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,University of Georgia Cooperative Extension,Eating Guidelines for Diabetes,Why Change Eating Habits?,To prevent complications of diabetesby keeping control of:Blood glucoseCholesterol Blood pressure,Why Change Eating Habits?,To improve your healthby making healthy food choicesand being physically active,Carbohydrate and Diabetes,Include foods containing carbohydrate from whole grains, fruits, vegetables and low-fat milk in your diet,Carbohydrate and Diabetes,The amount of carbohydrate at a meal affects your blood glucose more than the typeSugar and starch have similar effects on blood glucose =,Carbohydrate and Diabetes,Consistency in carbohydrate intake is important from day to dayFor people not taking diabetes medicationFor people taking a fixed dose of insulinInsulin should be adjusted based on amount of carbohydrate at mealsFor people on varying doses at meal times,Carbohydrate and Diabetes,Several things affect how much your blood glucose increases after you eat:amount of carbohydratetype of sugar or starchcooking and food processing food formother foods in the meal that slow digestion,Carbohydrate and Diabetes,Limited amounts of sugar or foods containing sugar can be used without affecting blood glucosewhen substituted for other carbohydrates at the mealLarge amounts of sugar-containing foods are not recommended,Substituting Sweets,Usual diet: 45 grams carbohydrate (or 3 Carbohydrates Choices)1 slice bread1/3 cup rice1/2 cup fruit3 ounces chickenVegetable salad,Substitute ice-cream for 15 grams of carbohydrate (or 1 Carbohydrate Choice)1/2 cup ice-cream1/3 cup rice 1/2 cup fruit3 ounces chickenVegetable salad,Carbohydrate and Diabetes,To observe effect of new food on blood glucose:check blood glucose 2 hours after meal for several dayssubstitute food containing sugar for other carbohydrate in mealcheck blood glucose 2 hours after meal and compare,Sweeteners and Diabetes,Sugar alcohols (polyols):sorbitol, mannitol, xylitolUsed as sweeteners and bulking agentsSafe to useMay cause diarrhea, especially in childrenFructose: Not recommended as a sweetener,Sweeteners and Diabetes Low calorie sweeteners:are safe for people with diabetes when consumed within recommended levels,Carbohydrate and Diabetes,Fiber:Fiber is encouraged for everyone: 20-35 grams/dayGood sources of fiber:Whole grain cerealsFruitsVegetablesBeans and peas,Carbohydrate and Diabetes,Fiber:Only large amounts (50 grams/day) have shown improvement in blood glucose and cholesterolPrimarily soluble fiber (barley, oatmeal, beans, apples, broccoli)Side effects make this difficult for many people,Protein and Diabetes,Protein has very little effect on blood glucoseAvoid large amounts of proteinmay promote kidney diseaseRestrict protein only if you have early kidney disease,Protein and Diabetes,Protein does not slow the absorption of carbohydrateAdding protein to snacks does not help prevent hypoglycemia Fruit or crackers are good snack foods,Protein and Diabetes,Safety of high protein, low carbohydrate weight loss diets are unknowndo not promote long-term weight lossmay increase LDL cholesterol,Dietary Fat and Diabetes,Primary goal - Lower LDL cholesterol by:Eating less saturated fat and cholesterolEating less trans fats,Dietary Fat and Diabetes,Foods That Contain Saturated Fats:Meat and meat fats (bacon, lard)Dairy products (whole milk, butter, cheese, cream, ice-cream)Palm and coconut oilBaked goods made from these fats,Dietary Fat and Diabetes,Foods That Contain Trans Fats:Formed when a liquid oil is made more solidFound in many types of stick margarine, fast foods, and baked goods like cookies, crackers, snack foods, pastries and croissants,Dietary Fat and Diabetes,Foods That Contain Cholesterol:All animal foodsOrgan meats like liver Egg yolks,Dietary Fat and Diabetes,Choose monounsaturated fat in place of saturated:olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil, olives, avocados, nuts,Dietary Fat and Diabetes,Eat less total fatLow-fat diets can help:with weight lossimprove cholesterol and other fats,Dietary Fat and Diabetes,Eat 2-3 servings fish per weekcontain a type of fat protective against heart diseasefatty fish especially beneficial,Weight Loss and Diabetes,A small amount of weight loss can:improve insulin resistancelower blood glucoseimprove blood cholesterolreduce blood pressure,Weight Loss and Diabetes,Successful weight loss usually requires:a structured weight loss programeducationreduced fat and caloriesregular physical activityfrequent follow-up,Vitamins and Minerals and Diabetes,Vitamins and minerals from foods importantHigh doses of vitamin and mineral supplements can be toxic,Vitamins and Minerals and Diabetes,People who may benefit from a multivitamin supplement:persons deficient in a vitamin or mineralelderlypregnant or nursing mothersstrict vegetarianspersons on calorie-restricted diet,Vitamins and Minerals and Diabetes,No clear benefit from vitamin and mineral supplements exceptcalcium for prevention of bone diseasefolate for prevention of birth defectsUse of antioxidants is not advisedvitamin C, E, selenium, beta carotenelong-term safety and effectiveness unknown,Alcohol and Diabetes,If you choose to drink, limit to:1 drink/day for women2 drinks/day for menTo reduce risk of hypoglycemia, consume alcohol with food,High Blood Pressure and Diabetes,You can lower blood pressure by:Eating less salt Losing a modest amoun