人口-概况与历史变迁-英语国家

People,demography,humanresources,UK,US(withaChinadimension),Demography,Populationsize,(rankingofthepopulationsizeintheworld)populationdensity,rankingLevelofurbanizationAgestructurePopulationgrowthrateLiteracyrate,indicatorofeducationallevel.EthniccompositionReligiouscompositionMigration(migrant),emigration(emigrant),immigration(immigrant)Majordemographicalchange(inhistory)duetomigration,Migration:ahistoricalprocess,Thecurrentpopulationcompositioninacountry(ethnicity,language,religion)andthenationalculturearedeterminedbymigrationinhistory(orthelackofmigration).一国国民构成现状（族群、语言、宗教）及其国家文化由历史人口迁徙决定migratemigrantmigration,emigrateemigrantemigration;immigrateimmigrant-immigrationImmigrant:economicimmigrant,refugeeandasylumseeker.Immigrationpolicy:exclusive排他性,inclusive包容性,assimilation融合,segregation隔离,multiculturalism多元文化主义.Citizenship:citizenalientemporary/permanentresidents,guestworkers,refugee,illegalimmigrant,Population2016(wfb),UKpopulation,Englandhasthehighestpopulationdensity.ItismostpopulatedareaintheUK.,2000USpopulationdensitypersons/persm:1-4(y),5-9(lt.green),25-49(dk.green),50-99(blue-green),100-249(blue),250-66,995(black).,2013USpopulationdensitypersons/persm:,NewEnglandontheeastcoastwastheearlierEuropeansettlement.NewYorkCityisthemostpopulouscityintheUnitedStates.ThemostdenselypopulatedstateisNewJersey(1,121/mi2or433/km2),RhodeIsland(1,021.6/mi2or394.4/km2)，Massachusetts(871.1/mi2or336.3/km2),Agestructure（2016）,Urbanization:urbanpopulation,Netmigrationratio,Netimmigrationratio(2016),Populationgrowthrate(2016),China:areconsideration,PopulationsizeAgestructureGrowthrateChangeofthefamilyplanningpolicy:1979-2015onechild2016-twochildren,Educationlevel,literacy,traditionallyunderstoodastheabilitytoreadandwrite.theabilitytouselanguage,numbers,imagesandothermeanstounderstandandusethedominantsymbolsystemsofaculture.theabilitytoidentify,understand,interpret,create,communicateandcompute,usingprintedandwrittenmaterialsassociatedwithvaryingcontexts.(UNESCO)Thekeytoallliteracy:readingdevelopment(aprogressionofskills-understandspokenwordsanddecodewrittenwords,andculminatesinthedeepunderstandingoftext),Race-ethnicity,Becarefulwiththewords!,race:theclassificationofhumansintogroupsbasedonphysicaltraits,ancestry,geneticsorsocialrelations,ortherelationsbetweenthemE.g.theMongoloidrace蒙古人种(黄色人种)theCaucasoidrace高加索人种(白种)theNegroidrace尼格罗种(黑人)TheAustraloidrace澳大利亚种（棕种）theAmericanIndianrace美洲印第安人种theMalayanrace马来人种。,Asociallyconstructedconceptwithlittlegeneticproof.社会建构的概念，没有什么基因的证据Racismdiscrimination歧视,exclusion排斥,segregation隔离,slavery奴隶制,genocide种族清洗(Holocaustastheextremeexample)Today,“populations”,“peoples”,“ethnicgroups”,or“communitiesaremorepoliticallycorrectterms.Language,religion,placeoforigin,EthnicgroupsintheUK,Theearliestinhabitants?,NeolithicBritishIsles(fromaround43002000BC)e.g.Stonehenge(from3000BCto2000BC)BronzeAgeBritain(around2200to750BC)TheBeakerpeople;IberianoriginTheancientBritons;TheCelts(theIronAge,around750BC43AD),Stonehenge,MajorEuropeanethnicgroupsinpre-history史前欧洲主要族群,TodaysAustria:Celticpeople凯尔特人,Mediterranean:Greeks,Romans,NorthEurope:Germanicpeoples日耳曼人North,centralandsoutheastEurope:Slavs斯拉夫人.,thecoreHallstattterritory(intodaysAustria)before500BCmaximumCelticexpansionbythe270sBCuncertain6Celticnations,throughouttheMiddleAges(viz.Brittany,Wales,Cornwall,IsleofMan,Ireland,Scotland)Celtic-speakingareastoday,Hallstatt（哈尔希塔特文化的，欧洲早期铁器时代第一期文化的）thepredominantCentralEuropeanculturefromthe8thto6thcenturiesBC(EuropeanEarlyIronAge),TheRomanconquest,55BC,54BCJuliusCaesarsexpeditionsAD43InvasionbyEmperorClaudiusRomanBritain(Latin:Britannia)forabout400years407A.D.(?),withdrawaloflastRomanlegion,Reference:,TheRomanRepublic：509BC27BCDuringthefirsttwocenturiesofitsexistencetheRomanRepublicexpandedfromcentralItalytotheentireItalianpeninsula.BythefollowingcenturyitincludedNorthAfrica,Spain,andwhatisnowsouthernFrance.Twocenturiesafterthat,towardstheendofthe1stcenturyBC,itincludedtherestofmodernFrance,Greece,andmuchoftheeasternMediterranean.,Reference:,TheRomanEmpire：27BC285/395AD(Undivided)Octavian(Augustus)285476(Western)c.3301453(Eastern),IslandofGreatBritain,Mid-5thCearly7thC.arrivalofGermanicAnglos,Saxons,Jutes,intodaysEngland(thelandoftheAngles)ancestorsoftheEnglish,OldEnglish7kingdomsAunifiedKingdomofEnglandbyEdgarthePeaceful(KingofEnglandfrom959to975)littleRomaninfluencekept.罗马影响保留甚微,Romanlegacy,Roadsandbuildings(left:HadrianWall,Romanbath)Christianity(fullconversionintheMiddleAges)Language:Latin(limited),Scotland:notinvadedbyRomans,norAnglo-SaxonsWales:invadedbyRomans,notbytheAnglo-Saxons,WesternEurope:9th11thcenturieswavesofmigrationandinvasion,Magyars马札尔人(Hungarians)MuslimArabsVikings维京人fromtheScandinavianpeninsula(alsocalledtheNorse(peoplefromthenorth):ancestorsoftodaysDanes,Norwegians,Swedes,Vikings:greatseafarers水手,InfluenceofVikingsettlementontheEnglishlanguage,OverathousandwordseventuallybecamepartofstandardEnglish:landing,score,fellow,take,busting,steersman,sk-:skirt,sky,skinpersonalpronouns,3rdperson-singular-endings.Alargenumberofplaces(over1,500)inEnglandhaveDanishnames:-by:Grimsby,Naseby;-thrope,-thwaite,-toft.Personalnames:-son.,VitalinfluenceofVikingsdescendantsinNormandyonEngland诺曼底地区维京人后裔对英格兰的关键影响,theNorse=peoplefromthenorthNormandy911A.D.FrenchkinggrantedtheVikingtriballeaderthetitle“DukeofNormandy”.AssimilationoftheNormansintoFrenchculture(language).同化,1066，Normanconquest,1066A.D.DukeofNormandy,WilliamIconqueredEngland(TheBattleofHasting).WilliamI:thekingofEngland,theDukeofNormandy=thevassaloftheFrenchKing法国国王的封臣.The12thcentury,EnglandandFrancewerethemostpowerfulmonarchsinEurope.(TheHundredYearsWar(13371453),InfluenceofAnglo-NormanFrenchonEnglishlanguageafter1066,Lawandgovernment:crime,government,judge,jury,parliament,prison,revenue,taxChurch：chapter,prayer,religion,sacrament,saintNobility:baron,baroness;count,countess;duke,prince,princess;viscount,noble,royalMilitary：army,captain,company,defense,enemy,marine,soldierCooking：beef,dine,mutton,pork,salmonCultureandluxurygoods：art,bracelet,dance,diamond,painting,satin，sculptureOther：adventure,change,charge,courage,fruit,letter,literature,magic,male,female,mirror,pilgrimage,proud,question,regard,special,Englishwordsorigin,TheempireonwhichthesunneversetsAllareasoftheworldthatwereeverpartoftheBritishEmpire.CurrentBritishOverseasTerritorieshavetheirnamesunderlinedinred.,CommonwealthofNations,CurrentimmigrationtotheUK,ImperiallegacyNewwaveofimmigrationbecauseofEU:freemovementofpeople.Refugeesandasylumseekers(currentSyriacrisis),Summary：migrationandethnicityinUK,Prehistoricperiod:theIberian;theCeltic43410AD:RomansinvasioninEnglandandWales(notinScotland)Mid5thC.early7thC:migrationandsettlementoftheAnglo-SaxonsinEngland,GermaniclanguageOldEnglish5th10thcenturies:creationofEnglandLate8thlate11thcenturies.:invasionoftheVikings1066NormanConquest.OldEnglishmedievalEnglishLate16th20thcenturies:overseascolonization,theSunNeverSetEmpireTodaysUK:Multi-ethnicity,m