LESSON1carbohydrates基因

Unit1CARBOHYDRATES,Contents,GlossaryBriefintroductionSourceTypesTerminologyCarbohydrateCompositionofFoods,Glossary,extractionkstrkn,n.提取（法），萃取（法），抽提法milling,ml,n.研磨，碾碎，磨碎，粉碎磨（面）粉dehydration,dihadren,脱水(作用),人工加热干燥（作用）underlie,ndla,vt.位于的下面，放在下面支承;构成屈服于（权利，素赔等）优先于underlying,ndla,（理论，政策，行为等）的基础chelationki:lein螯合,螯合作用association,susieinn.联合；联系，联盟，合伙，交际，交往联想协会，社团化缔合（作用）hygroscopicity,hairskpisiti吸湿性diffusiondifju:n扩散性osmosiszmusis,s-渗透性,Glossary,viscosityvisksti粘度plasticityplstisiti可塑性trial-and-errorn.反复试验；不断摸索ingestindestvt.口服，口食terminology,t:minldin.术语学；术语，专门名词cornk:n玉米谷物（泛指玉米，黑麦，燕麦，小麦等）谷粒制成碎粒用盐腌制的syrupsirp,s:-糖浆，糖水（罐）cornsyrup淀粉糖浆，葡萄糖浆cornstarchk:n,st:t玉米淀粉cornsugar葡萄糖,Glossary,pentosanpentsn戊聚糖malabsorption,mlbs:pnn.医吸收不良,养料吸收障碍mal-表示“坏”，“恶”，“不良”表示“不”，“非”，“不当”adversedv:s,dv:sa.（在位置或方向上）逆的，相反的，敌对的不利的，有害的植（叶子等）朝着茎的，对生的gelatinizedlti,naiz,vt,胶（凝）化（淀粉）糊化gelatinizedstarches糊化淀粉ruminantru:minnt反刍动物;adj.反刍的；沉思的hydrolyzatehaidrlizeitn.水解物rumenru:men,-mn,瘤胃（第一胃）,Glossary,intriguingintri:ivt.用诡计取得，古哄骗（新闻用语）引起的兴趣（或好奇）intrigueintri:,in-n.阴谋，诡计私通vi.策划阴谋，捣鬼，私通expendikspendvt.消费，花费（时间，精力，金钱等）；用光，耗尽glycogenlaikudn糖原，动物淀粉trivialtrivila.琐细的，轻微的；不重要的，价值不大的平常人，平凡的；（名称）通俗的（人）浅薄的，轻浮的，无能的，缺德的xylosezailus木糖nomenclaturenumenklt,numnkleitn.名词，术词命名（过程），命名法（某一学科的）术语表，术语集,Glossary,aliphatic,liftik脂肪族的，属于开链碳化合物的polyhydroxyplihaidrksiadj.多羟基的aldehydeldihaid醛aldosesldusis醛糖ketoneki:tun酮hemiacetal,hemisitl半缩醛prevailpriveil,pri:-vi.胜（过），优胜，成功，奏效流行，盛行，普遍on说服，劝说，诱导cyclicsaiklik环状的designatedezineit,dezinit,-neitvt.指明，指出，标示指定，选派把叫做，称呼adj.指定的；选定的,Glossary,appendpendvt.附加贴上，挂上triosetraius,-uz丙糖tetrosetetrus,-ruz丁糖pentosepentus戊糖hexoseheksus己糖levuloselevjulus左旋糖，果糖hexuloseheksju,lus己酮糖，asymmetric,simetrik,-kl不对称的D-glycerolaisr-D-甘油moietymitin.一半（尤用于法律方面）；约一半组成部分；一份（尤指政府给告密者的一份报酬）（部落的两个基本分支中）一个分支,Glossary,enolizei:nlaiz使烯醇化enolasei:nleis烯醇化酶enolization,i:nlaizein,-liz-烯醇化作用alkalinelklain碱的，强碱的alkali,n.碱，强碱monosaccharide,mnuskraid,-rid单糖disaccharidedaiskraid,-rid双糖condensekndens冷凝，缩合，凝缩，浓缩oligo-and-polysaccharides低聚糖-多聚糖oligo-少，缺乏，专寡，低glucanlu:kn葡聚糖=glucosanlu:ksn,Glossary,fructanfrktn果聚糖inulininjulin菊粉inulasinjuleis菊粉酶phosphorylatefsfrleit,fsfu-使磷酸化phosphorylasefsfr,leis,fsfu-磷酸化酶nucleotidenju:klitaid,-tid核苷酸nucleotidase,nju:klitaideis核苷酶nucleosidenju:klisaid核苷nucleoprotein,nju:kliupruti:n核蛋白derivativedirivtiv衍生物,Glossary,glycoselaikus单糖glycosidelaikusaid糖苷，配糖物glycosanlaikusn聚糖glyconicacidslaiknik,sidz糖酸glycericacidsliserik,sidz甘油酸glycuronicacid糖醛酸homoglycan均聚糖hexosanhekssn已聚糖galactanlktn半乳聚糖mannanmnn甘露聚糖,pentosanpentsn戊聚糖heteroglycan杂聚糖deheteroglycan双杂聚糖aldaricacid糖二酸tartaricacidt:trik,-t:-酒石酸reducingfunction还原性功能团alginpl藻酸alginldin藻朊，海藻素增稠剂褐藻胶，藻酸，藻朊酸alginica.acid藻朊酸exudateeksjudeit渗出物（液），流出物（液）mucopolysaccharidemju:ku,pliskraid粘多糖mucositymju:ksitin.粘（性）,Glossary,Glossary,mucusmju:ksn.生（由粘膜分泌的）粘液alcohollkhl醇，醇元乙醇，酒精alditol多羟糖醇，醛醇tritol丙糖醇glycerollisrl甘油，丙三醇sorbitols:bitl,-tul山梨醇affinityfinti亲合性亲合势爱好饮料（一种饮料名称）heptitol庚糖醇perseitol甘露庚糖醇octitol辛糖醇,Glossary,avocado,vuk:du锷梨condensedN-acetylatedaminosugarmi:nu缩聚N-乙酰氨基糖glycoprotein,laikuprutin糖蛋白chitinkaitin壳多糖，甲壳质，几丁质deoxydeoxy-diksi脱氧的gumm植物胶，（树）胶松脂复胶质软糖，口香糖；mucilagemju:silid粘浆，粘液粘胶glucosinolatesglucsainleits芥子油苷thioglycoside硫代糖苷thiolail,-ul（mercaptan）硫醇,Glossary,thiocticacidaiktik硫辛酸cyclitolssaiklitls环多醇myoinositol,maiuinusitl肌醇myogenmaidinn.肌浆蛋白myologymaildin.肌学phyticacidfaitic植酸reductoneridktun还原酮depletedipli:tvt.（部分或全部地）弄空，使空虚，耗尽的精力（或资源等）医减少的体液，放去的血datedeit海枣，枣椰子,Glossary,greenpea豌豆greenbean青刀豆raffinoserfinuz棉籽糖stachyosestkius水苏糖verbascosevbskus毛蕊花糖postmortempustm:tm宰后depolymerizedi:plimraiz使解聚thioglucoside硫葡糖苷bouillonbu:j汤，羹（用肉，鸡等煮成）brothbr肉汤（微生物的营养培养基）,Glossary,skimskim撇去，撇出（浮在上面的油脂，泡沫等）skimmilk脱脂乳legumeleju:m荚（果）；豆科植物豆荚，豆cruciferaekru:sifri:十字花科maltm:lt麦芽；麦芽酒，啤酒nitrilenaitrail,-tril腈nitrilerubber丁腈橡胶goitrin甲状腺肿素goitrigenic,itrdenik甲状腺肿病源,Glossary,cauliflowerkli,flaun.花椰菜，菜花brusselsproutssprauts抱子甘蓝，北京牙菜beansprout豆芽turnip.t:nip芜菁rutabaga,ru:tbei,ru:tb-芜菁甘蓝radishrdi小萝卜cyanogeneticsaindenitik生氰，能产生氰化物的cyanidesai,naid氰化合物cyanidinsainidinn.花青色素glycosidelaikusaid苷,Glossary,maceration,msreinn,浸透，泡软，浸渍（作用）maniocmnik木薯cassavaks:v木薯saponinspunin,spnin皂角苷，皂素，皂缀糖steroidsterid,sti-甾族化合物，类固醇triterpenoidtrait:pinid三萜系化合物triterpenoidsaponinsspnins三萜皂苷；三萜皂甙asparagussprs石刁柏，芦笋，龙须菜,芦荟yamjm薯蓣，山药，甘薯，山芋alfalfalflf紫花苜蓿美，苜蓿;alfalfameal苜蓿粉，苜蓿草粉,Briefintroduction,Thefoodscientisthasamany-sidedinterestincarbohydrates.Heisconcernedwiththeiramountsinvariousfoods,availability（nutritionalandeconomic）,methodsofextractionandanalysis，commercialformsandpurity，nutritionalvalue,physiologicaleffects，andfunctionalpropertiesinfoods.hasamany-sidedinterestin对有着多方面的兴趣,Briefintroduction,Understandingtheirfunctionalpropertiesinprocessedfoodsrequiresnotonlyknowledgeofthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofisolatedcarbohydrates,butalsoknowledgeofthereactionsandinteractionsthatoccurinsitusbetweencarbohydratesandotherfoodconstituentsandtheeffectsofthesechangesuponfoodqualityandacceptance.isolatedcarbohydrates单离态碳水化合物constituent成分,Briefintroduction,Thisisatallorderforknowledge.Becauseprocessingaffectsbothnutritionalandestheticvaluesoffood，knowledgeofthechangesthatcarbohydratesundergoduringmilling，cooking，dehydration，freezing，andstorageisespeciallyimportant.carbohydrate碳水化合物atallorderfor一个很高的要求milling研磨dehydration脱水,Briefintroduction,Abilitytopredictwhatchangesinfunctionalpropertiesarelikelytoensuefromincorporatingvarioustypesofcarbohydratesintoprocessedfoodsisapracticalgoalofthefoodscientist.practicalgoal实际工作目标ensuefrom结果产生,Briefintroduction,Suchforecastingrequireseitherawealthofexperiencewithtrial-and-errormethodsoradeepknowledgeofcarbohydratepropertiesasrelatedtostructureperhapsboth.However,scientificknowledgeofcauseandeffectishighlyrespectedwhenitshortensindustrialdevelopmenttime.experiencewithtrial-and-errormethods试探法摸索的经验,Source,Thelaymansconceptionofcarbohydratesgenerallyinvolvesonlythesugarsandstarchesoffoodsthosethatgeneratecaloriesandfat.Thefoodchemistknowsmanyothertypesthatareingested.layman外行人,Source,Becausemostpeopleenjoythesweetnessofsugarsandthemouthfeelofcookedstarches，theybecomefamiliarbyassociationwithtablesugar(sucrose),invertsugar(hydrolyzedsucrose)，cornsyrupsugars（D-glucoseandmaltose),milksugar(lactose),andthemorestarchyfoods.mouthfeel口感cookedstarches熟淀粉tablesugar食糖sucrose蔗糖invertsugar转化糖hydrolyze水解cornsyrupsugars淀粉糖浆D-glucoseandmaltoseD-葡萄糖和麦芽糖milksugar(lactose),Thesecarbohydratesarenutritionallyavailable;i.e.,theyaredigested（hydrolyzedtocomponentmonosaccharides）andutilizedbythehumanbody.monosaccharide单糖digest消化utilize利用,Source,Carbohydratesofdietaryfiber（cellulose，hemicelluse,pentosans,andpecticsubstances）,incontrast,tendtobeoverlookedbecausetheyarelargelyunavailable.Digestiveenzymesdonothydrolyzethemsignificantly;nevertheless,theymaybequiteimportantforhumanhealth.cellulose纤维素hemicelluse半纤维素pentosans戊聚糖pecticsubstances果胶物质incontrast相反tendtobe倾向于；往往是,Types,Thecarbohydratesofnaturalandprocessedfoodsaredividedintoavailableandunavailabletypes.Theavailablecarbohydratesvaryindegreesofabsorptionandutilizationdependinguponquantitiesingested，accompanyingfoodtypes,andhumandifferencesincomplementsofdigestiveenzymesandintestinaltransportmechanisms.vary改变，变化complementsofdigestiveenzymes消化酶互补情况intestinaltransportmechanisms.肠道输送机制,Types,Malabsorptiondifficultiesandadversephysiologicaleffectsareknownforalltheavailablecarbohydratesbutgelatinizedstarchesgivelittleornotrouble.malabsorption吸收不良physiologicaleffects生理影响gelatinizedstarches糊化淀粉,Types,Itisimportanttorealizethatinruminantstheunavailableandmostabundantpolysaccharidecelluloseispartiallyhydrolyzedtothesamehighlyavailablesugarthatstarchprovidesupondigestion；i.e.D-glucose.Grazinganimalsdoitthroughthecellulasesgeneratedbythemicroorganismsoftheirrumen.ruminant反刍动物polysaccharidecellulose多糖类纤维素D-glucoseD-葡萄糖；cellulases纤维素酶microorganism微生物rumen瘤胃,Types,Celluloseis，therefore，acontributingsourceofvaluableanimalprotein.Foodchemistsprobablycanimproveupontheefficiencyandeconomicsoftheruminantsconversionofcellulosetonutrients.Cellulose纤维素improveupon改进，提高nutrientnju:trint营养素,Types,Developmentofcellulasesthatarestableoutsidethecellsofmicroorganismsenablestheculturingoffungiandwithyeastsoncellulosehydrolyzates.enableineibl使成为可能；授予权利或方法fungifgain.真菌；菌类；蘑菇yeastji:st酵母,Types,Fungi（e.g.，mushrooms）canproduceproteinwiththebiologicalvalueofanimalprotein.Theconversionofcellulosewastestoanimalfeedandhumanfoodisanintriguingprospectforlimitingenvironmentalpollutionandforfeedingtheworldexpendingpopulation.cellulosewastes纤维素废料animalfeed动物饲料anintriguingprospectfor诱人的前景,Terminology,Carbohydrateswerefirstnamedaccordingtotheirnaturalsources；e.g.，beetsugar，canesugar，grapesugar，maltsugar，milksugar，cornstarch，liverglycogen，andsweetcornglycogen.Trivialnameswerethenformed，inEnglishterminology，oftenfromaprefixrelatedtothesourcefollowedbythesuffix“-ose”todenotecarbohydrate.beetsugar甜菜糖；canesugar甘蔗糖grapesugar葡萄糖maltsugar麦芽糖milksugar乳糖cornstarch玉米淀粉；liverglycogen肝糖原sweetcornglycogen甜玉米糖原trivialname俗名,Terminology,Namesarisinginthisway，forexample，arefructose，maltose，lactose，xylose，andcellulose.Theseshort，well-establishednamesarestillcommonlyused.Theyfurnishnoinformationonthechemicalstructures,however，soadefinitivecarbohydratenomenclaturehasbeendeveloped.fructose果糖maltose麦芽糖lactose乳糖xylose木糖cellulose纤维素well-established明确的definitivecarbohydratenomenclature定形命名法,Terminology,Fromthedefinitivenames，structuralformulascanbewritten.Someofthetermsinvolvedinthedefinitivenomenclatureareexplainedinthefollowingparagraphs.,Terminology,Thesimplesugars（monosaccharides)arebasicallyaliphaticpolyhydroxyaldehydesandketones：HOCH2-（CHOH）n-CHOandHOCH2-（CHOOH）n-1-C-O-Ch2OH，called“aldoses”and“ketoses，”respectively.aliphatic脂族的polyhydroxy多羟基aldehyde醛ketone酮aldose醛糖ketose酮糖cyclichemiacetal环状半缩醛,Terminology,However，itmustbeunderstoodthatcyclichemiacetalsofthoseopen-chainformsprevailinsolidsandatequilibriuminsolutions.atequilibrium,i:kwilibrim平衡的不过要知道，固体中和平衡时溶液中的单糖是以开链型环状半缩醛占多数。,Terminology,Inthedefinitivenomenclature，thesuffix“ose”isappendedtoprefixesdenotingthenumberofcarbonatomsinthemonosaccharide；e.g.trioses（n=1），tetroses（n=2），pentoses（n=3），hexoses（n=4）.carbonatom碳原子monosaccharide单糖trioses丙糖tetroses丁糖pentoses戊糖hexoses己糖.在定形命名法中，单糖名由表示单糖碳原子数的前缀加后缀“-ose”构成。例如丙糖（trioses，n=1）、丁糖（tetroses，n=2）、戊糖（pentoses，n=3），己糖（hexose，n=4）.,Terminology,Todistinguishaldosesfromketoses，ketosesaredesignatedas“-uloses.”Thus，thesimplestketose，HOCH2-C：O-CH2OH，isatriulose；themostcommonketose，D-fructose（levulose），isahexulose.designate标出；把定名为triulose丙酮糖fructose果糖levulose左旋糖hexulose己酮糖为区别醛糖和酮糖，就把酮糖后缀加成“-ulose”。这样，最简单的酮糖HOCH2-C：O-CH2OH即为triulose（丙酮糖）；最常见得酮糖D-果糖（左旋糖）即为hexulose（己酮糖）。,Terminology,Todesignatetheconfigurationsofhydroxylgroupsontheasymmetriccarbonatomsofmonosaccharides，theprefixesDandLareusedtogetherwithprefixesderivedfromthetrivialsugarnames（e.g.，D-glycero-，L-arabino-，D-xylo-）followedbypentose，hexosehexulose，etc.hydroxyl羟基的；asymmetric不对称的D-glyceroD-甘油-；L-arabino-L-阿拉伯-D-xylo-D-木pentose戊糖hexose己糖hexulose己酮糖为表明单糖不对称碳原子上羟基的构型，可将前缀D和L与取自俗名的前缀一起使用（例如D-甘油-、L-阿拉伯-、D-木-），后面在接上戊糖、己糖、己酮糖等等。,Terminology,Asopen-chainhydroxyaldehydesandhydroxyketones，themonosaccharidesareveryreactive.hydroxyaldehydes羟基醛hydroxyketones羟基酮以开链的羟基醛和羟基酮形式存在的单糖非常活泼。,TheyreadilyenolizeinalkalinesolutionstoreduceionssuchasCu2+andFe(CN)63-.Therefore，theyarecalled“reducingsugars”。enolize烯醇化alkalinesolution碱性溶液它们在碱性溶液中易于烯醇化而使Cu2+、Fe（CN）63+之类的离子还原，因此称它们为“还原糖”。,Terminology,Plantsprotectthereactivemonosaccharidesfortransportandstoragebycondensingthem,withlossofwater，intolessreactivesugars.condense浓缩；凝结植物依靠脱水缩和方式将活泼的单糖变成不大活泼的糖类来保存单糖的还原活性，以便输送和贮存。,e.g.，D-glucoseandD-fructose，arecondensinginsuchawaythattheirreactivefunctionsarelosttoformthedisaccharidenonreducingsugar，sucrose.disaccharide双糖sucrose蔗糖例如，D-葡萄糖和D-果糖缩合成无还原性双糖蔗糖时，变失去了活泼的功能。,Terminology,Thelessreactivesucroseisthentransportedtoallpartsoftheplantforenzymicsynthesesofoligo-andpolysaccharides.enzymicsyntheses酶合成oligo-andpolysaccharides低聚糖和多聚糖不太活泼的蔗糖然后被输送到植物的各个部位，由酶合成低聚糖和多聚糖。,FromthousandsormoreD-glucosemoietiesofsucrose,theglucans，starchandcellulose,arebuilt.FromtheD-fructosemoietyofsucrose，fructans,suchasinulinareassembled.inulin菊粉由数千或更多的半个蔗糖分子D-葡萄糖构成葡聚糖、淀粉和纤维素；而由另半个蔗糖分子D-果糖聚合成为果聚糖，如菊粉。,Terminology,Otherpolysaccharidesareformedfromothersugar，whicharisebyenzymictransformationsofphosphorylatedhexoesandsugarnucleotides.phosphorylatedhexoes磷酸化己糖sugarnucleotides核苷酸糖其它多聚糖则是由磷酸化己糖和核苷酸糖通过酶作用生成的其它糖聚合形成的。,Terminology,Theprefix“glyc，”isusedinagenericsensetodesignatesugarsandtheirderivatives；e.g.，glycoses，glycosides，glycosans，glyconic,glyceric,andglycuronicacids.inagenericsense在一般意义上derivative衍生物glycose单糖；glycoside糖苷；glycosan聚糖glyconicacids糖酸；glycericacids甘油酸glycuronicacids糖醛酸前缀“glyc”（甘、糖）在一般意义上用来表示糖及其衍生物。例如：glycoses（单糖）、glycosides（糖苷）、glycosans（聚糖）、glyconicacids（糖酸）、glyconicacids（甘油酸）、glycuronicacids（糖醛酸）。,Thegenericnameforpolysaccharidesis“glycan”.Homoglycansarecomposedofasinglemonosaccharide；forexample，theD-glucans，celluloseandstarch，releaseonlyD-glucosebyhydrolysis.多聚糖的俗名是“聚糖”。均聚糖由一种单糖构成。例如D-葡聚糖、纤维素和淀粉，它们水解时只产生D-葡萄糖。,Terminology,Otherhomoglycans（e.g.，thehexcsans，D-galactanandD-manan，andthepentosans，L-arabinanandD-xylan）areuncommoninnature.homoglycan均聚糖；hexcsan己聚糖；D-galactanD-半乳聚糖；D-manan,D-甘露聚糖pentosan戊聚糖；L-arabinan,L-阿拉伯聚糖D-xylanD-木聚糖heteroglycan杂聚糖其它均聚糖（例如己聚糖D-半乳聚糖和D-甘露聚糖；戊聚糖有L-阿拉伯聚糖D-木聚糖）在自然界中很少见到。,Heteroglycans，composedoftwoormoredifferentmonosaccharides，arewidelydistributedthanthehomoglycansthatarenotglucans.glucan葡聚糖杂聚糖由两种或多种单糖构成。它们在自然界的分布比均聚糖（除葡聚糖外）广泛。,Terminology,Galactomannans,glucomanmans，arabinogalactans，andarabinoxylansarecommondiheteroglycans（composedoftwosugars）.Theglycansprevailoverfreeglycosesinnaturalfoods.galactomannans半乳甘露聚糖glucomanmans葡甘露聚糖arabinogalactan阿拉伯半乳聚糖arabinoxylan阿拉伯木聚糖diheteroglycan双杂聚糖半乳甘露聚糖、葡甘露聚糖、阿拉伯半乳聚糖、阿拉伯木聚糖时常见的双杂聚糖（由两种糖组成）。天然食物中的聚糖大大多余游离单糖。,Terminology,Thereducingsugarsarereadilyoxidized.Mildoxidationofaldosesyieldsaldonicacids，HOCH2-（CHOH）n-COOH；e.g.，gluconicacid(n=4).oxidize使氧化；使生锈；aldonicacids醛糖酸gluconicacid葡萄糖酸；还原糖易于氧化。醛糖经轻度氧化可产生醛糖酸，HOCH2-（CHOH）n-COOH，如葡萄糖酸（n=4）。,Oxidationofbothendsofthealdosemoleculeyieldsaldaricacids，HOOC-（CHOH）n-COOH；e.g.，tartaricacid（n=2).aldaricacids糖二酸tartaricacid酒石酸醛糖分子两端氧化形成糖二酸，HOOC-（CHOH）n-COOH，例如酒石酸（n=2).,OxidationoftheterminalCH2OHgroupofhexoseswithoutoxidationofthereducingfunction（protected）produceshexuronicacids，HOOC-（CHOH）-CHO.hexuronicacids己糖醛酸己糖末端的CH2OH被氧化而其还原性功能团（受保护的）未被氧化时可产生己糖醛酸HOOC-（CHOH）-CHO.,Terminology,Thehexuronicacidsarecommonmonosaccharideconstituentsofmanyheteroglycans.heteroglycans杂聚糖己糖醛酸是组成多种杂聚糖的常见单糖成分,Forexample，theyarefoundinacidichemicelluloses，pecticsubstances，alginplandexudategumes，andthemucopolysaccharidesofmammaliantissues.Penturonicacidshavenotbeenfoundinnature.alginpl藻酸mucopolysaccharide粘多糖penturonicacids戊糖醛酸例如在酸性半纤维素、果胶物质、藻酸、植物渗出胶和哺乳动物组织中的粘多糖中就有己糖醛酸。戊糖醛酸还未在自然界中发现。,Terminology,Reductionofaldosesorketosesyieldsugaralcohols，properlycalled“alditols”，HOCH2-(CHOH)n-CH2OH.sugaralcohols糖醇；alditol多羟糖醇醛糖或酮糖被还原后变产生糖醇，确实的叫法为“多羟糖醇”（alditols），HOCH2-（CHOH）n-CH2OH.,Thesuffix-itolisappliedtothetrivialprefixestodenotedifferentalditols;e.g.,D-glucitol，D-manniitol，xylitol.Thetriitol,glyceritol(bycommonusage,glycerol,n=1),isthealditolmoietyoffats.D-glucitolD-葡糖醇；D-manniitolD-甘露糖醇xylitol木糖醇；triitol丙糖醇glyceritol甘油醇；glycerol甘油其后缀“-itol”（糖醇）接在俗名前缀之后表示不同的多羟糖醇，例如D-葡糖醇、D-甘露糖醇、木糖醇。丙糖醇，即甘油醇（常称为甘油，n=1），是脂肪的多羟基糖醇部分。,Terminology,GlycerolandD-glucitol（sorbitol）areacceptableandusefulfoodadditivesbecausetheyareglucogenicandkeepfoodsmoistbyvirtueoftheirstrongaffinityforwater.D-glucitol葡糖醇;sorbitol山梨醇;additive添加剂;glucogenic生成葡糖的;affinity亲合力;甘油和葡糖醇（山梨醇）成为受欢迎的有用的食品添加剂，因为它们能生成葡萄糖，并依靠其强烈的亲水作用保持食品是湿润。,Pentitols（n=3）andhexitols（n=4）arefoundinsmallamountinmanyfruits,vegetablesandmushrooms.Theheptitol，perseitol（n=5）,andanoctitolhavebeenisolatedfromavocados.Someaditolsarenutritionallyavailable；othersarenot.pentitol戊糖醇,hexitols己糖醇;heptitol庚糖醇;perseitol;甘露庚糖醇octitol辛糖醇;avocado鳄梨许多水果、蔬菜和菇类中存在有少量的戊糖醇（n=3）和己糖醇（n=4）。庚糖醇、甘露庚糖醇（n=5）和某种辛糖醇已从鳄梨中分离出来。有些多羟糖醇是有营养的，有些则无营养。,Terminology,OthertypesofcarbohydratesfoundinfoodarethecondensedN-acetylatedaminosugarsofmucopolysaccharides，glycoproteins，andchitin；thecondenseddeoxysugarsofgums,mucilages，andnucleotides；condensedN-acetylatedaminosugars缩聚N-乙酰氨基糖glycoproteins糖蛋白chitin壳多糖mucilages粘浆nucleotides核苷酸在食物中发现它种碳水化合物还有：粘多糖、糖蛋白、壳多糖之类的缩聚N-乙酰氨基糖；植物胶、粘浆、核苷酸之类的缩合脱氧糖；,Terminology,glycosides（sugarscondensedwithnonsugars）；glucosinolates（toxicthioglycosides）；cyclitols（myoinositol，phyticacid）；andreductone，L-ascorbicacid.glycosides糖苷；glucosinolate芥子油苷thioglycosides硫代糖苷cyclitol环多糖myoinositol,maiuinusitl肌醇phyticacid植酸L-ascorbicacidL-抗坏血酸reductone还原酮糖苷（糖与非糖缩合）；芥子油苷（毒性的硫代糖苷）；环多糖（肌醇、植酸）；L-抗坏血酸（一种还原酮）。,Terminology,Complexcarbohydrates，suchascelluloseandhemicellulose，arelargelyindigestible，asareanumberofoligosaccharides,certainothercarbohydrates,gums,andfibrousmatterfoundinfoodsofplantorigins.oligosaccharide低聚糖复杂碳水化合物如纤维素、半纤维素基本上是不能消化的，就象植物性食物中所找到的许多低聚糖、某些其它碳水化合物、树胶和纤维质材料一样。,CarbohydrateCompositionofFoods,Dieticiansneedmoreexactinformationonthecarbohydratecompositionoffoods.Foodprocessersalsomakepracticaluseofcarbohydratecompositiondata.dietician,daitin营养学家营养学家需要有较为严格的有关食物碳水化合物组成的知识。食品加工者也把碳水化合物组成的知识用于实际工作。,Forexample,thereducingsugarcontentoffruitsandvegetablesthataretobedehydratedorprocess