Culture of Ireland-爱尔兰文化

FoodCultureofIreland,BruceXu,120801107,1,4,1.FoodinearlyIreland,2.ThepotatoinIreland,3.FoodinIrelandtoday,2,3,4.Pubculture,Foodanddrink,FoodinearlyIreland,TherearemanyreferencestofoodanddrinkinearlyIrishliterature.Honeyseemstohavebeenwidelyeatenandusedinthemakingofmead(蜂蜜酒）.Theoldstoriesalsocontainmanyreferencestobanquets（盛宴）,althoughthesemaywellbegreatlyexaggerated（夸张的）andprovidelittleinsightintoeverydaydiet.Therearealsomanyreferencestofulachtfia,whicharearchaeologicalsitescommonlybelievedtohaveoncebeenusedforcookingvenison.Thefulachtfiahaveholesortroughsinthegroundwhichcanbefilledwithwater.Meatcanthenbecookedbyplacinghotstonesinthetroughuntilthewaterboils.ManyfulachfiasiteshavebeenidentifiedacrosstheislandofIreland,andsomeofthemappeartohavebeeninuseuptothe17thcentury.ExcavationsattheVikingsettlementintheWoodQuayareaofDublinhaveproducedasignificantamountofinformationonthedietoftheinhabitantsofthetown.Themainanimalseatenwerecattle,sheepandpigs,withpigsbeingthemostcommon.ThispopularityextendeddowntomoderntimesinIreland.Poultryandwildgeese（鹅）aswellasfishandshellfishwerealsocommon,aswereawiderangeofnativeberriesandnuts,especiallyhazel.Theseedsofknotgrassandgoosefootwerewidelypresentandmayhavebeenusedtomakeaporridge（粥，麦片）.,AworldfamouspintofGuinness（吉尼斯黑啤酒）alongwithasliceofwheatensodabread,ThepotatoinIreland,ThepotatowouldappeartohavebeenintroducedintoIrelandinthesecondhalfofthe16thcentury,initiallyasagardencrop.Iteventuallycametobethemainfoodfieldcropofthetenant（佃户）andlabouringclasses.Asafoodsource,thepotatoisextremelyefficientintermsofenergyyieldedperunitareaofland.Thepotatoisalsoagoodsourceofmanyvitaminsandminerals,particularlyvitaminC(especiallywhenfresh).Asaresult,thetypical18thand19thcenturyIrishdietofpotatoesandbuttermilkwasacontributingfactorinthepopulationexplosionthatoccurredinIrelandatthattime.However,duetothepoliticalruleofthetime,themajorityofIrishproduce(rootcrops,cereals（谷类）andanimalproduce)wasexportedtoBritain,leavingfewstrainsofpotatoasthesolefoodsourcefortheIrish.This,alongwiththespreadofpotatoblightledtoshortagesandfamine,themostnotableinstancebeingtheGreatIrishFamine(1845-1849),whichmoreorlessundid（取消）allthegrowthinpopulationofthepreviouscentury.ThecauseofwhichwasaUK-armeddemandtokeepfoodexportsattheprefaminelevelwhichcausedaformofforcedstarvation,andthusprompteddiseaseandemigration（移民）,FoodinIrelandtoday,Inthe20thcenturytheusualmodernselectionoffoodscommontoWesterncultureshasbeenadoptedinIreland.BothUSfast-foodcultureandcontinentalEuropeandisheshaveinfluencedthecountry,alongwithotherworlddishesintroducedinasimilarfashiontotherestoftheWesternworld.Commonmealsincludepizza,curry（咖喱）,Chinesefood,andlately,somewestAfricandisheshavebeenmakinganappearance.Supermarketshelvesnowcontainingredientsfor,amongothers,traditional,European,American(Mexican/Tex-Mex),Indian,PolishandChinesedishes.Theproliferationoffastfoodhasledtoincreasingpublichealthproblemsincludingobesity（肥胖）,andoneofthehighestratesofheartdiseaseintheworld.Duetothecurrentanti-meatfad,thegovernmenthasbroadcastedtelevisionadvertisementstodiscouragemeatconsumption.Inthenorth,theUlsterfryhasbeenparticularlycitedasbeingamajorsourceforahigherincidenceofcardiacproblems,quotedasbeingaheartattackonaplate.Alltheingredientsarefried,althoughmorerecentlythetrendistogrillasmanyoftheingredientsaspossible.Theseadvertisementshowever,donotexplainthehealthandvigor（活力，精力）ofnativeIrishpeoplewhileeatingtheirtraditionaldietshighinbothfatandmeat,TraditionalIrishdish,Irishstewisusuallymadewithlambormuttonandvegetables.,Irishstew爱尔兰炖肉,Colcannon马铃薯卷心菜泥,Itisamixtureofmashedpotatoes,kale（羽衣甘蓝）orcabbage,andseasonings（调味品）,AnoldIrishHalloweentraditionwastoservecolcannonwithprizesofcoinsconcealedinit.,Irishbreakfast,FriedeggsBacon（培根）SausageTomato,blackpuddingwhitepudding（布丁）,Sodabreadisaquickbreadusingbakingsodainsteadofyeast.,Irishwhiskey,wateroflife,Irelandsfamousbeverage,GuinnessIrishdrystout,originatedinthebreweryofArthurGuinness,Dublin.,Irelandsfamousbeverage,Irelandsfamousbeverage,IrishCoffee,TheoriginalIrishcoffeewasinventedbyJosephSheridan,aheadchefworkatShannonInternationalAirport.Onamiserablewintereveninginthe1940s,Sheridanaddedwhiskeytothecoffeetowarmthepassengers.SheridantoldthemitwasIrishcoffee.,Irelandsfamousbeverage,Irelandsfamousbeverag