintoxicationisgenerallynotadefense.,.,27,Defenses,Insanity:theaccusedisnotcriminallyresponsibleforhisorherconductduetoeithermentaldiseaseordefectandiftheaccusedlackedsubstantialcapacitytounderstanditscriminality.,.,28,Defenses,Entrapmentwascreatedtodeterpoliceofficersfrominducinginnocentpeopletocommitcrimes.Ifanofficerprovidesapersonwhoispreviouslydisposedtocommitacriminalactwiththeopportunitytodoso,thatisnoentrapment.If,however,anofficerplacedthenotionofcriminalwrongdoinginthedefendantsmind,andthatpersonwaspreviouslynotdisposedtocommittheact,entrapmenthasoccurredandthechargeswillbedismissed.,.,29,Defenses,Defenseofpersonsandproperty(self-defense;defenseofothers)Apersonisentitledtousereasonableforcetodefendhimselforherselffromdeathorseriousbodilyharm.Apersonalsohasarighttousenecessaryandreasonableforcetodefendanotherpersonfromattack.Theamountofforcethatcanbeusedindefensedependsuponthetypeofforcebeinguse