Unit-6-Culture-and-Nonverbal-Communication.ppt

跨文化交际,Unit6CultureandNonverbalCommunication,黄淮学院外语系主讲：邹姝丽,Thosewhoknowdonottalk.Thosewhotalkdonotknow.Keepyourmouthclosed.Guardyoursenses.Temperyoursharpness.Simplifyyourproblems.Maskyourbrightness.BeatonewiththedustoftheEarth.Thisisprimalunion.HewhohasachievedthisstateIsunconcernedwithfriendsandenemies,Withgoodandharm,withhonoranddisgrace.Thisthereforeisthehigheststateofman.,Anidiom,Thereislanguageinhereyes,hercheeks,herlip,nay,herfootspeaks.Shakespeare,Learningobjectives:,1.tounderstandthesignificanceofnonverbalcommunication2.toperceivethedefinitionofnonverbalcommunication3.todescribethefunctionsofnonverbalcommunication4.tosummarizethecategoriesofnonverbalcommunication,Whatwillhappen?,QUESTION:What?,EveryculturehasrulesabouttheCORRECTuseofspace.Theproxemic(relatingtothestudyofspace)rulesareunwrittenandnevertaught-buttheyareverypowerfula.Shewillaskthemtositsomewhereelse.b.Shewillstareatthespaceinvadersdefiantly,butshewillnotmove.c.Shewillleave,sayingnothingtothethreepeoplewhoinvadedherpersonalspace.,Flight,Flightisthemostcommonresponsetospatialinvasions,andonly2%oftheinvadedpeopleinproxemicsexperimentseversayanythingtothosewhoinvadetheirpersonalspace.Theinvasionisstressfulfortheinvaded,makinganearlydepartureisalmostcertain.,Nogesturehasthesamemeaning!,thereisnointernationallanguageofgestures.Instead,cultureshavedevelopedsystemsofuniquegestures,anditisalmostneverpossibleforustounderstandintuitivelythegesturesfromanotherculture.,FrenchgestureforIdontbelieveyou,Whowonthegameofone-on-onebasketball?,a.Themanontheleftb.Themanontheright,Themanontheright,Heseemsconfident,poisedandmodest-allqualitiesthatsuggestheisthewinnerofthegame.,1.NonverbalCommunication,Nonverbalcodesrefertocommunicativemessageswhicharenotinwordform.Morethan55%messagesarecommunicatednonverbally!,Wemakeimportantjudgmentsanddecisionsconcerningtheinternalstatesofothersstatestheyoftenexpresswithoutwords.,TheImportanceofNonverbalCommunication,黄淮学院外语系,Nonverbalcommunicationisalsoimportantbecauseweusetheactionsofotherstolearnabouttheiraffectiveoremotionalstates.,黄淮学院外语系,Nonverbalcommunicationissignificantinhumaninteractionbecauseitisusuallyresponsibleforfirstimpressions.,黄淮学院外语系,Nonverbalcommunicationhasvalueinhumaninteractionbecausemanyofournonverbalactionsarenoteasilycontrolledconsciously.,黄淮学院外语系,Finally,nonverbalcommunicationisimportanttothestudyofinterculturalcommunicationbecauseagreatdealofnonverbalbehaviorspeaksauniversallanguage.,黄淮学院外语系,Besides,nonverbalbehaviorissignificantbecausenonverbalcommunicationcanbeopentomanyinterpretations.,ThisgesturemeansOKintheU.Sandmanycultures,whileitmeanszeroinFrance,andmeansmoneyinJapan.,黄淮学院外语系,DefinitionofNonverbalCommunicationTheFunctionsofNonverbalCommunication,黄淮学院外语系,DefinitionandFunctionsofNonverbalCommunication,1.DefinitionofNonverbalCommunication,Themessagessentwithoutusingwordsarecallednonverbalcommunication.,黄淮学院外语系,Definition:(1),“Metacommunication(beyondtheusualcommmunication),paralinguistics,second-ordermessages,thesilentlanguage,andthehiddendimensionofcommunication.”(Hall,1959),Definition:(2),Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthatisgeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathaspotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.(SamovarandPorter,2004),DefinitioninChinese,非言语交际包括在交际中认为的和环境产生的对于传播者或受传者含有潜在信息的所有的刺激，简单地说就是“不用语言的交际”，被称作”无声的语言“。,DefinitioninChinese,非语言交际在人类交际中非常重要。因为它最能反映一个人的情感或情绪状态。一个人（或多个人）不利用言语形式或只利用副语言形式所传达的信息被另一个人（或多个人）接收的交际行为。,Whatmay“bodylanguage”referto?,Kinesics:ourbodylanguage,gestures,Facialexpressions,Eyecontact,Bodymovements,Bodypositions,Spacekeeping/touch,2.FunctionsofNonverbalCommunication,RepeatingComplementingSubstitutingRegulatingContradicting,黄淮学院外语系,Whydoweusebodylanguage?Howdoesnonverbalhelpverbal?,a.Repeating,Peopleusenonverbalcommunicationtorepeat,clarify,andempasizetheirpointofview.Forexample,nodassayingyes.,黄淮学院外语系,b.Complementing,Nonverbalcommunicationcuescanaddtoorcomplementaverbalmessage.Forexample,scratchhead.,黄淮学院外语系,黄淮学院外语系,Nonverbalmessagesmaysubstituteverbalonesincertainsettings.Therearesituationsinwhichwordscannotbeused.Inaverynoisystreet,forexample,policeofficermightusehandgesturestoreplacespokenmessages.,c.Substituting,d.Regulating,Nonverbalbehaviorscanhelpcontrolverbalinteractionsbyregulatingthem,suchasturn-takingsignals(handraised)inconversations,黄淮学院外语系,e.Contradicting,Certainnonverbalbehaviorscancontradictspokenwords.,黄淮学院外语系,NonverbalCommunicationandCulture,Learningaboutthealliancebetweencultureandnonverbalbehaviorisusefultostudentsofinterculturalcommunicationforanumberofreasons:1.byunderstandingimportantculturaldifferencesinthisbehavior,youwillbeabletogathercluesaboutunderlyingattitudesandvalues.2.thestudyofnonverbalbehaviorscanassistusinisolatingourownethnocentrism.,黄淮学院外语系,Mostclassificationsdividenonverbalmessagesintotwocomprehensivecategories:Thosethatareprimarilyproducedbythebody(appearance,movements,facialexpressions,eyecontact,touch,smell,andparalanguage);Andthosethattheindividualcombineswiththesetting(space,time,andsilence).,黄淮学院外语系,BodyBehavior,GeneralAppearanceandDressBodyMovements:KinesicsPostureGesturesFacialexpressionsEyeContactandGazeTouchSmellparalanguage,黄淮学院外语系,GeneralAppearanceandDress,AlthoughWesternbusinessdresshasbeenwidelyadoptedamongothercultures,youmaywishtolearnculturaldistinctionsinappropriatebusinessattire(服装).WhenvisitingSaudiArabia,forexample,theSaudimightwearthetraditionalArabicwhiteflowingrobeandheadcloth.,Theuseofclothingandphysicalappearancetocommunicateismoreobvious.Clothingcanreflectculturalheritage.,黄淮学院外语系,Muslingirlsusuallywearscarvestocovertheirheads,andinmostinstance,“girlsarenotallowedtoparticipateinswimmingclassesbecauseoftheprohibitionsagainstexposingtheirbodies.”ModestyishighlyvaluedamongArabs.,黄淮学院外语系,PerhapsnowhereintheworldisthemergerbetweenattireandaculturesvaluesystemmoreevidentthaninJapan.“Theproclivity(倾向,癖性)forconservativedressstylesandcolorsemphasizesthenationscollectivismand,concomitantly(同时地）,lessensthepotentialforsocialdisharmonyarisingfromnonconformistattire.”,黄淮学院外语系,Americanbrides,黄淮学院外语系,Indianbrides,黄淮学院外语系,BodyMovement:kinesics(身势语行为),Thestudyofhowmovementcommunicatesiscalledkinesics.Itcansendmessagesabout:Ourattitudetowardtheotherperson,Ouremotionalstate,ourdesiretocontrolourenvironment.,黄淮学院外语系,Posture,Amanandawomanmetonthetrainplatform.Willthewomanacceptthemansgreetingfriendly?,黄淮学院外语系,Shewont!,Man:“halfsmile”expressionarelaxedposition“snap”gesturebodyorientationWoman:“frowning”expression“chinup”facialposition“backing”postureLegstogetherFeetpointinginwards,黄淮学院外语系,Youdontjust“read”othersbodylanguage;Youobserve,analyzeandinterpretbeforeyoudecidethepossiblemeaning!,Matchthefollowingdescriptionswiththebehaviors:,Thepersonisveryrelaxed,buthe/sheisreadytomoveatanytime.Thepersonisindeepthinking.He/shethinksthatmaybeagoodideaandisreadytomoveafterthethinking.Thepersonisverygladtoseetheother.Actuallyhe/shethinksthatpersonisimportant.Thepersonisveryconfident.He/shethinkshe/sheismoreimportantthantheother.Thepersonhasmadeuphis/hermind.He/sheisveryangry,buttriestocontrolhim-/her-self.Thepersondeterminestocontrolhis/herfeelings,tryingtocalmdown.Thepersonpresentshim-/her-selfasanimportantman.Buthe/shetriestobefriendlytoothers.,D,E,A,F,C,G,B,SittingorStanding?,Inwesterncountries,peoplewhostandaremoreimportantthanthosewhosit(unlessthereisatablebetweenthem),becausetheformercouldcontrolthelatter.,BowinginJapan,InJapan,mutualbowingislargelydeterminedbyrank.“bowingcontest”BendslightlytoonesrightBecomingautomaticmovement,e.g.bowwhenmakingphonecall,Gesturescanbeemblemsorregulators(onesfaceturnsredwithembarrassment).Gesturesareusedtoaddemphasisorclaritytoanoralmessage.,Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication,Gestures,Gestures,Doyouknowwhatthefollowinggesturesmeans?,Number1isusedtogetherwiththeverbalmessage“Letskeepourfingerscrossed”intheUnitedStates,England,andSwedentomeanthatthepersonishopingforgoodluck.ButinGreeceandTurkeyitmeansthebreakingofafriendship,andinpartsofItalyitmeans“O.K.”.,Number2isnormallyusedwhentalkingprivatelyaboutathirdperson,meaningthatpersoniscrazy,ofteninajokingway.,Number3indicates“Ihavenoidea.”/“Idontknow.”,ThegestureinPicture4meansthat“Icant/didnthearyou.”,Number5means“Thatsenough.Itsalloverforme.”,InPicture6the“thumbsdown”signindicates“rejection”or“refusal”,“defeat”or“nogood”or“badnews”toAmericans.,“Somethingisabitsuspicious/oddhere.”,“Comehere.”,Number9iswidelyusedintheUStomean“Great,perfect,acceptable,O.K.”ButisBelgiumandFrance,itmeans“zero”;inTurkey,Brazil,Greece,andMalta,ithasanobscenemeaning;andinTunisia,itisusedasathreat.,Number10isusedinItalytosay“Hello.”ForIndonesians,Malaysians,andsomespeakersofArabic,itsignals“Comehere.”,Number11means“Oh,Iforgot.”oranexpressionofsurprise.,ThegestureinNumber12means“Slowdown,relaxorwaitasecond.”,Number13isusedtoshowthatsomeoneisachampionorawinner,usuallyinsports.Thisgesturecausedaseriousinternationalmisunderstandingin1959.NikitaKhrushchev,theSovietleader,wasvisitingtheUSandusedthisgesture,whichmeansfriendshipinRussia.Americannewspapersprinteditonpageone.AndtheAmericanpeopleunderstoodittomeantheopposite:thattheSovietUnionwoulddefeattheUS.,Picture14isoneofthefewgestureswhichseemstobeusedonlyintheUS,andmanypeoplefeelitisnotascommonasitoncewas.Thisgestureismadebymovingoneindexfingeragainsttheother.Itisusuallyusedwithchildren.Oradultsdoitasajoke.Itmeans“Youdidsomethingbad;shameonyou.”,Finger(1),IntheUnitedStates,theindexfingerisusedtopointtoobjectsandevenatpeople.GermanspointwiththelittlefingerJapanesepointwiththeentirehand,palmsupInmuchofAsia,pointingwiththeindexfingerisconsideredrude,Finger(2),英语国家的人有不少手语，其一就是crossonesfingers或keeponesfingerscrossed。Crossonesfingers.即把中指放在食指上，作有点像十字架的交叉状。十字架在西方代表上帝，所以crossonesfingers有祝福、祈求好运的意思，例如：Iamcrossingmyfingersthatnothinguntowardwillhappentohim.（我祈求不幸的事不会降临他身上）。Keepyourfingerscrossedforhim.即为他祝福吧。留意crossyourfingers是说的多，确实做这手势的少。,Finger(3),说到手指，不能不谈谈伸出中指这个下流手势，英文叫做givesomeonethefinger，例如：Thepresidentialcandidateappearedquiteunperturbedwhenafewintheaudiencegavehimthefinger.（听众席上有些人向总统候选人伸出中指，但他若无其事）。要说得幽默一点，把gavehimthefinger改为gavehimone-fingersalutes（一只手指的敬礼）也无不可。,Thumb,此外还有thumbsup（拇指向上）、thumbsdown（拇指向下）的手势。古罗马斗士战败，观众做出拇指朝上手势，是说可以饶他性命；做出拇指朝下手势，则是说杀却。今天，thumbsup常用来表示嘉许或接受，thumbsdown则表示不满或反对，例如：Theauthoritieshavegiventhethumbsup./thumbsdownonourplan.（当局接受/否决了我们的计划）。,Facialexpression,Lookatthefollowingpictures,trytotellwhois1.Themostkind-hearted?2.Themostartistic?3.Themostsmart?,Facialexpression,HappinessSurpriseFearAngerSadnessDisgustContemptInterestBewildermentdetermination,IndifferenceDisrespectDisappointmentSuspectconcern,Whatmessagescanwegetfromfacialexpressions?,Facialexpression,Aboutsmile:America-intelligentJapaneseacceptableundercertaincircumstancesKoreanrarelydo“Themanwhosmilesalotisnotarealman.”Thailand“thelandofsmiles”,Eyecontact,Ifawhiteteacherreprimandsayoungblackmale,andthestudentrespondsbymaintainingadownwardglance,ratherthanlookingdirectlyattheteacher,whatdoyouthinktheteachermayfeelathisreaction?,Oculesics(目光接触)notonlydiffersincountriesbutalsoinculturalbackgroundanddependsonthecommunicationalatmosphere.,Doyouunderstandthecommonblackphrase“dontlookatmeinthattoneofvoice”?,EyeContactandGaze,“Thoutellstmethereismurderinmineeye”“Youreyessaidmoretomethatnightthanyourlipswouldeversay”“Yourlipstellmeno,no,buttheresyes,yesinyoureyes.”direct,sensual,sardonic,expressive,intelligent,penetrating,sad,cheerful,worldly,hard,trusting,suspicious,Eyesservesiximportantcommunicationfunctions:1)indicatedegreesofattentiveness,interest,andarousal;2)influenceattitudechangeandpersuasion;3)regulateinteraction;4)communicateemotions;5)definepowerandstatusrelationships;6)assumeacentralroleinimpressionmanagement.,Touch,Hapticsortouchreferstocommunicatingthroughtheuseofbodilycontact.InThailandandLaos,itisrudeforastrangeroracquaintancetotouchachildonthetopoftheheadbecausetheheadisregardedasthehomeofthespiritorsoul.Itisbelievedthatachildsspiritorsoulisnotstrongenoughtobetouchedandhastendencytobecomeillifpatted.EvenplacingahandonthebackofanAsianworkerschairisconsideredinappropriate.WhiteMuslimshuganotherpersonaroundtheshoulders,Koreayoungpeopledonottouchtheshouldersoftheirelders.,Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication,Jourardsatincoffeeshopsinfourdifferentcities.Wheneverhesawpeopletouch,herecordedthetouch.Hisrecordsareasfollowed:Sainthorn(PortoRico):180Paris:102Gynswere(Florida):2London:0,Eachculturehasawell-definedsystemofmeaningsfordifferentformsoftouching.Somegeneralizationscanbemadewithregardstohigh-touchversuslow-touchcultures.Americans,theEnglish,GermansandNorthernEuropeansaresaidtobelongtolow-touchcultures,exhibitingverylimitedtactilecontactinpublic.Hispanics(西班牙人),peopleofEasternEuropeandescents,Italians,theFrench,Arabs,andJewsareallsaidtobelongtohigh-touchcultures.,Paralanguage,Threekindsofvocalization:vocalcharacterizers(laughing,crying,yelling,moaning,whining,belching,yawning);Vocalqualifiers(volume,pitch,rhythm,tempo,resonance,tone);Vocalsegregates(“un-huh,”“shh,”“uh,”“oooh,”“mmmh,”“humm”).,Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication,Arabsspeakveryloudlybecauseloudnessforthemconnotesstrengthandsincerity.ForIsraelis,increasedvolumereflectsstrongbeliefstowardtheissueunderdiscussion.ForThaipeople,aloudvoiceisperceivedasbeingimpolite.InJapan,raisingonesvoiceoftenimpliesalackofself-control.WheninteractingwithAmericans,peoplefromculturesthatspeaksoftlyoftenbelievethatAmericansareangryorupsetbecauseoftheirrelativelyloudspeech.,SpaceandDistance,1)personalspace2)seating3)furniturearrangement,c.PersonalspaceIntheUnitedStatesHallreportsthatpsychologistshaveidentifiedfourzonesfromwhichU.S.peopleinteract:theintimatezone,thepersonalzone,thesocialzone,andthepubliczone.2.InIndiaInIndia,thereareelaboraterulesabouthowcloselymembersofeachcastemayapproachothercastes.3.InArabArabsofthesamesexdostandmuchcloserthanNorthAmericans.AnArabenteringanelevatormaystandrightnexttoanotherpersonandbetouchingeventhoughnooneelseisintheelevator.,Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication,NorthAmericansdistancehabit,050cm:intimateloversandfamilymembers50120cm:friends(personaldistance)120270cm:acquaintances(socialdistance)270cm:publicspace,notbelongtooneselfBehind:strangersspeakingfrombehindareallowedtostandmuchmorenearer.,CultureandSpacekeeping,P147跨文化商务沟通案例教程作者：庄恩平出版社：上海外语教育出版社,Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication,Seating,IntheUnitedStates,theytendtotalkwiththoseoppositethemratherthanthoseseatedorstandbesidethem.TheChineseoftenexperienceuneasinesswhentheyfacesomeonedirectlyorsitonoppositesideofadeskortablefromsomeone.,Wheretosit?Choosetheseatanddescribewhy,Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication,Furniturearrangement,FrenchspaceisareflectionofFrenchculture.Everythingiscentralized,andspatiallytheentirecountryislaidoutaroundcenters.InGermany,whereprivacyisstressed,officefurnitureisspreadthroughouttheoffice.InJapan,wheregroupparticipationisencouraged,manydesksarearrangedhierarchicallyinthecenterofalarge,commonroomabsentofwalls.Chinesegeomancy(泥土占卜),fengshui,istheartofarrangingthephysicalenvironmenttoestablishharmonywiththenaturalenvironmenttoachievehappiness,prosperity,andhealth.,Time,1)informaltime2)perceptionsofpast,present,andfuture3)Hallsmonochronicandpolychronicclassifications,Thoutellstmethereismurderinmineeye.-ShakespeareYourlipstellmeno,no,buttheresyes,yesinyoureyes.-Musicalballad,InformalTime,Howlateis“late”?5minutes15minutes30minutes2hours,Past,Present,andFuture,Past-orientatedculturessuchastheBritishplacemuchemphasisontraditionandareoftenperceivedasresistingchange.FilipinosandLatinAmericansarepresentorientedandemphasizelivinginthemoment.Thethirdorientation,whichputsgreatfaithinthefuture,istheonemostAmericanshave.,Timesystems(Hall,1976):,Doyoustillremembertimeorientation?MonochronicTime(M-Time)PolychronicTime(P-Time)美国人类学家霍尔（EdwardHall）在超越文化（BeyondCulture）一书中首次区分了两种不同的时间观念,即“单向计时制”（monochronictime）和“多向计时制”（polychronictime),a.Monochronictime(M-time)b.Polychronictime(P-time),Polychronictimemeansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.,Monochronictimemeanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.,Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalComm