环境工程科技英语-空气污染雾霾介绍

AirPollutioninChina,Introduction,Weallknowthatcleanairisimportanttogoodhealth.Whereveryougoandwhateveryoudo,youarealwayssurroundedbyaseaofgasesthatwecallair.Ifthereareimpuritiesintheair,theymaybeabsorbedbyourbodiesandmakeusill.Weneedcleanair,butunfortunately,airpollutionisgloballyatpresent,especiallyincities.,Whatisairpollution?,Airpollutionnormallydefinedasairthatcontainsoneormorechemicalsinhighenoughconcerntrationstoharmhumans,otheranimals,vegetationormaterials.,PM2.5:Particleslessthan2.5micrometersindiameterarecalledfineparticles.Theseparticles,approximately1/30inaveragewidthofahumanhair,canlodgedeeplyintothelungs.Sourcesoffineparticlesincludealltypesofcombustion,includingpowerplants,motorvehiclesandresidentialwoodburning.,ChinaissufferingtheworldsheaviestPM2.5pollution.,Herecomesthequestion,WhichcitiesanddistrictsinChinasufferthehighestconcentrationsofPM2.5?（PM2.5浓度到底哪家强？）,BeijingCityLabprobablygaveusadefinitiveanswer.Seniorengineersestimated1-year-daily(FromApr.1,2013toMar.31,2014)PM2.5concentrationatthestreetlevelforthewholeChinausingbothgroundobservationsandremotesensingimages(在地观测和遥感）.ByDrYingLong,DrJianghaoWangandDrKangWu.,Fromanurbanperspective,isithardtosay?,BeijingCityLab（北京城市实验室）ChinaPM2.5Map,Chinasmogphotosshowhowbaditsairpollutionproblemhasbecome.,Thisisthedirectresultofanoverrelianceoncoal.In2009Chinaburnednearlyhalfoftheworldscoal,andcoalaccountsfornearly70%ofChinasenergymix.,Vehiclepollutionhasbecomeanimportantsourceofairpollutioninourcountry,istheimportantcauseofthehaze,photochemicalsmogpollution.,UnderstandingtheAQI(AirQualityIndex),EPA(U.SEnvironmentalProtectionAgency)calculatestheAQIforfivemajorairpollutantsregulatedbytheCleanAirAct:ground-levelozone,particlepollution(alsoknownasparticulatematter),carbonmonoxide,sulfurdioxide,andnitrogendioxide.Foreachofthesepollutants,EPAhasestablishednationalairqualitystandardstoprotectpublichealth.Ground-levelozoneandairborneparticlesarethetwopollutantsthatposethegreatestthreattohumanhealthinthiscountry.,ThepurposeoftheAQIistohelpyouunderstandwhatlocalairqualitymeanstoyourhealth.Tomakeiteasiertounderstand,theAQIisdividedintosixcategories.,EffectsofAirPollution,HealtheffectParticlessmallerthanabout5m,canpenetratetothelungsandbedepositedinthealveoil.Somechemicalscanenterthehumanbloodstreameitherfromthedigestivesystemorpassingthroughthereapiratorysystem.Effectsonplantsandanimalsloweranimalvalueorsurvivalcapabilitylowerthevalueofcrops,fruits,flowerssomeplantsareverysensitivetoairpollutionEffectonmaterialsacceleratedaginganddeteriorationofmaterialsandaestheticitems,suchasbuildings,statusorhorticulturalplantings.,Healthhazards,currentstatus,酸雨污染Acidrain城市环境空气质量Urbanairquality室内空气污染Indoorairquality健康与经济损失Healthandeconomicloss,LawsFrameworkandManagement,basiclaw:环境保护法是中国环境保护的基本法大气法环境影响评价法环境保护行政法规和规章Regulations环境保护地方性法规和规章Localregulations环境标准Standards环境保护国际公约Convention环评影响评价制度EIA总量控制制度TotalAmountControl总量收费制度FeeLevying许可证制度Permit达标排放制度ComplianceofStandard,Problems,1.Theconsumptionofcoalandlowenergyefficiency.2.EnterprisecannotmeetemissionST.3.VehicularEmissioncontrolisnoteffectiveenough.4.TSPandPMpollutionareheavy.5.Indoorairqualitycontrolhasjustbegin.6.ClimateChangehavenotbeenstressed.,ImproveurbanairqualityEnhancethepointsourceCo