三、-劳动力与失业.ppt

第三讲劳动力与失业LaborForceandUnemployment,一、劳动力LaborForce(Manpower，Workforce),1.劳动力的概念LaborForceofDefinition存在于活的人体之中Existinginlivinghumanbody；人生产某种使用价值或提供某种劳务时所运用的能力Powerorcompetencetobeusedtoproduceapplicationvalueorprovidesomeservice；是体力与脑力的总和Sumofphysicalandintelligentpower。,一、劳动力LaborForce(Manpower,Workforce),2.劳动力的再生产Reproduction体力与脑力的恢复Recoveringofphysicalandintelligentpower；补充与增加Supplementandaddition体质的增强与劳动技能的提高Strengtheningbodyandimprovingworkskill,Laborforce,Thelaborforceisallthenonmilitarypeoplewhoareofficiallyemployedorunemployed.In2005,theworldwidelaborforcewasover3billionpeople.所有非军人的就业与失业者Normally,thelaborforceofacountry(orothergeographicentity)consistsofeveryoneofworkingage(typicallyaboveacertainage(around14to16)andbelowretirement(around65)whoareparticipatingworkers,thatispeopleactivelyemployedorseekingemployment.劳动适龄者Peoplenotcountedincludestudents,retiredpeople,stay-at-homeparents,peopleinprisonsorsimilarinstitutions,peopleemployedinjobsorprofessionswithunreportedincome,aswellasdiscouragedworkerswhocannotfindwork.不包括者,Laborforce,IntheUnitedStates,thelaborforceisdefinedaspeople16yearsoldorolderwhoareemployedorlookingforwork.ChildlaborlawsintheUnitedStatesforbidemployingpeopleunder18inhazardousjobs.在美国，劳动适龄者需16岁以上IntheUnitedStates,theunemploymentrateisestimatedbyahouseholdsurveycalledtheCurrentPopulationSurvey,conductedmonthlybytheFederalBureauofLaborStatistics.美国的家庭调查Theunemploymentrateiscalculatedbydividingthenumberofunemployedpersonsbythesizeoftheworkforce.失业率Anunemployedpersonisdefinedasapersonnotemployedbutactivelyseekingwork.失业者,Laborforceparticipationrate,Thesizeoftheworkforceisdefinedasthoseemployedplusthoseunemployed.劳动力规模Participationrateistheratiobetweenthelaborforceandtheoverallsizeoftheircohort(nationalpopulationofthesameagerange).劳动力参与率IntheWestduringthelaterhalfofthe20thcentury,thelaborforceparticipationrateincreasedsignificantly,largelyduetotheincreasingnumberofwomenenteringtheworkplace.西方国家劳动力参与率提升,Laborforceparticipationrate,Thelaborforceparticipationrateisakeycomponentinlong-termeconomicgrowth,almostasimportantasproductivity.劳动力参与率的重要性Ifalargeamountofnewworkersenterthelaborforcebutonlyasmallfractionbecomeemployed,thentheincreaseinthenumberofunemployedworkerscanoutpacethegrowthinemployment.新增劳动力可导致失业增加,劳动力资源LaborForceResource在劳动年龄范围内有劳动能力的人口Populationhavingworkingabilitywithinworkingagerange男1660周岁，女1655周岁Male16-60yearsold,Female16-55yearsoldinChina,讨论Discussion,1.要不要同年龄退休？RetireatthesameageformaleandFemale?2.要不要提前退休？Retireinadvanceornot?3.很快会推迟至63岁退休。Retireatageof63innearfuture.4.要不要女士在家，男士拿双倍工资？Ladystaysathome,manisdoublerepaid?,3.劳动力资源的质量QualityofLaborForceResource体质与智能两方面physical8小时工作制8-hourworkingtime;35小时工作制35-houreworkingtime;4天工作3天休息？4-dayworkingtimeand3-dayrest?），法定节假日legalholidays-最低工资标准lowestsalarylevel-城镇失业率控制线unemploymentratecontrolbottomline-工资增长指导线salaryincreasingguideline,4.劳动力市场LaborMarket基本社会保险（养老金、失业金、医疗、公积金）Basicsocialinsurances(pension,unemploymentfund,medicalfund,accumulationfund)劳动安全保护worksafetyandprotection市场制度的三要素3keyelementsoflabormarket：-最低劳动标准lowestworkinglimit（最低工资标准与最长劳动时间标准lowestsalaryandlongestworkingtime）￥1450monthly￥12.5hourlyinShanghaisinceApril,2012.-最低社会保障basicsocialprotection（保险insurance、救济relief、福利welfare、优抚preferentialtreatmentcompensationandcomfort）-工会组织union（权利与义务rightandobligation）,二、就业与失业Employmentortheprocessofgettingthereviapriceadjustment.,UnemploymentTypes,Keynes,JohnMaynard(1883-1946)aBritisheconomistwhoseideasgreatlyinfluencedeconomicthinkinginthe20thcentury.Keynesbelievedthatgovernmentsshouldusepublicmoneytocontrolthelevelofemployment,forexamplebyspendingmoneyonpublicworks(=buildings,roadsetcbuiltbythegovernment)inordertoprovidemorejobsinperiodsofhighunemployment.JohnMaynardKeynes，约翰梅纳德凯恩斯,一般称作凯恩斯（或译为凯因斯），英国经济学家。凯恩斯最卓越的成就是他在宏观经济学上的贡献。一反自18世纪亚当斯密以来尊重市场机制、反对人为干预的经济学思想，凯恩斯主张政府应积极扮演经济舵手的角色，透过财政与货币政策来对抗景气衰退乃至于经济萧条。,UnemploymentTypes,Voluntaryunemployment自愿失业isattributedtotheindividualsdecisions.Whereasinvoluntaryunemployment非自愿失业existsbecauseofthesocio-economicenvironment(includingthemarketstructure,governmentintervention,andthelevelofaggregatedemand)inwhichindividualsoperate.Ontheotherhand,cyclicalunemployment,structuralunemployment,andclassicalunemploymentarelargelyinvoluntaryinnature.,UnemploymentTypes,However,theexistenceofstructuralunemploymentmayreflectchoicesmadebytheunemployedinthepast,whileclassical(natural)unemploymentmayresultfromthelegislativeandeconomicchoicesmadebylabourunionsorpoliticalparties.结构失业反映经济与法律政策的选择Hidden,orcovered,unemploymentistheunemploymentofpotentialworkersthatisnotreflectedinofficialunemploymentstatistics,duetothewaythestatisticsarecollected.潜在失业者未被官方统计Long-termunemploymentisnormallydefined,forinstanceinEuropeanUnionstatistics,asunemploymentlastingforlongerthanoneyea