常用动词和动词短语用法

常见动词及动词短语的用法一, 动词的基本形式1. 第三人称单数形式2. 过去式3. 过去分词4. 现在分词,二、 形状相似的动词的误用这类动词的误用主要是由于其拼法相同或相似,词根同或在不规则变化中因某些相似而引起.1. lie与lay的区别lie - lay - lain - lying躺 lie - lied - lied - lying说谎lay - laid - laid - laying放，搁,2. hang(悬挂)与hang(绞死,吊死)的区别hang -hung - hung - hanging 悬挂hang - hanged - hanged - hanging绞死3. rise与raiserise - rose - risen (vi.) raise - raised - raised (vt.)4. experience(v. & n. 经历 n. 经验)与experiment(n. & v. 实验),5. loose(松开,解开)与lose(丢失)6. insist on(坚持)与stick to(坚持)7. effect(n. 效果 v. 使有效)与affect(v. 影响),effort,三, 动词与其它词因词形相似而引起的误用常见的词有:accept - expert - except - expectadvise - advice practise - practicebath - bathe breath - breathechoose - choicepass - passed - past,succeed - success - successful - successfully,四, 常用动词的词义与搭配HAVE1. have sth. done have sb. (sth.) doing have sb. do have sb. (sth.) done / doing / do 在否定句中have可表示允许,忍受,容忍.e.g. Well not have you tell him what to do.(不允许)They cant have that sort of thing happening.(容忍),Ive never had anything said against her.(不容忍)2. 表示有时带不定式做定语表将来,带分词做定语表正在进行【比较】He has a lot of work to do. (带to的不定式做定语,逻辑主语是句子主语,to do与work之间是动宾关系且不定式为及物动词或相当于及物动词(vi.+介)的主动式)Ill go to the post office; do you have a letter to be posted (post不是由句子主语执行,故用及物或相当于及物动词的被动式),MAKE句型:make + 宾语,make + 双宾语,make + 宾语 + 名词,make + 宾语 + adj.,make + it+ adj. / n. +to do sth. / that-clause,make sb. / sth. do, make sth. / oneself done,2. 短语:make an apology to ;make a face;make a living;make a mistake;make a speech(作演讲);make friends with;make fun of;make room for;make use of;make the best of(尽量利用,善用);make preparations for;make sentences with;make repairs;make great / rapid progress;make trouble(引起麻烦);make ones way(前进,行进);make up ones mind;make up(构成,弥补,虚构,打扮);make sure / certain;make a bed(铺床);,make a decision;make a discovery;make a journey;make a plan for;make an effort(努力);make difference(区别);make laws(制订法律);make tea(沏茶);make a record(录制唱片);make money;make a choice(进行选择);make a suggestion(提建议),make war(开战),DO注意do和make:一般说来,do含有进行某项活动的意思,而make含有造出新东西的意思.do business(做买卖),do sb. a favour,do some / much / my cooking,do wrong,do sb. good / harm / wrong(do good to sb.)(对有益/有害/冤枉),do the room(整理房间),do away with(取消,废除),do copies(复制),do ones hair(做头发),do ones duty,do the opposite(做相反的事),do the deed(生效),GOgo upstairs,go to prison,go to sea (去航海),go to the sea(去海滨),go to the cinema / movie / pictures,go shopping,be gone(人)不在,走了;(物)丢失,用完了),go hungry,go by(时间)过去;经过(地点),go down(下去;(船等的)下沉),go on(时间)过去,流逝(相当于go by);继续),go out(出去;(灯或火的)熄灭),go over,go on doing sth.,go on to do sth.,go on with sth.,go for a walk,go a visit to,go to college,SUPPOSE表认为,猜想时否定,疑问,回答的方式.e.g. I suppose hell trouble you again, wont he? He doesnt suppose you are right, does he ?简略答语常说:I suppose so / I dontsuppose so (I suppose not.)具备这种用法的词还有:think, imagine, believe,注意:常说I hope so (not), Im afraid so (not), I fear so (not), Im sure so (not).2. 作插入语 e.g. Who do you suppose telephoned me yesterday ?3. 接复合宾语用to be做补足语,不用to do结构,但有时可用完成式或进行式.e.g. I suppose him to be fifty.She was supposed to have left home / to be writing.,4. be (not) supposed to do 应当(不应该)e.g. He was supposed to arrive there an hour ago.(是否到不知道,表示按道理应该)He should have come an hour ago.(表责备,说明没有按时到)比较:1)He is supposed to be a student.2)He is supposed to come early.,5. 提出建议,请求 Suppose we go / went for a walk = What about us going for a walk (用went语气更婉转)6. 假设Suppose / Supposing that he comes, what shall we do?,CONSIDER1. consider + 宾语(名词,代词,从句,动名词或不定式的疑问式) 考虑2. consider + 宾语 + 宾补(名词,形容词,不定式to be或to have done)认为3. consider it + 名词或形容词 + to do sth.4. consider as 认为，把看做,五、常用动词的词义与搭配CATCH1. 抓住 catch sb. by the arm,catch sb. by surprise(乘其不备抓住)2. 钩住,挂住 She caught her dress on the nail. = Her dress got caught on the nail.3. 染(患)上;搭(赶)上(交通工具);听(懂,清)catch a cold,catch the bus,catch what you said,catch up with4. 偶然(突然)撞见,发觉;偶然碰上(风雨等),常用被动结构.,catch sb. stealing money,be / get caught in / by the storm,GIVEgive a concert,give lessons to,give a lecture,give sb. advice on ,give sb. a message,give sb. a ring,give a report to sb.(向汇报),give birth to(产仔),give medical care to(对进行治疗),give out(耗尽),give off(发出(光,热等),give up,give away(泄露),give ones life for(为而献身),give in,TAKEtake pictures / photographs / photos,take a seat,take aim(瞄准),take an interest in(对发生兴趣),take notes(记笔记),take notice(注意),take ones chance(抓住机会),take ones leave(告辞),take office,take pity on(怜悯),take steps(采取措施),take the chair(主持开会),take it easy(别着急),take sides in(站在一边),take ones time(不急),take turns to do sth.,take ones temperature,take ones place,take for example,take charge of,take pride in,take an action(采取行动),take off,take away,take up,take hold of,take a message for,take great trouble to do sth.,take examinations,take it for granted that (认为当然),take sth. by mistake(错拿某物),CALLcall at ( some place ),call on sb. / call on(号召) sb. to do sth.,call for要求提倡邀约,call in (a doctor),call out出动唤起大声叫出来,call up征召,call / draw ones attention to(引起某人注意某事),COME1. come toe.g. When I came to cooking, he showed great interest. (谈到)We came to know this. (get to know = begin to know)He came to see you. (=came and saw)Finally it came to (itself). (苏醒)The book came to how to learn English. (涉及)It comes to the same thing. (结果是),The number comes to 1000. (达到)2. 其它短语:come after(跟着,为找而来),come out(出来,(花)开,出版),come at =jump upon(扑向),come up to sb.,come on / upon = come across,come down(下来,减少),come into power(上台),come into being(形成),come into use(使用起来),come true,come along(一起走,快点),GETget out of = get away from = escape(躲避,逃避),get along / on (well / badly) with,get on the bus,get in(进来),get in the crops,get in touch with,get into trouble,get into the habit of,get off = start off(离去,动身),get off the boot,get off work(下班),get off a good start(起了个好头),get over the difficulties(克服困难),get over the river,get rid of,get round = get about(传开),get through the work(做完工作),get through the test,get sb. through to(给某人接通电话),get down on ones knees,get down = write down,get to doing sth.(开始做),get down to,get back to sth.(重新做,重谈),get sth. back,get sb. to do sth.,get the car going,TURNturn against,turn over,turn in,turn up,turn to sb. for help,turn doctor,turn green,LOOKlook through the book(浏览),look on the book(与某人同看),look into(看里面,调查),look up(查阅,仰视),look about(看四周),look down upon / on,look upon / on as,look out,look over(看过一遍),look forward to,PUTput away(放好),put off(推迟),put on(穿上,上演),put out(发行,熄灭),put down(放下,记下,镇压),put up(张贴,举起,建立),put into (送入,输入,把翻译成),put sb. to bed(哄某人睡觉),put forward(提出),put ones heart into,put up with(容忍,忍受),六,需注意的常用动词的习惯搭配1. 有些动词常跟双宾语.bring,fetch,give,hand,leave,read,send,teach,offer,tell,wish2. 有些动词常跟复合宾语.1) 跟名词作宾补的动词有:call,name,make,elect,think,find,leave2) 跟不定式作宾补的动词有:cause,force,intend,prefer,remind,hear,3) 跟形容词作宾补的动词有: make,paint,cut,keep,find,prove,leave4) 跟分词作宾补的动词有:hear,feel,have,make3. 有些动词本身的含义,避免添加意义重复的词,如:return,repeat等.,七、 常用动词辨析1. 七穿:put on,wear,have on,dress,be in,pull on,try ondress作及物动词时,意思是给穿衣服,可跟别人,也可跟反身代词.dress既可表示状态,也可表示动作.be dressed in和be in后常接颜色一类的名词或衣服名称. wear和have on都表示状态.Wear用于一般式时表示经常的穿戴情况,用于进行式时表示暂时的穿戴情况.have on不用于进行时态.put on表示动作,其反义词为take off.have on,wear,put on可广义地用于穿(戴)衣服,袜,鞋,手套,首饰,眼镜等.,pull on表示动作迅速,其反义词为pull off.try on,fit on表示穿戴的动作,意为试穿(衣服),试戴(帽子).,2. 三建议:advise,persuade,suggestadvise表示“劝说,建议”,而persuade表示“说服”的结果和结论. 搭配:advise sb. (not) to do sth.,advise doing sth.,advise that-clause(虚拟语气),persuade sb. (not) to do sth.,persuade / talk sb. into doing sth.,persuade sb. out of doing sth.,persuade sb. of sth.(使某人相信某事),suggest doing sth.,suggest that-clause(虚拟语气或不用),3. 三个看起来:seem,look,appear以上三个词都可表示好像,而且往往可以相互替换.但是look强调根据外部表象作出的判断;seem强调说话人的主观判断;appear表示根据外部表象作出判断时,等于look,但appear有时说明外部表象是一种假象.seem和appear后接形容词或名词时,动词可加to be,而look不能.,seem和appear还可接其它的动词不定式作宾语,而look不能. seem和look均可接like + 名词或v.-ing形式.seem,look均可接as if + 从句.(虚拟语气或陈述语气)seem,appear可用在it作形式主语的句式中,而look不能.appear,seem,look作系动词时,常常只用一般现在时或一般过去时.,4. 四打击:beat,hit,strike,knockbeat着重连续性地打,如殴打或体罚,也指在游戏,竞赛或战争中击败对方,与win,defeat同义.hit作击中或打解,并带有瞄准某物而击中之意,强调打一下,而且是直接接触某物.strike作敲打,撞击解,表示一次或多次有利地打一下,强调迅速性,突然性.knock撞倒,重敲:knock on / at the door,knock into sb.,5. 五输赢:win,defeat,beat,gain,fail beat用于比赛,游戏,搏斗,辩论等竞争性活动,后接对手表结果. win后接比赛,辩论,战斗,奖品,荣誉,胜利等名词,表获得,争得,赢得.defeat sb.在战斗,战争,比赛等中击败对手,表暂时行为.gain获得,赢得所需之物,通过竞争所得时与win换用.fail失败,短语搭配有:fail (in) the examination,fail to do sth.(没能做),6. 四想要:hope,wish,want,expecthope表示对愿望的实现抱有一定信心,这种希望往往是可以实现的,其搭配有:hope to do sth.,hope +宾语从句,hope for,hope for the best(作最好的打算).wish希望,但愿,往往用来表示祝愿,后接宾语从句,从句中表示不可能实现或与事实相反的事情,从句中使用虚拟语气,其搭配有:wish (sb.) to do sth.,wish sb. + n. & adj.,wish + that-clause,want想,普通用语,表示因缺乏而产生的欲望,其搭配有:want sth.,want (sb.) to do sth.,want sth. + p.p.,want / need / require doing = want / need / require to be doneexpect期望,预期,料想,表示预期某事即将发生,与预计的必然性有关,其搭配有:expect a letter from sb.,expect (sb.) to do sth.,expect that-clause.,总之,1)hope (want, wish, expect) to do sth.2)hope( expect, wish) + that-clause,但want不能.3)expect(wish, want) + sb. to do sth.,但hope不能.4)wish后接双宾语,但其它词不能.,7. 七花费:spend,cost,pay,take,charge,buy,sellspend,cost和take都是花费的意思,但spend的动作执行者往往是人,cost和take则往往是事,而且,cost一般用于花钱,take一般用于花时间较多.pay和charge的区别在于pay意在支出,charge却意在收入,试比较:e.g. I paid the owner 100 yuan for the coat.,The owner charged me 100 yuan for the coat.buy和sell的区别很明显,一个是“买”,另一个是“卖”,都可跟双宾语.注意:1)与pay有关的习惯短语:pay back,pay off付清工资,pay attention to,pay ones respects to(向表示敬意),pay a visit to2)cost和pay都作名词:the production cost(生产成本)3)cost与be worth的区别,cost是花费,而be worth意在价值.,8. 四收到:receive,accept,admit,getreceive系被动地收到,接到,与主观愿望,几乎没有任何联系.accept系主动地接受,其动作是由主观愿望所决定的.admit强调准许,接纳,与accept相比较,程度更深刻,有认同之意.get在接到,收到之义上可与receive交换.,注意:1)在表示接纳,接受某人加入某一团体或组织时,既可用admit,也可用receive.如:admit / receive sb. into the Party吸收某人入党2)receive是动词send(送)的结果,而accept是动词refuse(拒绝)的反义词.3)在英语中,像receive与accept这样成对的词或短语很多,前者表示动作,后者表示结果.如:,look (at) / see,listen (to) / hear,look for / find,put on / wear,get to know / know,try to do sth. / manage to do sth.,advise / persuade,shoot at / shoot,build / complete,9. add up to,add up,add to ,add toadd up to意为加起来总和是,它可以引申为总起来就意味着等于.add up意思是加起来.add to 意思是把加在(到) 上(中).add to意思是增加,增添.,10. agree to,agree with,agree onagree with sb. / sth.同意某人的看法.agree on sth.表示双方达成协议.agree to + n. 同意某人的提议,办法,计划等.agree to do sth. 同意做某事.,11. answer,replyanswer是常用语,可用作及物或不及物动词,后接名词,代词或that从句.reply没有answer用得普遍,是个比较正式的用语,可做及物或不及物动词,当做不及物动词时,后面常跟to.,12. be made in,be made from,be made of, be made into,be made up of,be made by,13. become,get,go,grow,turnbecome,get,go通常表示过程已经完成,become比较正式,get和go比较口语化.grow有逐渐变成新的状态的含义.turn有成为完全不同的事物的含义.用作连系动词时,后面也可接名词作表语,名词前不用a或an.但在become后面作表语的名词前,则要用a或an.,14. begin,startbegin和start都有开始的意思,大多数场合可以通用,不过,start较为口语化.另外,start还可以表示动身,出发的意思,而begin不能这样用.begin和start后面可接不定式,也可接v.-ing形式,但接动词不定式主要用于以下几种情况:当主语是物而不是人时.当begin或start用于进行时态时.当begin或start后面的非谓语动词指心理状态或精神活动时.,15. believe,believe inbelieve作及物动词,表示相信认为,后接sb.时表示相信某人的话是真的.而believe in则表示信任某人,相信是有价值的.当believe用于被动语态时,后面只能跟动词不定式.【类似】trust sb.指信任某人或对某种观念的信仰,同believe in sb.trust in指依靠或依赖某人.,16. build,put up,set up 建立build一般用于房屋,桥梁,道路等,也可以用于抽象的事物.put up用于盖临时性的房屋.在现代英语中,put up与build区别不太大,只不过略为通俗一些.set up用于把物架起来或立起来,比较口语化.,17. call on,visit,go to see,drop incall on比go to see,drop in正式,而visit又比call on更正式.visit还可作名词,如:pay a visit(进行访问).go to see一般用于人.drop in特指顺路探访,多用于口语,后接某人时,某人前应加介词on,即drop in on sb.;后接地方时,地点前应加介词at,即drop in at some place.,18. can,be able tocan表示人们对自身能力的推测和估计,没有将来时态和完成时态,因而只能用be able to来代替.be able to常用来表示通过自身的努力或克服种种困难最终能达到的自身能力,它不能用于进行时态中.在表示过去时间做某事成功这层含义时,只能用was(were)able to,不能用could.【类似】unable是形容词,意为不能,是able的反义词,而enable是动词使能.,19. choose,select,electchoose表示选择或挑选,有时也表示推选,选举的意思,但一般表示范围很小,普遍的选举,没有elect正式.select表示(精心地)挑选,选定,具有精选的意思.elect表示选举的意思,一般是较大范围的具有正式手续的选举.,20. die from,die of,die out,pass awaydie of与die from表示死因,die of一般表示因(患) 而死,常指由于疾病,情感,饥寒等原因造成的死亡,即死于内因.而die from表示由于 而死,一般指除疾病或情感以外的原因造成的死亡,即死于外因.die out表示灭绝.pass away表示死去,逝世,是比较委婉的用法.,21. discover,invent,22. drill,exercise,practise,traindrill指为身心锻炼或为养成良好习惯而进行一套有规则的严格训练,尤指学校课堂内的练习或军事训练.exercise主要用于指为强壮体魄而进行的体育活动,其引申意义同practise,指为保持某些已获得的技能进行的练习.practise指为了完善而达到熟练而有规则地,反复地做某事.train着重为了某一特定的目标而进行的专门性的,有一定期限的培养.,23. do with,deal withdo with一般构成疑问句或用在否定句中,构成的句子也可用作宾语或表语,大致含义为把某事或某物怎样处理.deal with表示对付,论述,与打交道,常用于肯定陈述句中.当与how连用引起问句时,how用作句子的状语,在know等词后可用what作deal with的宾语,作为处理的对象,又可用how作状语表示方式,但deal with后则需要另接处理的对象作宾语.,24. finish,complete,endfinish和complete都可以表示完成,结束,finish与complete作为及物动词,两者用法基本相同,表示的含义相近.finish(普通)完成,一般指把某事做完,常用v.-ing形式作宾语,不能接动词不定式作宾语.complete(正式)完成,主要指把未完成的东西经过进一步地的努力使之完成,该词后只能接名词或代词作宾语,不能接v.-ing形式.作形容词时,意为完全的,充满的,十分的.end作结束解,强调某事的终止时间而不考虑内容是否完成,常用于讲话,会话,演说,战争等.,25. give in,give up,26. join,connect,unite 连结,结合join是指把分离的两者连接在一起,强调原来形体清楚地分离的事物之间的结合,通常指直接连接,像国与国,田与田,线与线等connect表示一种事物与其它事物的关系,强调通过某种媒介把具体事物(人)或抽象概念连接起来.unite强调几个部分组成一个整体,表示联合在一起.如:the United States,27. offer,give,spare,present 给予offer基本含义是:1)(主动)提出(做某事),后跟不定式作宾语.2)(主动)给予,后接名词为直接宾语或接双宾语.give其基本含义是给予,其后一般跟双宾语,有时也可以接一个直接宾语.spare主要意思是匀出,让给,后面可跟一个或两个宾语.present主要意思是赠送给,搭配不能带双宾语. a book to sb,28. promise,allow,permitpromise表示允诺,允许,侧重答应自己要干某事,后跟不定式或宾语从句,也可跟名词或代词.allow和permit表示允许,侧重允许别人去干某事.allow和permit在很多情况下,意义相同,可以通用,但前者比较正式,且有默许的含义,而后者有准许的意思.,29. prepare,prepare for sth.,prepare to do sth.,be prepared to do sth.,be prepared for sth.prepare sth.指为了某目的而直接动手处理,整理,安排某事.prepare for sth.指为了达到某一目的做好相应的准备工作,意为为进行准备,从而使句子的含义更为明确.prepare to do sth.表示因为要而准备,指准备去做这一具体动作.,be prepared to do sth.(提前)作好了某事的准备,表示已做好准备和状态,也可指一种自己意愿.be prepared for sth.主要强调在思想上作好了准备,它不是被动结构.,30. remain,stayremain和stay作为动词,都有停留的意思,有时可以通用.remain和stay作为系动词,表示保持某一状态时,可以通用.remain着重指在别人已离去,或事情有变动以后,仍继续停留,或保持原来的状态.stay则指停留,逗留.,31. save,sparesave意为储蓄,节省,指把钱,时间及其它东西储蓄起来以备将来用或节省可节省的东西,从而避免浪费;save也可指救命.spare意为省,指小心地省下或节省钱,时间,力气等,常表示省出一部分以作它用.,32. seat,sitseat sb. = seat oneself = be seated = sit down,33. sleep,asleep,sleepy,sleeping这几个词都有睡之意.从词性来分析,sleep为动词或名词,asleep为副词或形容词,sleepy与sleeping都为形容词.从语法结构来分析,asleep只能作表语,而sleepy和sleeping可作表语也可作定语.从词义上来分析,sleepy有欲睡,困乏的含义,而asleep和sleeping则有睡着之意.asleep往往与fall或drop搭配,形成fall(drop)asleep.,34. support,keep,raisesupport意为赡养,养活,主要指提供金钱或东西给某人生活.keep意为赡养,养活或饲养,主要指提供必要的物品来照顾家庭.raise指饲养动物,若养大孩子,应用bring up.,35. take part in,join,attend36. take place,happen,37. try to do sth.,manage to do sth.,attempt to do sth.attempt to do sth.意为企图,试图,指某人想尽办法去做某事,但结果往往是失败的.,38. used to do ,be used to v-ing,be used to do sth.,wouldwould +动词原形,表示过去某一段时间内的活动,主要是同过去另一段时间相比,因此,如无具体的上下文,应该有时间状语修饰.,39. would rather,rather than,preferwould rather (not) do sth.