计算机专业英语

结结 课课 做做 业业 题题 目 计算机专业英语目 计算机专业英语 英英 文文 题题 目 目 Computer professional English 姓姓 名名 专专 业 计算机科学与技术业 计算机科学与技术 学学 号 号 中国地质大学长城学院 0 1 Desktop Pattern In the graphical user interface of Microsoft Windows 98 a graphical pattern called wallpaper displayed on the desktop the background beneath windows icons and dialog boxes The pattern or picture in the screen background that can be chosen by the user To change the desktop pattern choose Display from the Control Panel 桌面图案在 Microsoft Windows 98 的图形用户界面中 一种显示在桌面上称为壁纸 Wallpaper 的图形图案 窗口 图标和对话框 后面的背景 屏幕背景可由用户选择图案样式或画面 要改变桌面图案时 从控制面板上选择显示方式 2 Federated Database In scientific networking a collaborative database part of a collaborator in which scientists pool their knowledge and discoveries Federated databases are one proposed solution to the Grand Challenges problems that are so complex that they far outstrip the capabilities of individual scientists or even individual research institutions to tackle them independently 联合式数据库 在科学联网中 科学家们汇集其知识和发现的一种合作数据库 合作的一部 分 联合数据库是对种种重大挑战问题 Grand Challenges 的一种建议性 的解决方案 这些问题太复杂 以致于超出单个科学家的能力 甚至单个 研究所都无法来单独解决它们 3 Collapse When creating an outline or viewing a directory tree such as in the Windows Explorer the process of hiding all the outline levels or subdirectories below the selected outline heading or directory 折叠当生成一个题纲或观察一个目录树 如在 Windows 资源管理器中 时 在选定的题纲标题或目录下隐藏所有的题纲层或子目录 的过程 4 Collision In local area networks LANs a garbled transmission that results when two or more workstations transmit to the same network cable at exactly the same time Networks have means of preventing collisions 冲突在局域网 LANs 中 当两个或多个工作站恰好在同 时向同一个网络线路上传送 数据 时产生的错乱传输 网络拥有防止冲突 的方法 5 Shift key A key that when pressed in combination with another key gives the other key an alternative meaning for example producing an uppercase character when a letter key is 中国地质大学长城学院 1 pressed The Shift key is also used in various key combinations to create nonstandard characters and to perform special operations Early IBM keyboards labeled the Shift key only with a white arrow Later keyboards label this key with the word Shift 上档键 又译为换档键 当一个键与另一个键组合使用 时 它可改变另一个键的含义 例如 在按下某个字母键时产生大写字母 上档键也可用在各种键组合中 以生成非标准字符和执行特殊操作 早期 IBM 键盘仅用一个白色箭头标明换档键 后来的键盘用 Shift 标明这个键 6 Shortcut In Microsoft Windows 98 an icon that provides fast access to a program A fter you create the shortcut you see the program s icon on the desktop where you can start it quickly by double clicking the icon 快捷方式在 Microsoft Windows 98 中提供的对程序进 行快速访问的图标 当你建立了快捷方式后 你在桌面上就看到了该程序的 图标 通过双击图标你就可以迅速地启动该程序 7 Shortcut Key A key combination that provides one stroke access directly to a command or dialog box bypassing any intermediate menus 快捷键是一组提供直接对命令或对话框一次敲击访问的 键组合 绕过任何中间菜单 8 Signature In electronic mail and UseNet newsgroups a brief file of approximately t hree or four lines that contains the message sender s name organization address e mail address and optionally telephone numbers You can configure most s ystems to add this file automatically at the end of each message you send Ne tiquette advises against long complicated signatures especially when posting to UseNet In virus protection utilities program code identifiable as belongi ng to a known virus 签名 在电子邮件和 UseNet 你好中 包括消息发送者的姓名 机构 地址 e mail 地址和 任选的 电话号码的简要文件 大约 3 或 4 行 你可将多数系统配置成在你所发送的每一条消息的最后自动加上这个文件 网上礼仪建议不要有太长太复杂的签名 特别是当邮送到 UseNet 时更是这 样 在病毒保护实用程序中 当病毒已知时 程序码是可以识别的 9 Wait state A microprocessor clock cycle in which nothing occurs A wait state is programmed into a computer system to allow other components such as random access memory RAM to 中国地质大学长城学院 2 catch up with the central processing unit CPU The number of wait states depends on the speed of the processor in relation to the speed of memory Wait states can be eliminated resulting in a zero wait state machine by using fast but expensive cache memory interleaved memory page mode RAM or static RAM chips 等待状态微处理器不执行任何动作的时钟周期 等待状 态编入计算机系统中 以使其他部件 如随机 RAM 跟上 CPU 的速度 等待状 态的次数取决于与存储器速度相关的处理器速度 通过使用快速 但昂贵 的高速缓冲存储器 交错存取存储器 页面式 RAM 或静态 RAM 芯片 等待状 态可消除 从而产生 零等待状态 机 10 Portal A Web site that serves as a gateway to the Internet A portal which may be a search engine or a directory web page is a collection of links content and services designed to guide users to information they are likely to find interesting news weather entertainment commerce sites chat rooms and so on Yahoo Excite MSN com Infoseek AOL Lycos and Netscape NetCenter are examples of portals A web page is the starting point for web surfing 门户一种 Web 站点 其作用是相当于 Internet 入网的网 关 门户可能是一种搜索引擎或目录网页 是链路 内容和服务的总称 旨 在将用户引导到他们很可能感兴趣的信息 消息 天气 娱乐 商业站 点 聊天室等等 Yahoo Exicte MSN com Infoseek AOL Lycos 以 及 Netscape NetCenter 等即为门户的实例 一个网页是 Web 浏览的起始点 11 Packet Internet Groper PING A program used to test whether a particular network destination is online by sending an Internet control message protocol ICMP echo request and waiting for a response Also called packet internet gopher 包因特网查询工具 PING 用于通过发送一个 Internet 控制消息协议 ICMP 回送请求并等待应答来测试一个特定网络目的地是否 联机的一种程序 也称作包因特网 gopher 工具 12 Cascading Style Sheets CSS A style sheet mechanism that has been specifically developed for Web page designers and users Style sheets describe how documents are presented on screens in print and even in spoken voice Style sheets allow the user to change the appearance of hundreds of Web pages by changing just one file A style sheet is made up of rules that tell a browser how to present a document Numerous 中国地质大学长城学院 3 properties may be defined for an element each property is given a value 层叠样式表 CSS 专门为 Web 网页设计者和用户开发的 一种样式表机制 样式表描述了文件怎样显示在屏幕上 怎样被打印出来 甚至怎样用语言说出来 样式表允许用户通过仅更改一个文件来改变数百 个 Web 页的外观 一个样式表由许多告诉浏览器怎样表示一个文件的规则 组成 可以为一个元素确定许多特性 每个特性给出一个值 13 Y2K The year that many computers may develop problems because of lack of foresight on the part of programmers In the 1980s and before most computer programs were designed to store only the last two digits of the years on all dates When the Year 2000 comes these programs will show dates of 00 which maybe interpreted the same as 1900 This discrepancy may cause widespread problems especially in the large computer systems used in government and big industries 两千年问题由于程序员方面缺乏预见性而造成许多计算 机可能出现问题的一年 在 80 年代以及之前 大多数计算机程序被设计成 在所有日期上只存储年份的最后两位数字 当 2000 年到来时 这些程序将 显示日期 00 这可能得到与 1900 年相同的解释 这种不一致性可能会引起 普遍的问题 特别是在政府和大工业部门使用的大型计算机系统中 14 Dynamic HTML DHTML HTML documents with dynamic content the three components of DHTML pages are HTML JavaScript and cascading style sheets The three components are tied together with DOM the Document Object Model 动态 HTML 文件 DHTML 含有动态内容的 HTML 文档 DHTML 页面的三个组成部分为 HTML JavaScript 和层叠样式表 这三个部分与 DOM 文档对象模型 联结 在一起 15 Gopher A document retrieval system from the University of Minnesota Through Gopher a user can access files from many different computers by looking through hierarchical menus to find specific topics A document may be a text sound image or other type file A program called Jughead can be used to search for topics found within Gopher files Gopher sites can now be accessed through the World Wide Web Gopher 工具明尼苏达大学的一个文档检索系统 通过 Gopher 工具软件 用户可通过浏览分级菜单查找具体主题而从许多不同的 计算机中访问文件 文档可以是文本 声音 图像或其它类型文件 可用 一种称为 Jughead Jonzy s Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation 中国地质大学长城学院 4 and Display 的缩写 的程序来检索在 Gopher 文件内发现的主题 现在 Gopher 网址可通过 WWW 访问 16 Quality Assurance A system of procedures carried out to ensure that a product or a system adheres or conforms to established standards Also called quality control 质量保证是为了确保一种产品或一种系统依附或符合已 建立的标准而实施的一种系统过程 也称为质量控制 17 Quality of Service Generally the handling capacity of a system or service the time interval between request and delivery of a product or service to the client or customer In computer technology the guaranteed throughput data transter rate level 服务质量 QoS 通常 指一个系统或服务的处理能力 从提出请求到向用户或客户提交一种产品或服务之间的时间间隔 在计算 机技术中 指所保证的吞吐 数据传输率 水平 18 Query In database management a search question that tells the program what kind of data should be retrieved from the database An effective database management system lets you retrieve only the information you need for a specific purpose A query specifies the characteristics criteria used to guide the computer to the required information 查询在数据库管理中 告诉程序应从数据库检索何种数 据的一种检索问题 一个有效的数据库管理系统使你仅检索特定目标的信 息 查询规定了用来引导计算机至所需要信息的特征 条件 19 Query By Example QBE In database management programs a query technique developed by IBM for use in the QBE program that prompts you to type the search criteria into a template resembling the data record The advantage of query by example retrieval is that you don t need to learn a query language to frame a query When you start the search the program presents a screen that lists all the data fields that appear on every data record enter information that restricts the search to just the specified criteria The fields lift bland however will match anything 按例查询 在数据库管理程序中 由 IBM 开发的用于 QBE 程序的一种查询技术 提示你将检索条件键入一个类似的数据记录的模板中 按例查询检索的优点在于你不需要学习查询语言来构建查询 当你开始检 索时 程序便展示出一个屏幕 列出出现在每个数据记录中的数据段 输入将 中国地质大学长城学院 5 检索限制在仅为规定条件的信息 然而剩下的空白字段将可匹配任何内容 20 Query Language In database management programs a retrieval and data editing language you use to specify what information to retrieve and how to arrange the retrieved information on screen or when printing The dot prompt language of dBASE is a full fledged query language as is Structured Query Language SQL which is used for minicomputer and mainframe databases and is growing in popularity in the world of personal computers The ideal query language is a natural language such as English 查询语言在数据库管理程序中 用来规定检索何种信息以及屏 幕上如何安排检索信息或何时打印的一种检索和数据编辑语言 dBASE 的 点提示符语言是非常成熟的查询语言 如结构化查询语言 SQL 这种语言用 于小型机和大型机数据库 并且正在个人机领域普及 理想的查询语言是自 然语言 如英语 21 ARPAnet A wide area network WAN A network that connected Department of Defense research sites across America Created in 1969 with funding from the Advanced Research Projects Agency ARPA Undergoing constant research and development in the early to mid 1970s ARPAnet served as the test bed for the development of TCP IP the protocols that make the Internet possible A Major goal of the ARPAnet project was to increase the military s command and control capability by enabling communication across a variety of physically dissimilar media including satellites An allied goal was to create a robust network capable of withstanding outages such as those that might result from a nuclear exchange ARPAnet met these objectives but it also surprised its creators It was found in short order that most ARPAnet users preferred to use the network for communication such as electronic mail and discussion groups Initially the ARPAnet was available only to government research institutes and to universities holding Department of Defense DoD research contracts In 1983 ARPAnet was divided into a high security military network Milnet and an ARPAnet that was recast as a research and development network Although it formed the foundation of the Internet it was decommissioned in 1990 ARPA 网 阿帕网 ARPAnet 系一种广域网 WAN 一种连接整个美国的国防部研究 中国地质大学长城学院 6 机构的网络 它是由美国高级研究规划署 ARPA 提供资金 于 1969 年创建 的 ARPA 网作为开发 TCP IP 一种使互连网成为可能的协议 的试验台 在 70 年代的早期到中期就进行了不断的研究和开发 ARPA 网项目的主要目标 是通过能够在各种实际不相似的媒介 包括卫星 上进行通信来提高军事指 挥与控制的能力 一个相关联的目标是建立一种能够耐受故障 诸如那些可 能由核交换导致的故障 的健壮网络 ARPA 网满足了这些要求 但也令其创 建者惊奇的是 立即就发现大多数 ARPA 网用户更愿意将该网用于通信 如电 子邮件和讨论组 最初 ARPA 网仅用于政府研究机构和持有国防部研究合 同的大学 1983 年 ARPA 网被分成高安全性军事网 Milnet 和作为一个研 究和开发网络而重建的 ARPA 网 尽管 ARPA 网构成了因特网的基础 但它最 终于 1990 年退役 22 Artifact An unwanted graphic usually small that remains on a screen after an image is distorted by a mistake omission or limitation in graphics software or hardware Artifacts may cause pixels to be dropped or to clump together Other types of artifacts occur when the quality of a videotape is poor if metal particles flake off the tape for example or when decompression is faulty 假象由于错误 删除或图形软硬件中的 局限性 而使图像失真以后留存在屏幕上的一种不想要的图形 通常很小 假象可能会造成像素丢失或组合到一起 当录像带质量低劣 例如 如果金 属粒子从磁带上脱落 或当解压缩出现故障时 就会出现其他类型的假象 23 Access Site Location on a network where users can find data or programs Each site has a unique name For example at Washington University State Library there is an archive database stored on a particular computer It can be accessed by someone who has logged onto the Internet and entered the name wuarchive wustl edu A woman in Florida or a man in Beijing can each retrieve the files they need from the database A site s address generally says something about what kind of organization is offering the data 访问站点网络上的位置 用户可从那里找到数据或 程序 每个站点都有一个唯一的名称 例如 华盛顿大学州立图书馆有一个 存储在特殊计算机上的档案数据库 它可由登录到因特网上访问并输入 wuarchive wust1 edu 这个域名的某个人访问 佛罗里达州的一位女士 或北京的一位先生可各自从该数据库中检索他们所需要的文件 一个站点 的地址一般告诉什么机构在提供这些数据 24 Artificial Life A scientific research area devoted to the creation and study of computer simulations of living organisms Computer viruses have forced a renewal of the debate 中国地质大学长城学院 7 on the definition of life Besides forcing us to re examine our definition of life artificial life research may create more effective technology By applying artificial life concepts to real 广告 problems we can program computer generated solutions to compete for survival based on their capability to perform a desired task well 人工生命致力于建立和研究计算机模拟生命组织 有 机体 的一种科研领域 计算机病毒已迫使关于生命定义的辩论重新展开 除了迫使我们重新检查生命定义之外 人工生命研究可能会创造更有效的技 术 通过将人工生命概念应用于现实生活问题 我们可以对计算机生成的解 决方案编程 以在其有能力很好地完成所要求任务的基础上为生存而竞争 25 Alias An alternative name for software hardware or user that points to the real name For example on your computer you can name your hard drive Thelma instead of the insipid manufacturer identification like Q540 An alias applied to a software program will allow it to be opened via different names or icons in different windows Most E mail providers allow you to choose an alias in place of your real user name on the network so a message addressed to joesmith will get to a user registered as mjsmith Alias is a secondary or symbolic name for a file a collection of data or a computer device In a spreadsheet a range name such as Income is an alias for a range such as A3 K3 In networks group aliases provide a handy way to send electronic mail to two or more people simultaneously 别名指对软件 硬件或有真实名称的用户的替换名称 例如 在你的计算 机上 你可对硬盘驱动器命名为 Thelma 而不是命名为枯燥无味的厂商标志 如 Q540 软件程序的别名将使软件通过不同窗口中的不同名称或图标打开 大多数 E mail 提供者允许你在网络上选择一个别名来代替真实用户名 因 此 发送给 joesmith 的一条消息将被送到以 mjsmith 注册的用 户 别名是一个文件 一组数据或一台计算机设备的第二个名字或符号名 在电子数据表中 像 Income 这样的区域名是一个区域的别名 如 A3 K3 在网络中 组别名提供了同时向两个或多个人发送电子邮件的便利方法 26