托福语法3ppt课件

2020/5/11,.,1,托福,语法复习,刘孝成,2020/5/11,.,2,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,十三、make结构make结构为:make+sth.(宾语)+possible+(宾语补足语);共有三种形式:makeitpossible+todomakeitpossible+that引导的从句makepossiblesth(这个sth一定很长，它后面有一个后置定语)做题技巧:如果possible后面有todo或者that引导的定语从句，中间一定有it如果possible后面有名词，中间一定没有it,2020/5/11,.,3,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,例1:X-raysareabletopassthroughobjectsandthusmake-detailsthatareotherwiseimpossibletoobserve.(A)itvisible(B)visibly(C)visible(D)theyarevisible,2020/5/11,.,4,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,例2:Usingmanysymbolsmakes-toputalargeamountofinformationonasinglemap.(A)possible(B)itpossible(C)itispossible(D)thatpossible,2020/5/11,.,5,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,十四、themorethemore结构这个结构的意思是“越越”，结构一共有三条规则:1.对称性：结构中的名词前必须有限定词(不仅仅指the,还有物主代词等)。技巧：Themorethe+n，themorethe+n。优先选择2.省略性：结构中相同的谓语可以省略，尤其是be动词常省。3.倒装性:第二个themore后面可以使用倒装，而第一个后面却不行,2020/5/11,.,6,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,例1:Thestrongermagnet,thegreaterthenumberoflinesofmagneticforce.(A)of(B)the(C)isthe(D)isofthe,2020/5/11,.,7,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,例2:Thelessthesurfaceofthegroundyieldstotheweightofthebodyofarunner,tothebody.(A)thestressitisgreater(B)greateristhestress(C)greaterstressis(D)thegreaterthestress,2020/5/11,.,8,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构主谓宾完整的句子后面，如果出现两个词，thereby或者thus，那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词，表示“从而怎么样，的意思，这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构.但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing，必须是前面的一个完整的句子才对.,2020/5/11,.,9,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,TheSmithsonianInstitutionpreservesmorethansixty-evemillionitemsofscientific,historical,orartisticinterest，-winningthepopulartitle,atticofthenation.”(A)however(B)thus(C)and(D)moreover,2020/5/11,.,10,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,例:Snowaidsfarmersbykeepingheatinthelowergroundlevels,therebyfromfreezing.(A)tosavetheseeds(B)savingtheseeds(C)whichsavestheseeds(D)theseedssaved,2020/5/11,.,11,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,十六、形容词短语作后置定语结构与形容词最高级省略结构形容词短语(adj.+prep.+n.2)作后置定语修饰n.1相当于定语从句的省略。即：n.1+(which+be)adj.+prep.+n.2Adistanceequaltotwicearoundtheworldn.1adj.prep.n.2n1+（adj+prep+n2）beequalto,equaladj.当adj短语做后置定语修饰n.时，等价于定语从句的省略。如上句为Adistancewhichisequaltotheworld,2020/5/11,.,12,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,Ex:deposits(whichare)similartothosefoods(whichare)highinfataroom(whichis)bareoffurniturealine(whichis)perpendiculartothesurfaceanimals(whichare)capableofsecretingcalciumleaves(whichare)richinsugarn1+(which+be)+（-er+than+n.2)与前面结构的区别：形容词换成比较级，介词换成了than。Ex:atatemperature(whichis)warmerthan50acamel(whichis)nolongerthanadog,2020/5/11,.,13,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,Thecraneisthetallestbirdofthewadingbirds.最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复，可以省略，句子变为Thecraneisthetallestofthewadingbirds.Themostelaborateofallbirdnests形容词有明确的语序比如anoldredcararedoldcar大小形状年龄颜色国籍材料Smooth-skinned表皮光滑的Long-bladed长刃的只要是合成词必是答案（只有一次例外）,2020/5/11,.,14,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,十七、不规则动词的过去式作谓语结构与规则动词过去分词作定语结构如：setsetsetspreadspreadspreadcostcostcost做题时，碰到：ShesetItspeadItcost等形式，要先判断是原形还是过去式，再决定是否应改成单三形式。由此可见，做改错题时，一定要找看起来“最错误”的答案。,2020/5/11,.,15,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样，导致考生看不出句子结构，比如:program,programmed,programmed因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要:第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动第二步:如果是被动的话，做谓语前面一定有系动词be,2020/5/11,.,16,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,例1:Automatonsprogrammedtoperformagiventask-theflexibilityandadaptabilityofhumanbeings.(A)without(B)lack(C)minus(D)nothaving,2020/5/11,.,17,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,例2:WupatkiNationalMonumentinArizonafeaturesstructuresbuiltofredsandstonebyancestorsoftheHopipeople.(A)Thatthe(B)Inthe(C)Aroundthe(D)The,2020/5/11,.,18,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,例3:Antibodiesbysmall,roundcellscalledlymphocytesandplasmacells.(A)tobemade(B)making(C)made(D)aremade,2020/5/11,.,19,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,十八、逻辑主语结构在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语，那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语.1、作状语的分词短语的逻辑主语,与句子主语一致。逻辑主语是人（物），主语就应该是人（物）。位于句首的分词要注意：1，逻辑主语。2，主被动的问题。,2020/5/11,.,20,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,2，当分词短语的逻辑短语与句子主语不一致时，便成为独立主格结构。即：(with/without)n1+doing,n2+VO；n1+done，n2+VO.3，作状语的分词短语前可以接状语从句引导词。如：Although+doing,SVO.If+done，SVO.现在分词前可加：WhenWhileAlthoughThoughafterbeforeasifwhetheroreventhough（不常见）过去分词前可加：WhenWhileAlthoughThoughAs,IfEventhough(unless),2020/5/11,.,21,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,例1:Havingbeenservedlunch，一(A)theproblemwasdiscussedbythemembersofthecommittee(B)thecommitteemembersdiscussedtheproblem(C)itwasdiscussedbythecommitteememberstheproblem(D)adiscussionoftheproblemwasmakebythemembersofthecommittee,2020/5/11,.,22,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,例2wasnotincorporatedasacityuntilalmosttwocenturieslater,in1834.(A)SettlingBrooklyn,theDutch(B)TheDutchsettledBrooklyn(C)BrooklynwassettledbytheDutch(D)SettledbytheDutch,Brooklyn,2020/5/11,.,23,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,例3:Atthirteen一atadistrictschoolnearherhome,andwhenshewasfifteen，shesawherfirstarticleinprint.(A)thefirstteachingpositionthatMaryJaneHaweshad(B)theteachingpositionwasMaryJaneHawesfirst(C)whenMaryJaneHaweshadherfirstteachingposition(D)MaryJaneHaweshadherfirstteachingposition,2020/5/11,.,24,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,例4:Evenatlowlevels，一(A)thenervoussystemhasproduceddetrimentaleffectsbylead(B)leadsdetrimentaleffectsareproducingthenervoussystem(C)leadproducesdetrimentaleffectsonthenervoussystem(D)thedetrimentaleffectsproducedbyleadonthenervoussystem,2020/5/11,.,25,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,十九、宾语补足语结构宾语补足语、主语补足语补充说明句子让其完整。某些及物动词接宾语后句意不完整，必须加一个名词和形容词去补充说明。所加的名词或形容词即为宾语补足语。常考的接宾语补足语的及物动词为：callmakeconsiderelectappointname,2020/5/11,.,26,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,consider：主动：主语+consider+n1+（tobe）+n2/adj被动：n1+beconsodered+（tobe）+n2/adjconsider永远与as无关。regard,view与as有关。技巧考试中，consider+n1+n2/adj.优先选择,2020/5/11,.,27,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,elect：主动：主语+elect+sb/sth+职务被动：sb.+beelected+具体职务+to+机构+totheofficeof+职务W.C.和W.S.的区别：W.C.就是WashingtonD.C.华盛顿特区W.S.就是WashingtonState华盛顿州,2020/5/11,.,28,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,宾语后置（宾语过长）make：makesth.possible.makeitpossibletodo/that+句子it是形式宾语，后必须有真宾语。makepossiblesth.使成为可能。bring:bringsth.tosb/swbringtoswsth.bringsth.togetherbringtogethersth.bringsth.tolightbringtolightsth.,2020/5/11,.,29,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,例1:Poodleswereonceusedasretrieversinduckhunting，buttheAmericanKennelClubdoesnotconsiderthembecausetheyarenowprimarilykeptaspets.(A)wheresportingdogs(B)sportingdogs(C)whensportingdogs(D)theyaresportingdogs,2020/5/11,.,30,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,二十It结构一、强调句型Itis+强调部分+that+其余部分这个句型需要注意几点:强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子;强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语，不能强调谓语和定语;强调人使用who或者that,其他的只能用that即使是时间和地点,who和that绝对不能省略如果原句是过去时态，强调句型使用itwas.，,2020/5/11,.,31,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,例如:原句:Annboughtthesebookslastyear.强调宾语:ItwasthesebooksthatAnnboughtlastyear.强调状语:ItwaslastyearthatAnnboughtthesebooks.技巧：who/that.优先选择itis/was+（被强调部分）任何题目中，Itbe+主语一定错+n.空格里缺主谓，选主+谓。优先选则therebe,不选itis/theyare.,2020/5/11,.,32,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,二、形式主语，形式宾语形式主语:It+be+adj/分词+todosthIt+be+adj/分词+that+完整句形式宾语:S+Vt+it+adj/分词+todosth/thatS+Vt+it+adj/分词+that+完整句如：S+makeitpossibletodosth/that+完整句it不能做真正的主语，只能用于强调结构或形主、形宾。,2020/5/11,.,33,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,例1anincreasinginternationalexchangeofeducationalAims.(A)Itis(B)Thereis(C)Thoughthereis(D)Althoughitis,2020/5/11,.,34,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,二十一、which引导的定语从句结构（）which指代主句中的名词或代词，在从句中做主语或宾语。但which并不一定指代最近的名词。which到底指代谁，取决于谓语动词。S+Vt+n+which+SVt/VtOwhich不一定指最近的n。,2020/5/11,.,35,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,（）介词+which:which作介词的宾语，指代前面的某个名词或代词，后面是完整句。介词+which做从句的状语。S+Vt+n+prep+which+SVO.prep+which+VO.错prep+which+todo也可以作后置定语修饰名词，完全等于定语从句。如：Thebeaverchewsdowntreestogetfoodandmaterialwithwhichtobuilditshome.等同于：Thebeaverchewsdowntreestogetfoodandmaterialwithwhichitbuildsitshome.当主句主语和从句主语一致时，可用不定式代替从句。,2020/5/11,.,36,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,（）句子，名词of+which+谓语、宾语S+Vt+n，n/数+ofwhich+Vt+O.区别：有逗号；句子和of之间有名词。Which指代主语中的宾语，作of的宾语，而of+which作从句的定语修饰主语，主句是名词/数词.对于某一个东西的部分进行解释：SVO,both/each/all/some/half/tenpercent/threequartersofwhich+VO,2020/5/11,.,37,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,例1:Inblankverseoftensyllables,fiveofwhichareaccented.(A)lineconsistsofeach(B)consistsofeachline(C)eachlineconsists(D)itconsistsofeachline,2020/5/11,.,38,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,例2:Thespiralthreadsofspiderswebhaveasticksubstanceonthem-一insects.(A)traps(B)trapits(C)whichtraps(D)whichittraps,2020/5/11,.,39,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,例3:AftertheFirstWorldWar,theauthorAnaisNinbecameinterestedintheartmovementknownasSurrealismandinpsychoanalysis,both-hernovelsandshortstories.(A)inwhichtheinfluence(B)ofwhichinfluenced(C)tohaveinfluence(D)itsinfluencein,2020/5/11,.,40,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,(二十二)倒装结构总原则：只有主句才可倒装。倒装结构答案的首字母为助动词或系动词。（）否定adv.位于句首，引起倒装。Notonly，Notuntill，hardly，scarcely，rarely，seldom，Nosoonerlater.,2020/5/11,.,41,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,Notuntil(介词)+时间+主谓倒装。Notuntil（连词）+句子（正常语序）+主谓倒装。从句不倒装主句倒装。Notuntillinoleumwasinventedin1860_hard-wearing,easy-to-cleanflooring.AAnyhousedidhaveB.didanyhousehaveC.househadanyD.anyhousehad,2020/5/11,.,42,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,（）only+状语位于句首，引起倒装。only+状语从句only+prep.+nonly+adv.Ex:onlyinrecentyears(表时间的状语)onlyrecentlyOnlywhenyougrasptheskill_passthetest.AYoucanB.canyouC.youwillcanD.willyoucan,2020/5/11,.,43,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,（）adj短语/分词短语位于句首，引起倒装。形容词短语作后置定语。adj.+prep.+n.+系V.+主语形容词+介词是形容词短语，位于句首，只作表语，引起倒装。托福中会考的adj短语倒装：Typicalof+n.，characteristicalof+n.分词+prep.+n.+系V.+主语如：Coincidingwiththeperiods+was+主语,2020/5/11,.,44,第二部分填空题常考结构分析,（）So位于句首引起倒装（Sothat）主语+be+so+adj.+that+句子考试时考查的形式：So+adj